Skeletal muscle explants: ex-vivo models to study cellular behavior in a complex tissue environment

References

• Strangeways TSP, Fell HB. Experimental studies on the differentiation of embryonic tissues growing in vivo and in vitro.—II. The development of the isolated early embryonic eye of the fowl when cultivated in vitro. Proc R Soc London B. 1926;100(703):273–283.
   Google Scholar
• Fell HB, Robison R. The growth, development and phosphatase activity of embryonic avian femora and limb-buds cultivated in vitro. Biochem J. 1929;23(4):767–784.5. doi:10.1042/bj0230767.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hill AV. The heat of shortening and the dynamic constants of muscle. Proc R Soc B. 1938;126(843):136–195.
   Google Scholar
• Ramsey RW, Street SF. The isometric length‐tension diagram of isolated skeletal muscle fibers of the frog. J Cell Comp Physiol. 1940;15:11–34. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1553-0809.
   Google Scholar
• Zoeller JJ, McQuillan A, Whitelock J, Ho S-Y, Iozzo RV. A central function for perlecan in skeletal muscle and cardiovascular development. J Cell Biol. 2008 Apr; 181(2):381–394. doi:10.1083/jcb.200708022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy MM, Lawson JA, Mathew SJ, Hutcheson DA, Kardon G. Satellite cells, connective tissue fibroblasts and their interactions are crucial for muscle regeneration. Development. 2011 Sep; 138(17):3625–3637. doi:10.1242/dev.064162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worton R. Muscular dystrophies: diseases of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex. Science. 1995 Nov; 270(5237):755–756. doi:10.1126/science.270.5237.755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillies AR, Lieber RL. Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle Nerve. 2011 Sep; 44(3):318–331. doi:10.1002/mus.22094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lepper C, Partridge TA, Fan CM. An absolute requirement for Pax7-positive satellite cells in acute injury-induced skeletal muscle regeneration. Development. 2011 Sep; 138(17):3639–3646. doi:10.1242/dev.067595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumont NA, Bentzinger CF, Sincennes M-C, Rudnicki MA. Satellite cells and skeletal muscle regeneration. Compr Physiol. 2015 Jul; 5(3):1027–1059. doi:10.1002/cphy.c140068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fry CS, Lee JD, Jackson JR, Kirby TJ, Stasko SA, Liu H, Dupont-Versteegden EE, McCarthy JJ, Peterson CA. Regulation of the muscle fiber microenvironment by activated satellite cells during hypertrophy. Faseb J. 2014 Apr; 28(4):1654–1665. doi:10.1096/fj.13-239426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas K, Engler AJ, Meyer GA. Extracellular matrix regulation in the muscle satellite cell niche. Connect Tissue Res. 2015 Feb; 56(1):1–8. doi:10.3109/03008207.2014.947369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin H, Price F, Rudnicki MA. Satellite cells and the muscle stem cell niche. Physiol Rev. 2013 Jan; 93(1):23–67. doi:10.1152/physrev.00043.2011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark WE. An experimental study of the regeneration of mammalian striped muscle. J Anat. 1946 Jan;80(Pt 1):24–36.4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pogogeff IA, Murray MR. Form and behavior of adult mammalian skeletal muscle in vitro. Anat Rec. 1946 Jul;95:321–335.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Godman G. On the regeneration and redifferentiation of mammalian striated muscle. J Morphol. 1957;27–81. doi:10.1002/jmor.1051000103.
