References
- World Health Organization. Global health estimates: Leading causes of death: WHO; 2000–2019 [cited 2021 June]. Online]. Available from: https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/mortality-and-global-health-estimates/ghe-leading-causes-of-death
- Hirsh J, Fuster V, Ansell J, et al. American heart association/american college of cardiology foundation guide to warfarin therapy1. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(9):1633–1652.
- Chan Noel C, Eikelboom John W, Weitz Jeffrey I. Evolving treatments for arterial and venous Thrombosis: Role of the Direct Oral Anticoagulants. Circ Res. 2016;118(9):1409–1424.
- Eriksson BI, Quinlan DJ, Weitz JI. Comparative pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of oral direct thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors in development. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2009;48(1):1–22.
- Verheugt FWA, Granger CB. Oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: current status, special situations, and unmet needs. The Lancet. 2015;386(9990):303–310.
- Abdou JK, Auyeung V, Patel JP, et al. Adherence to long-term anticoagulation treatment, what is known and what the future might hold. Br J Haematol. 2016;174(1):30–42.
- Ozaki Aya F, Choi Austin S, Le Quan T, et al. Real-World adherence and persistence to direct oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation. Circ: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes. 2020;13(3):e005969.
- Electronic Medicines Compendium. Pradaxa hard capsules: emc; 2008 [updated 02 Jul 2020. cited 2021 June]. Online]. Available from: https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/4703/smpc.
- Electronic Medicines Compendium. Xarelto film-coated tablets: emc; 2008 [updated 05 Feb 2021. cited 2021 June]. Online]. Available from: https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/6402/smpc.
- Electronic Medicines Compendium. Eliquis film-coated tablets: emc; 2011 [updated 26 May 2021. cited 2021 June]. Online]. Available from: https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/4756/smpc.
- Electronic Medicines Compendium. Lixiana Film-Coated Tablets: emc; 2015 [updated 12 Jan 2021. cited 2021 June]. Online]. Available from: https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/6907/smpc.
- Chen A, Stecker E, Bruce AW. Direct oral anticoagulant use: a practical guide to common clinical challenges. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(13):e017559.
- van der Hulle T, Kooiman J, den Exter PL, et al. Effectiveness and safety of novel oral anticoagulants as compared with vitamin K antagonists in the treatment of acute symptomatic venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost. 2014;12(3):320–328.
- Ruff CT, Giugliano RP, Braunwald E, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a Meta-analysis of randomised trials. The Lancet. 2014;383(9921):955–962.
- Makam RCP, Hoaglin DC, McManus DD, et al. Efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants approved for cardiovascular indications: Systematic review and Meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2018;13(5):e0197583.
- López-López JA, Sterne JAC, Thom HHZ, et al. Oral anticoagulants for prevention of stroke in atrial fibrillation: systematic review, network Meta-analysis, and cost effectiveness analysis. BMJ. 2017;359:j5058.
- Sterne JA, Bodalia PN, Bryden PA, et al. Oral anticoagulants for primary prevention, treatment and secondary prevention of venous thromboembolic disease, and for prevention of stroke in atrial fibrillation: systematic review, network Meta-analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis. Health Technol Assess. 2017;21(9):1–386.
- Cohen AT, Hill NR, Luo X, et al. A systematic review of network Meta-analyses among patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: a comparison of efficacy and safety following treatment with direct oral anticoagulants. Int J Cardiol. 2018;269:174–181.
- World Health Organization. Timeline: WHO's COVID-19 response: WHO; [updated 25 January 2021; cited 2021 June]. Online]. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/interactive-timeline.
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Clinical guide for the management of anticoagulant services during the coronavirus pandemic, COVID-19 NHSE/I specialty guide: NICE; 2020. [updated February 2021; cited 2021 June]. Online. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/Media/Default/About/COVID-19/Specialty-guides/specialty-guide-anticoagulant-services-and-coronavirus.pdf.
- Malas MB, Naazie IN, Elsayed N, et al. Thromboembolism risk of COVID-19 is high and associated with a higher risk of mortality: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;29:100639.
- Alikhan R, Cohen AT, Combe S, MEDENOX Study, et al. Risk factors for venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with acute medical illness: Analysis of the MEDENOX study. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(9):963–968.
