Contribution of single-pill combinations in the management of hypertension: perspectives from China, Europe and the USA

References

• World health Organization. Hypertension. [cited November 2022]. Available from https://www.who.int/health-topics/hypertension.
   Google Scholar
• Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 Practice guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension and the European Society of Cardiology: ESH/ESC Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2018;36(12):2284–2309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visseren FLJ, Mach F, Smulders YM, et al. 2021 ESC guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(34):3227–3337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foch C, Feifel J, Gottwald-Hostalek U. An anchored simulated treatment comparison of uptitration of amlodipine compared with a low-dose combination treatment with amlodipine 5 mg/bisoprolol 5 mg for patients with hypertension suboptimally controlled by amlodipine 5 mg monotherapy. Curr Med Res Opin. 2022;38(4):587–593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park CG, Ahn TH, Cho EJ, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of fixed-dose S-amlodipine/telmisartan and telmisartan in hypertensive patients inadequately controlled with telmisartan: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study. Clin Ther. 2016;38(10):2185–2194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow CK, Atkins ER, Hillis GS, et al. Initial treatment with a single pill containing quadruple combination of quarter doses of blood pressure medicines versus standard dose monotherapy in patients with hypertension (QUARTET): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, active-controlled trial. Lancet. 2021;398(10305):1043–1052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White WB, Calhoun DA, Samuel R, et al. Improving blood pressure control: increase the dose of diuretic or switch to a fixed-dose angiotensin receptor blocker/diuretic? the valsartan hydrochlorothiazide diuretic for initial control and titration to achieve optimal therapeutic effect (Val-DICTATE) trial. J Clin Hypertens. 2008;10:450–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancia G, Coca A, Chazova I, FELT investigators, et al. Effects on office and home blood pressure of the lercanidipine-enalapril combination in patients with stage 2 hypertension: a European randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Hypertens. 2014;32(8):1700–1707; discussion 1707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhee MY, Baek SH, Kim W, et al. Efficacy of fimasartan/hydrochlorothiazide combination in hypertensive patients inadequately controlled by fimasartan monotherapy. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2015;9:2847–2854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Risk Factor Collaboration NCD. Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants. Lancet. 2021;398:957–980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy CM, Kearney PM, Shelley EB, et al. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control in the over 50s in Ireland: evidence from the Irish longitudinal study on ageing. J Public Health (Oxf). 2016;38(3):450–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim KI, Ji E, Choi JY, et al. Ten-year trends of hypertension treatment and control rate in Korea. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):6966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tapela N, Collister J, Clifton L, et al. Prevalence and determinants of hypertension control among almost 100 000 treated adults in the UK. Open Heart. 2021;8(1):e001461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassanein M. Adherence to antihypertensive fixed-dose combination among Egyptian patients presenting with essential hypertension. Egypt Heart J. 2020;72(1):10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turé R, Damasceno A, Djicó M, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Bissau, Western Africa. J Clin Hypertens. 2022;24(3):358–361.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Z, Chen Z, Zhang L, et al. Status of hypertension in China: results from the China hypertension survey, 2012. Circulation. 2018;137(22):2344–2356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu J, Lu Y, Wang X, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in China: data from 1•7 million adults in a population-based screening study (China PEACE million persons project). Lancet. 2017;390(10112):2549–2558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tocci G, Presta V, Citoni B, et al. Blood pressure target achievement under monotheraphy: a real-life appraisal. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2020;27(6):587–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Khaja KAJ, James H, Veeramuthu S, et al. Antihypertensive prescribing pattern in older adults: implications of age and the use of dual single-pill combinations. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2019;26(6):535–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leeman M, Dramaix M, Van Nieuwenhuyse B, et al. Cross-sectional survey evaluating blood pressure control ACHIEVEment in hypertensive patients treated with multiple anti-hypertensive agents in Belgium and Luxembourg. PLoS One. 2018;13(11):e0206510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filipiak KJ, Tomaniak M, Płatek AE, et al. Negative predictors of treatment success in outpatient therapy of arterial hypertension in Poland. Results of the CONTROL NT observational registry. Kardiol Pol. 2018;76(2):353–361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rea F, Savaré L, Franchi M, et al. Adherence to treatment by initial antihypertensive mono and combination therapies. Am J Hypertens. 2021;34(10):1083–1091.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Health and Human Services. Estimated hypertension prevalence, treatment, and control among U.S. adults. [cited June 2022]. Available from https://millionhearts.hhs.gov/data-reports/hypertension-prevalence.html.