   Google Scholar
• MAURO A. Satellite cell of skeletal muscle fibers. J Biophys Biochem Cytol. 1961 Feb;9:493–495. doi:10.1083/jcb.9.2.493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bischoff R. Proliferation of muscle satellite cells on intact myofibers in culture. Dev Biol. 1986 May; 115(1):129–139. doi:10.1016/0012-1606(86)90234-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bischoff R. Analysis of muscle regeneration using single myofibers in culture. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1989 Oct;21(5 Suppl):S164–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bischoff R. Interaction between satellite cells and skeletal muscle fibers. Development. 1990 Aug;109(4):943–952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudry IH, Gould MK. Kinetics of glucose uptake in isolated soleus muscle. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1969 May; 177(3):527–536. doi:10.1016/0304-4165(69)90315-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks SV, Faulkner JA. Contractile properties of skeletal muscles from young, adult and aged mice. J Physiol. 1988 Oct;404:71–82. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp017279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang SJ, Bruton JD, Katz A, Westerblad H. Limited oxygen diffusion accelerates fatigue development in mouse skeletal muscle. J Physiol. 2006 Apr; 572(Pt 2):551–559. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2005.104521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren GL, Lowe DA, Hayes DA, Karwoski CJ, Prior BM, Armstrong RB. Excitation failure in eccentric contraction-induced injury of mouse soleus muscle. J Physiol. 1993 Aug;468:487–499. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1993.sp019783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryder JW, Fahlman R, Wallberg-Henriksson H, Alessi DR, Krook A, Zierath JR. Effect of contraction on mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction in skeletal muscle. Involvement of the mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1. J Biol Chem. 2000 Jan; 275(2):1457–1462. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.2.1457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGeachie JK, Grounds MD, Partridge TA, Morgan JE. Age-related changes in replication of myogenic cells in mdx mice: quantitative autoradiographic studies. J Neurol Sci. 1993 Nov; 119(2):169–179. doi:10.1016/0022-510x(93)90130-q.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sousa-Victor P, Gutarra S, García-Prat L, Rodriguez-Ubreva J, Ortet L, Ruiz-Bonilla V, Jardí M, Ballestar E, González S, Serrano AL, Perdiguero E, Muñoz-Cánoves P. Geriatric muscle stem cells switch reversible quiescence into senescence. Nature. 2014 Feb; 506(7488):316–321. doi:10.1038/nature13013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel AL, Atchison K, Fisher KE, Davis GE, Cornelison DDW. 3D timelapse analysis of muscle satellite cell motility. Stem Cells. 2009 Oct; 27(10):2527–2538. doi:10.1002/stem.178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert PM, Havenstrite KL, Magnusson KE, Sacco A, Leonardi NA, Kraft P, Nguyen NK, Thrun S, Lutolf MP, Blau HM. Substrate elasticity regulates skeletal muscle stem cell self-renewal in culture. Science. 2010 Aug; 329(5995):1078–1081. doi:10.1126/science.1191035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenblatt JD, Lunt AI, Parry DJ, Partridge TA. Culturing satellite cells from living single muscle fiber explants. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 1995 Nov; 31(10):773–779. doi:10.1007/BF02634119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasut A, Jones AE, Rudnicki MA. Isolation and culture of individual myofibers and their satellite cells from adult skeletal muscle. J Vis Exp. 2013 Mar;(73):e50074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown LD, Schneider MF. Delayed dedifferentiation and retention of properties in dissociated adult skeletal muscle fibers in vitro. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 2002 Jul - Aug; 38(7):411–422. doi:10.1290/1071-2690(2002)038<0411:DDAROP>2.0.CO;2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogler TO, Gadek KE, Cadwallader AB, Elston TL, Olwin BB. Isolation, culture, functional assays, and immunofluorescence of myofiber-associated satellite cells. Methods Mol Biol. 2016;1460:141–162. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3810-0_11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ravenscroft G, Nowak KJ, Jackaman C, Clément S, Lyons MA, Gallagher S, Bakker AJ, Laing NG. Dissociated flexor digitorum brevis myofiber culture system–a more mature muscle culture system. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton. 2007 Oct; 64(10):727–738. doi:10.1002/cm.20223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuang S, Kuroda K, Le Grand F, Rudnicki MA. Asymmetric self-renewal and commitment of satellite stem cells in muscle. Cell. 2007 Jun; 129(5):999–1010. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.03.044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Grand F, Jones AE, Seale V, Scimè A, Rudnicki MA. Wnt7a activates the planar cell polarity pathway to drive the symmetric expansion of satellite stem cells. Cell Stem Cell. 2009 Jun; 4(6):535–547. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2009.03.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson J, Pilipowicz O. Activation of muscle satellite cells in single-fiber cultures. Nitric Oxide. 2002 Aug;7(1):36–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernet JD, Doles JD, Hall JK, Kelly Tanaka K, Carter TA, Olwin BB. p38 MAPK signaling underlies a cell-autonomous loss of stem cell self-renewal in skeletal muscle of aged mice. Nat Med. 2014 Mar; 20(3):265–271. doi:10.1038/nm.3465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troy A, Cadwallader AB, Fedorov Y, Tyner K, Tanaka KK, Olwin BB. Coordination of satellite cell activation and self-renewal by Par-complex-dependent asymmetric activation of p38α/β MAPK. Cell Stem Cell. 2012 Oct; 11(4):541–553. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2012.05.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenblatt JD, Parry DJ, Partridge TA. Phenotype of adult mouse muscle myoblasts reflects their fiber type of origin. Differentiation. 1996 Mar; 60(1):39–45. doi:10.1046/j.1432-0436.1996.6010039.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson JE, Wozniak AC, Mizunoya W. Single muscle-fiber isolation and culture for cellular, molecular, pharmacological, and evolutionary studies. Methods Mol Biol. 2012;798:85–102. doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-343-1_6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keire P, Shearer A, Shefer G, Yablonka-Reuveni Z. Isolation and culture of skeletal muscle myofibers as a means to analyze satellite cells. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;946:431–468. doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-128-8_28.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gallot YS, Hindi SM, Mann AK, Kumar A. Isolation, culture, and staining of single myofibers. Bio Protoc. 2016 Oct;6(19). doi:10.21769/BioProtoc.1942.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brun CE, Wang YX, Rudnicki MA. Single EDL myofiber isolation for analyses of quiescent and activated muscle stem cells. Methods Mol Biol. 2018;1686:149–159. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7371-2_11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bekoff A, Betz WJ. Physiological properties of dissociated muscle fibres obtained from innervated and denervated adult rat muscle. J Physiol. 1977 Sep; 271(1):25–40. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1977.sp011988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palomero J, Pye D, Kabayo T, Jackson MJ. Effect of passive stretch on intracellular nitric oxide and superoxide activities in single skeletal muscle fibres: influence of ageing. Free Radic Res. 2012 Jan; 46(1):30–40. doi:10.3109/10715762.2011.637203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldspink DF. The influence of immobilization and stretch on protein turnover of rat skeletal muscle. J Physiol. 1977 Jan; 264(1):267–282. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1977.sp011667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hornberger TA, Chien S. Mechanical stimuli and nutrients regulate rapamycin-sensitive signaling through distinct mechanisms in skeletal muscle. J Cell Biochem. 2006 Apr; 97(6):1207–1216. doi:10.1002/jcb.20671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young ME, Radda GK, Leighton B. Nitric oxide stimulates glucose transport and metabolism in rat skeletal muscle in vitro. Biochem J. 1997 Feb; 322(Pt 1):223–228. doi:10.1042/bj3220223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson MG, Niswander LA. An explant muscle model to examine the refinement of the synaptic landscape. J Neurosci Methods. 2014 Dec;238:95–104. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.09.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith LR, Barton ER. Collagen content does not alter the passive mechanical properties of fibrotic skeletal muscle in mdx mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2014 May; 306(10):C889–98. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00383.2013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leijendekker WJ, Elzinga G. Metabolic recovery of mouse extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscle. Pflugers Arch. 1990 Apr; 416(1–2):22–27. doi:10.1007/bf00370217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Close R. Force: velocity properties of mouse muscles. Nature. 