- Chen Y-G, Lin T-Y, Huang W-Y, et al. Association between pneumococcal pneumonia and venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients: a nationwide population-based study. Respirology. 2015;20(5):799–804.
- Bikdeli B, Madhavan MV, Gupta A, Global COVID-19 Thrombosis Collaborative Group, et al. Pharmacological agents targeting thromboinflammation in COVID-19: Review and implications for future research. Thromb Haemost. 2020;120(7):1004–1024.
- Bikdeli B, Madhavan MV, Jimenez D, Global COVID-19 Thrombosis Collaborative Group, Endorsed by the ISTH, NATF, ESVM, and the IUA, Supported by the ESC Working Group on Pulmonary Circulation and Right Ventricular Function, et al. COVID-19 and thrombotic or thromboembolic disease: Implications for prevention, antithrombotic therapy, and Follow-Up: JACC state-of-the-Art review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(23):2950–2973.
- Hajra A, Mathai SV, Ball S, et al. Management of thrombotic complications in COVID-19: an update. Drugs. 2020;80(15):1553–1562.
- McBane RD, 2nd, Torres Roldan VD, Niven AS, et al. Anticoagulation in COVID-19: a systematic review, Meta-analysis, and rapid guidance from Mayo clinic. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020;95(11):2467–2486.
- Marongiu F, Grandone E, Scano A, et al. Infectious agents including COVID-19 and the involvement of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. A narrative review. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021;25(10):3886–3897.
- Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). A weekly report covering adverse reactions to approved COVID-19 vaccines: MHRA2021. [updated 9 July 2021; cited 2021 July]. Online]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/coronavirus-covid-19-vaccine-adverse-reactions#history.
- Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). Coronavirus vaccine - weekly summary of Yellow Card reporting: MHRA; 2021 [updated 9 July 2021; cited 2021 July]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/coronavirus-covid-19-vaccine-adverse-reactions/coronavirus-vaccine-summary-of-yellow-card-reporting#analysis-of-data.
- Pavord S, Lester W, Makris M, et al. Guidance produced by the Expert Haematology Panel (EHP) focussed on Vaccine induced Thrombosis and Thrombocytopenia (VITT): British Society for Haematology (BSH); 2021. [updated 20 April 2021; cited 2021 July]. Online]. Available from: https://b-s-h.org.uk/media/19718/guidance-v20-20210528-002.pdf.
- Napolitano M, Saccullo G, Marietta M, et al. Platelet cut-off for anticoagulant therapy in thrombocytopenic patients with blood cancer and venous thromboembolism: an expert consensus. Blood Transfus. 2019;17(3):171–180.
- Deshpande CG, Kogut S, Willey C. Real-World health care costs based on medication adherence and risk of stroke and bleeding in patients treated with novel anticoagulant therapy. JMCP. 2018;24(5):430–439.
- Sabaté E. Adherence to long-term therapies: evidence for action. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2003.
- Degli Esposti L, Buda S, Nappi C, Network Health-DB, et al. Implications of COVID-19 infection on medication adherence with chronic therapies in Italy: a proposed observational investigation by the fail-to-Refill project. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2020;13:3179–3185.
- Yao X, Abraham NS, Alexander GC, et al. Effect of adherence to oral anticoagulants on risk of stroke and major bleeding among patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5(2):e003074.
- Wagner AK, Soumerai SB, Zhang F, et al. Segmented regression analysis of interrupted time series studies in medication use research. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2002;27(4):299–309.
- Jandoc R, Burden AM, Mamdani M, et al. Interrupted time series analysis in drug utilization research is increasing: systematic review and recommendations. J Clin Epidemiol. 2015;68(8):950–956.
- Barrett R, Barrett R, Dhar K, et al. Gonadorelins adherence in prostate cancer: a time-series analysis of england’s national prescriptions during the COVID-19 pandemic (from jan 2019 to oct 2020). BJUI Compass. 2021;2(6):419–427.
- Bernal JL, Cummins S, Gasparrini A. Interrupted time series regression for the evaluation of public health interventions: a tutorial. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46(1):348–355.
- Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC). Interrupted time series (ITS) analyses: EPOC Resources for review authors; 2017. [cited 2021 June]. Online]. Available from: https://epoc.cochrane.org/resources/epoc-resources-review-authors.