   Google Scholar
• Melgarejo JD, Maestre GE, Thijs L, et al. Prevalence, treatment, and control rates of conventional and ambulatory hypertension across 10 populations in 3 continents. Hypertension. 2017;70(1):50–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnier M, Egan BM. Adherence in hypertension. Circ Res. 2019;124(7):1124–1140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee EKP, Poon P, Yip BHK, et al. Global burden, regional differences, trends, and health consequences of medication nonadherence for hypertension during 2010 to 2020: a meta-analysis involving 27 million patients. J Am Heart Assoc. 2022;11(17):e026582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmood S, Jalal Z, Hadi MA, et al. Prevalence of non-adherence to antihypertensive medication in Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Clin Pharm. 2021;43(3):486–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergland OU, Halvorsen LV, Søraas CL, et al. Detection of nonadherence to antihypertensive treatment by measurements of serum drug concentrations. Hypertension. 2021;78(3):617–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomaszewski M, White C, Patel P, et al. High rates of non-adherence to antihypertensive treatment revealed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HP LC-MS/MS) urine analysis. Heart. 2014;100(11):855–861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee H, Yano Y, Cho SMJ, et al. Adherence to antihypertensive medication and incident cardiovascular events in young adults with hypertension. Hypertension. 2021;77(4):1341–1349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamrahian SM, Maarouf OH, Fülöp T. A critical review of medication adherence in hypertension: barriers and facilitators clinicians should consider. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2022;16:2749–2757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukete BN, Ferdinand KC. Polypharmacy in older adults with hypertension: a comprehensive review. J Clin Hypertens. 2016;18(1):10–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantuzza LL, Ceccato MDGB, Silveira MR, et al. Association between medication regimen complexity and pharmacotherapy adherence: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;73(11):1475–1489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishida T, Oh A, Hiroi S, et al. Treatment patterns and adherence to antihypertensive combination therapies in Japan using a claims database. Hypertens Res. 2019;42(2):249–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parati G, Kjeldsen S, Coca A, et al. Adherence to single-pill versus free-equivalent combination therapy in hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertension. 2021;77(2):692–705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisser B, Predel HG, Gillessen A, et al. Single pill regimen leads to better adherence and clinical outcome in daily practice in patients suffering from hypertension and/or dyslipidemia: results of a meta-analysis. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2020;27(2):157–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong SJ, Sung KC, Lim SW, et al. Low-dose triple antihypertensive combination therapy in patients with hypertension: a randomized, double-blind, phase II study. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2020;14:5735–5746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neldam S, Lang M, Jones R. Telmisartan and amlodipine single-pill combinations vs amlodipine monotherapy for superior blood pressure lowering and improved tolerability in patients with uncontrolled hypertension: results of the TEAMSTA-5 study. J Clin Hypertens. 2011;13(7):459–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda RD, Mion D, Jr, Rocha JC, et al. An 18-week, prospective, randomized, double-blind, multicenter study of amlodipine/ramipril combination versus amlodipine monotherapy in the treatment of hypertension: the assessment of combination therapy of amlodipine/ramipril (ATAR) study. Clin Ther. 2008;30(9):1618–1628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izzo JL, Jr, Purkayastha D, Hall D, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of amlodipine/benazepril combination therapy and amlodipine monotherapy in severe hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2010;24(6):403–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang SM, Youn JC, Chae SC, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety profile of amlodipine 5 mg/losartan 50 mg fixed-dose combination and amlodipine 10 mg monotherapy in hypertensive patients who respond poorly to amlodipine 5 mg monotherapy: an 8-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind phase III noninferiority study. Clin Ther. 2011;33(12):1953–1963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang KL, Yu WC, Lu TM, et al. Amlodipine/valsartan fixed-dose combination treatment in the management of hypertension: a double-blind, randomized trial. J Chin Med Assoc. 2020;83(10):900–905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsioufis K, Kreutz R, Sykara G, et al. Impact of single-pill combination therapy on adherence, blood pressure control, and clinical outcomes: a rapid evidence assessment of recent literature. J Hypertens. 2020;38(6):1016–1028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du LP, Cheng ZW, Zhang YX, et al. The impact of fixed-dose combination versus free-equivalent combination therapies on adherence for hypertension: a meta-analysis. J Clin Hypertens. 2018;20(5):902–907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherrill B, Halpern M, Khan S, et al. Single-pill vs free-equivalent combination therapies for hypertension: a meta-analysis of health care costs and adherence. J Clin Hypertens. 2011;13(12):898–909.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta AK, Arshad S, Poulter NR. Compliance, safety, and effectiveness of fixed-dose combinations of antihypertensive agents: a meta-analysis. Hypertension. 2010;55(2):399–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bangalore S, Kamalakkannan G, Parkar S, et al. Fixed-dose combinations improve medication compliance: a meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2007;120(8):713–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung J, Ahn KT, Cho BR, et al. Adherence to triple-component antihypertensive regimens is higher with single-pill than equivalent two-pill regimens: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Transl Sci. 2021;14(3):1185–1192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SJ, Kwon OD, Cho B, et al. Effects of combination drugs on antihypertensive medication adherence in a real-world setting: a Korean nationwide study. BMJ Open. 2019;9(6):e029862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito I, Kushiro T, Matsushita Y, et al. Medication-taking behavior in hypertensive patients with a single-tablet, fixed-dose combination in Japan. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2016;38(2):131–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumagai N, Onishi K, Hoshino K, et al. Improving drug adherence using fixed combinations caused beneficial treatment outcomes and decreased health-care costs in patients with hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2013;35(5):355–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel BV, Remigio-Baker RA, Thiebaud P, et al. Improved persistence and adherence to diuretic fixed-dose combination therapy compared to diuretic monotherapy. BMC Fam Pract. 2008;9:61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liakos CI, Papadopoulos DP, Kotsis VT. Adherence to treatment, safety, tolerance, and effectiveness of perindopril/amlodipine fixed-dose combination in Greek patients with hypertension and stable coronary artery disease: a Pan-Hellenic prospective observational study of daily clinical practice. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2017;17(5):391–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manolis A, Grammatikou V, Kallistratos M, et al. Blood pressure reduction and control with fixed-dose combination perindopril/amlodipine: a Pan-Hellenic prospective observational study. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2015;16(4):930–935.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlachopoulos C, Grammatikou V, Kallistratos M, et al. Effectiveness of perindopril/amlodipine fixed dose combination in everyday clinical practice: results from the EMERALD study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2016;32(9):1605–1610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Setiawati A, Kalim H, Abdillah A. Clinical effectiveness, safety and tolerability of amlodipine/valsartan in hypertensive patients: the Indonesian subset of the EXCITE study. Acta Med Indones. 2015;47:223–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenkranz AR, Ratzinger M. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of antihypertensive therapy with aliskiren/amlodipine in clinical practice in Austria. The RALLY (rasilamlo long lasting efficacy) study. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2015;127(5-6):203–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jadhav U, Hiremath J, Namjoshi DJ, et al. Blood pressure control with a single-pill combination of indapamide sustained-release and amlodipine in patients with hypertension: the EFFICIENT study. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e92955.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan W, Moin N, Iktidar S, et al. Real-life effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of amlodipine/valsartan or amlodipine/valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide single-pill combination in patients with hypertension from Pakistan. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;8(2):45–55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kızılırmak P, Berktaş M, Yalçın MR, et al. Efficacy and safety of valsartan and amlodipine single-pill combination in hypertensive patients (PEAK study). Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars. 2013;41(5):406–417.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hostalek U, Koch EMW. Treatment of hypertension with a fixed-dose combination of bisoprololand amlodipine in daily practice: results of a multinational non-investigational study. Cardiovasc Disord Med. 2016;1:10.
   Google Scholar
• Glasziou PP, Clarke P, Alexander J, et al. Cost-effectiveness of lowering blood pressure with a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide in type 2 diabetes mellitus: an ADVANCE trial-based analysis. Med J Aust. 2010;193(6):320–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joint Committee for Guideline Revision. 2018 Chinese guidelines for prevention and treatment of hypertension-a report of the revision committee of Chinese guidelines for prevention and treatment of hypertension. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2019;16:182–241.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hua Q, Fan L, Li J. 2019 Chinese guideline for the management of hypertension in the elderly. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2019;16(2):67–99.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines. Hypertension. 2018;71:1269–1324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unger T, Borghi C, Charchar F, et al. 2020 International Society of Hypertension global hypertension practice guidelines. Hypertension. 2020;75(6):1334–1357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World health Organization. Guideline for the pharmacological treatment of hypertension in adults. 2021. [cited December 2022]. Available from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240033986.
   Google Scholar
• Chung S, Ko YG, Kim JS, et al. Effect of FIXed-dose combination of ARB and statin on adherence and risk factor control: the randomized FIXAR study. Cardiol J. 2022;29(5):815–823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi J, Sung KC, Ihm SH, et al. Central blood pressure lowering effect of telmisartan-rosuvastatin single-pill combination in hypertensive patients combined with dyslipidemia: a pilot study. J Clin Hypertens. 2021;23(9):1664–1674.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration. Pharmacological blood pressure lowering for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease across different levels of blood pressure: an individual participant-level data meta-analysis. Lancet. 2021;397:1625–1636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moriarty F, Bennett K, Fahey T. Fixed-dose combination antihypertensives and risk of medication errors. Heart. 2019;105(3):204–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang N, Salam A, Webster R, et al. Association of low-dose triple combination therapy with therapeutic inertia and prescribing patterns in patients with hypertension: a secondary analysis of the TRIUMPH trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(11):1219–1226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow CK, Teo KK, Rangarajan S, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in rural and urban communities in high-, middle-, and low-income countries. JAMA. 2013;310(9):959–968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Linden EL, Agyemang C, van den Born BH. Hypertension control in Sub-Saharan Africa: clinical inertia is another elephant in the room. J Clin Hypertens. 2020;22(6):959–961.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seedat YK. Why is control of hypertension in Sub-Saharan Africa poor? Cardiovasc J Afr. 2015;26(4):193–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubinstein A, Alcocer L, Chagas A. High blood pressure in Latin America: a call to action. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis. 2009;3(4):259–285.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brettler JW, Arcila GPG, Aumala T, et al. Drivers and scorecards to improve hypertension control in primary care practice: recommendations from the HEARTS in the Americas innovation group. Lancet Reg Health Am. 2022;9:1–11.
   Google Scholar