- The official home of UK legislation. The Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (England) Regulations 2020: The National Archives on behalf of HM Government; 2020 [cited 2021 June]. Available from: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2020/350/contents/2020-03-26.
- NHS Business Services Authority (NHSBSA) Data warehouse. English Prescribing Dataset (EPD): Open Data Portal for the NHS Business Services Authority (NHSBSA); 2020 [updated 14 June 2021; cited 2021 June]. v001:[Online]. Available from: https://opendata.nhsbsa.net/dataset/english-prescribing-data-epd.
- Nelson BK. Statistical methodology: V. Time series analysis using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models. Acad Emerg Med. 1998;5(7):739–744.
- Ramsay CR, Matowe L, Grilli R, et al. Interrupted time series designs in health technology assessment: lessons from two systematic reviews of behavior change strategies. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2003;19(4):613–623.
- The Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office (HMSO). Open Government Licence V2.0: HMSO; [cited 2021 April]. Available from: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/2/.
- The World Medical Association (WMA). Declaration of Helsinki – Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects: WMA; 2018. [cited 2019 June]. Available from: https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medical-research-involving-human-subjects/.
- Benchimol EI, Smeeth L, Guttmann A, RECORD Working Committee, et al. The REporting of studies conducted using observational routinely-collected health data (RECORD) statement. PLoS Med. 2015;12(10):e1001885.
- National Health Service (NHS). Using the NHS and other health services during coronavirus (COVID-19): NHS; [updated 8 July 2021; cited 2021 July]. Online]. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronavirus-covid-19/social-distancing/using-the-nhs-and-other-health-services/.
- National Health Service (NHS). The NHS website repeat prescription ordering service: NHS; [updated 14 July 2020; cited 2021 July]. Online]. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/nhs-services/prescriptions-and-pharmacies/the-nhs-website-repeat-prescription-ordering-service/.
- Salmasi S, Loewen PS, Tandun R, et al. Adherence to oral anticoagulants among patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and Meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ Open. 2020;10(4):e034778.
- Banerjee A, Benedetto V, Gichuru P, et al. Adherence and persistence to direct oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation: a population-based study. Heart. 2020;106(2):119–126.
- Manzoor BS, Lee TA, Sharp LK, et al. Real-World adherence and persistence with direct oral anticoagulants in adults with atrial fibrillation. Pharmacotherapy. 2017;37(10):1221–1230.
- Ferroni E, Gennaro N, Costa G, et al. Real-world persistence with direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in naïve patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. International Journal of Cardiology. 2019;288:72–75.
- Aronis KN, Hylek EM. Evidence gaps in the era of Non-Vitamin K oral anticoagulants. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(3):e007338.
- Curtis HJ, MacKenna B, Walker AJ, et al. OpenSAFELY: impact of national guidance on switching from warfarin to direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in early phase of COVID-19 pandemic in England. medRxiv. 2020.
- Patel R, Czuprynska J, Roberts LN, et al. Switching warfarin patients to a direct oral anticoagulant during the coronavirus disease-19 pandemic. Thromb Res. 2021;197:192–194.
- Lutz J, Jurk K, Schinzel H. Direct oral anticoagulants in patients with chronic kidney disease: patient selection and special considerations. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2017;10:135–143.
- Lyman GH, Carrier M, Ay C, et al. American society of hematology 2021 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: prevention and treatment in patients with cancer. Blood Adv. 2021;5(4):927–974.
- Sabatino J, De Rosa S, Polimeni A, et al. Direct oral anticoagulants in patients with active cancer: a systematic review and Meta-Analysis. JACC CardioOncol. 2020;2(3):428–440.
- Alfirevic A, Downing J, Daras K, et al. Has the introduction of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in England increased emergency admissions for bleeding conditions? A longitudinal ecological study. BMJ Open. 2020;10(5):e033357.
- Ingason AB, Hreinsson JP, Ágústsson AS, et al. Rivaroxaban is associated with higher rates of gastrointestinal bleeding than other direct oral Anticoagulants : A Nationwide Propensity Score-Weighted Study. Ann Intern Med. 2021;174(11):1493–1502.
- Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). Direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs): reminder of bleeding risk, including availability of reversal agents, Drug Safety Update: MHRA; 2020. [cited 2021 June]. Online]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/direct-acting-oral-anticoagulants-doacs-reminder-of-bleeding-risk-including-availability-of-reversal-agents.
- Flynn D, Moloney E, Bhattarai N, et al. COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom. Health Policy Technol. 2020;9(4):673–691.
- National Health Service (NHS). A&E Attendances and Emergency Admissions England: NHS; [cited 2021 June]. Online]. Available from: https://www.england.nhs.uk/statistics/statistical-work-areas/ae-waiting-times-and-activity/.
- National Health Service (NHS). Admissions for stroke per month and the impact of coronavirus (COVID-19): NHS Digital; 2020 [updated 14 September 2020; cited 2021 June]. Online]. Available from: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/2020/stroke-admissions-and-the-impact-of-coronavirus.
- National Health Service (NHS). Integrated Urgent Care (including NHS 111) England: NHS; [cited 2021 June]. Online]. Available from: https://www.england.nhs.uk/statistics/statistical-work-areas/nhs-111-minimum-data-set/.
- Crotty BH, Hyun N, Polovneff A, et al. Analysis of clinician and patient factors and completion of telemedicine appointments using video. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(11):e2132917.
- National Health Service (NHS). Supply of additional direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) during COVID-19 England: NHS; 2020. [cited 2021 June]. Available from: https://www.worcslmc.co.uk/cache/downloads/C0517-DOAC-briefing-for-CCGs_27-May.pdf.
- Douros A, Durand M, Doyle CM, et al. Comparative effectiveness and safety of direct oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and Meta-Analysis of observational Studies. Drug Saf. 2019;42(10):1135–1148.
- The Danish Non-vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulation Study in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (DANNOAC-AF): ClinicalTrials.gov; [cited 2021 November]. Online]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03129490.
- Amin A, Marrs JC. Direct oral anticoagulants for the management of thromboembolic disorders: the importance of adherence and persistence in achieving beneficial outcomes. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2016;22(7):605–616.
- McHorney CA, Peterson ED, Ashton V, et al. Modeling the impact of real-world adherence to once-daily (QD) versus twice-daily (BID) non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants on stroke and major bleeding events among non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients. Curr Med Res Opin. 2019;35(4):653–660.
- NHS Business Services Authority (NHSBSA). Prescription Cost Analysis - England 2019 England: NHSBSA; 2020 [updated 14 January 2021; cited 2021 September]. Online]. Available from: https://www.nhsbsa.nhs.uk/statistical-collections/prescription-cost-analysis-england/prescription-cost-analysis-england-2019.
- NHS Business Services Authority (NHSBSA). Prescription Cost Analysis - England 2020/21 England: NHSBSA; 2021 [cited 2021 September]. Online]. Available from: https://www.nhsbsa.nhs.uk/statistical-collections/prescription-cost-analysis-england/prescription-cost-analysis-england-202021.
- NHS Business Services Authority (NHSBSA). Prescription Cost Analysis - England England: NHSBSA; [cited 2021 September]. Online]. Available from: https://www.nhsbsa.nhs.uk/statistical-collections/prescription-cost-analysis-england.
- Intellectual Property Office. Supplementary Protection Certificate 2011. [cited 2021 September]. Online]. Available from: https://www.ipo.gov.uk/p-find-spc-byspc-results.htm?number=SPC/GB11/042.
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Resource impact report: Atrial Fibrillation: management (NG196): NICE; 2021 [cited 2021 September]. Online]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng196/resources/resource-impact-report-pdf-9078749533.
- Poli D, Tosetto A, Palareti G, On the behalf of Italian Federation of Anticoagulation Clinics (FCSA), et al. Managing anticoagulation in the COVID-19 era between lockdown and reopening phases. Intern Emerg Med. 2020;15(5):783–786.
- Islam N, Jdanov DA, Shkolnikov VM, et al. Effects of covid-19 pandemic on life expectancy and premature mortality in 2020: time series analysis in 37 countries. BMJ. 2021;375:e066768.
- Office for National Statistics. National life tables – life expectancy in the UK: 2018 to 2020: OSN; 2021 [cited 2021 November]. Online]. Available from: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/lifeexpectancies/bulletins/nationallifetablesunitedkingdom/latest.