1965 May; 206(985):718–719. doi:10.1038/206718a0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cifelli C, Bourassa F, Gariépy L, Banas K, Benkhalti M, Renaud J-M. KATP channel deficiency in mouse flexor digitorum brevis causes fibre damage and impairs Ca2+ release and force development during fatigue in vitro. J Physiol. 2007 Jul; 582(Pt 2):843–857. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.130955.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moorwood C, Liu M, Tian Z, Barton ER. Isometric and eccentric force generation assessment of skeletal muscles isolated from murine models of muscular dystrophies. J Vis Exp. 2013 Jan;(71):e50036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolbeck RC, Nosek TM. Fatigue of rapid and slow onset in isolated perfused rat and mouse diaphragms. J Appl Physiol. 1994 Oct; 77(4):1991–1998. doi:10.1152/jappl.1994.77.4.1991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McArdle JJ, Angaut-Petit D, Mallart A, Bournaud R, Faille L, Brigant JL. Advantages of the triangularis sterni muscle of the mouse for investigations of synaptic phenomena. J Neurosci Methods. 1981 Aug;4(2):109–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chleboun GS, Patel TJ, Lieber RL. Skeletal muscle architecture and fiber-type distribution with the multiple bellies of the mouse extensor digitorum longus muscle. Acta Anat (Basel). 1997;159(2–3):147–155. doi:10.1159/000147977.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Park KH, Brotto L, Lehoang O, Brotto M, Ma J, Zhao X. Ex vivo assessment of contractility, fatigability and alternans in isolated skeletal muscles. J Vis Exp. 2012 Nov;(69):e4198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woo S-H, Lukacs V, de Nooij JC, Zaytseva D, Criddle CR, Francisco A, Jessell TM, Wilkinson KA, Patapoutian A. Piezo2 is the principal mechanotransduction channel for proprioception. Nat Neurosci. 2015 Dec; 18(12):1756–1762. doi:10.1038/nn.4162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barton ER, Wang BJ, Brisson BK, Sweeney HL. Diaphragm displays early and progressive functional deficits in dysferlin-deficient mice. Muscle Nerve. 2010 Jul; 42(1):22–29. doi:10.1002/mus.21645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson KA, Kloefkorn HE, Hochman S, Jones KE. Characterization of muscle spindle afferents in the adult mouse using an in vitro muscle-nerve preparation. PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e39140. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark AW, Bandyopadhyay S, DasGupta BR. The plantar nerves-lumbrical muscles: a useful nerve-muscle preparation for assaying the effects of botulinum neurotoxin. J Neurosci Methods. 1987 Apr;19(4):285–295. doi:10.1016/0165-0270(87)90071-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen PA, Gulve EA, Holloszy JO. Suitability of 2-deoxyglucose for in vitro measurement of glucose transport activity in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol. 1994 Feb;76(2):979–985. doi:10.1152/jappl.1994.76.2.979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerschensteiner M, Reuter MS, Lichtman JW, Misgeld T. Ex vivo imaging of motor axon dynamics in murine triangularis sterni explants. Nat Protoc. 2008;3(10):1645–1653. doi:10.1038/nprot.2008.160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bansal D, Miyake K, Vogel SS, Groh S, Chen CC, Williamson R, McNeil PL, Campbell KP. Defective membrane repair in dysferlin-deficient muscular dystrophy. Nature. 2003 May;423(6936):168–172. doi:10.1038/nature01573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai C, Masumiya H, Weisleder N, Matsuda N, Nishi M, Hwang M, Ko JK, Lin P, Thornton A, Zhao X, Pan Z, Komazaki S, Brotto M, Takeshima H, Ma J. MG53 nucleates assembly of cell membrane repair machinery. Nat Cell Biol. 2009 Jan;11(1):56–64. doi:10.1038/ncb1812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swaggart KA, Demonbreun AR, Vo AH, Swanson KE, Kim EY, Fahrenbach JP, Holley-Cuthrell J, Eskin A, Chen Z, Squire K, Heydemann A, Palmer AA, Nelson SF, McNally EM. Annexin A6 modifies muscular dystrophy by mediating sarcolemmal repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Apr;111(16):6004–6009. doi:10.1073/pnas.1324242111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukyanenko V, Muriel JM, Bloch RJ. Coupling of excitation to Ca. J Physiol. 2017 Aug;595(15):5191–5207. doi:10.1113/JP274515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prosser BL, Hernández-Ochoa EO, Lovering RM, Andronache Z, Zimmer DB, Melzer W, Schneider MF. S100A1 promotes action potential-initiated calcium release flux and force production in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2010 Nov;299(5):C891–902. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00180.2010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernández-Ochoa EO, Robison P, Contreras M, Shen T, Zhao Z, Schneider MF. Elevated extracellular glucose and uncontrolled type 1 diabetes enhance NFAT5 signaling and disrupt the transverse tubular network in mouse skeletal muscle. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2012 Sep;237(9):1068–1083. doi:10.1258/ebm.2012.012052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumont NA, Wang YX, von Maltzahn J, Pasut A, Bentzinger CF, Brun CE, Rudnicki MA. Dystrophin expression in muscle stem cells regulates their polarity and asymmetric division. Nat Med. 2015 Dec;21(12):1455–1463. doi:10.1038/nm.3990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang YX, Feige P, Brun CE, Hekmatnejad B, Dumont NA, Renaud J-M, Faulkes S, Guindon DE, Rudnicki MA. EGFR-aurka signaling rescues polarity and regeneration defects in dystrophin-deficient muscle stem cells by increasing asymmetric divisions. Cell Stem Cell. 2019 Mar;24(3):419–432.e6. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2019.01.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel AL, Kuhlmann PK, Cornelison DD. Muscle satellite cell proliferation and association: new insights from myofiber time-lapse imaging. Skelet Muscle. 2011 Feb;1(1):7. doi:10.1186/2044-5040-1-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin SH, Cheng YR, Banks RW, Cheng L, Liu Y, Yang Y, Fan P, Wang Q, Lin Y, Zhang J, Li C, Mao Y, Wang Q, Su X, Zhang S, Peng Y, Yang H, Hu X, Yang J, Huang M, Xiang R, Yu D, Zhou Z, Wei Y, Deng H. Evidence for the involvement of ASIC3 in sensory mechanotransduction in proprioceptors. Nat Commun. 2016 May;7:11460. doi:10.1038/ncomms11996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connizzo BK, Grodzinsky AJ. Release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from muscle and bone causes tenocyte death in a novel rotator cuff in vitro explant culture model. Connect Tissue Res. 2018 Sep;59(5):423–436. doi:10.1080/03008207.2018.1439486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwee BJ, Mooney DJ. Biomaterials for skeletal muscle tissue engineering. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2017 Oct;47:16–22. doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2017.05.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juhas M, Bursac N. Roles of adherent myogenic cells and dynamic culture in engineered muscle function and maintenance of satellite cells. Biomaterials. 2014 Nov;35(35):9438–9446. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.07.035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khodabukus A, Madden L, Prabhu NK, Koves TR, Jackman CP, Muoio DM, Bursac N. Electrical stimulation increases hypertrophy and metabolic flux in tissue-engineered human skeletal muscle. Biomaterials. 2019 Apr;198:259–269. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.08.058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afshar Bakooshli M, Lippmann ES, Mulcahy B, Iyer N, Nguyen CT, Tung K, Stewart BA, Van den Dorpel H, Fuehrmann T, Shoichet M, Bigot A. A 3D culture model of innervated human skeletal muscle enables studies of the adult neuromuscular junction. Elife. 2019;8:e44530. doi:10.7554/eLife.44530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morimoto Y, Kato-Negishi M, Onoe H, Takeuchi S. Three-dimensional neuron-muscle constructs with neuromuscular junctions. Biomaterials. 2013 Dec;34(37):9413–9419. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.08.062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko IK, Lee B-K, Lee SJ, Andersson K-E, Atala A, Yoo JJ. The effect of in vitro formation of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clusters in engineered muscle fibers on subsequent innervation of constructs in vivo. Biomaterials. 2013 Apr;34(13):3246–3255. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.01.029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wernbom M, Augustsson J, Thomeé R. The influence of frequency, intensity, volume and mode of strength training on whole muscle cross-sectional area in humans. Sports Med. 2007;37(3):225–264. doi:10.2165/00007256-200737030-00004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negroni E, Bigot A, Butler-Browne GS, Trollet C, Mouly V. Cellular therapies for muscular dystrophies: frustrations and clinical successes. Hum Gene Ther. 2016 Feb;27(2):117–126. doi:10.1089/hum.2015.139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer GA, Ward SR. Developmental biology and regenerative medicine: addressing the vexing problem of persistent muscle atrophy in the chronically torn human rotator cuff. Phys Ther. 2016 May;96(5):722–733. doi:10.2522/ptj.20150029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li EW, McKee-Muir OC, Gilbert PM. Cellular biomechanics in skeletal muscle regeneration. Curr Top Dev Biol. 2018;126:125–176. doi:10.1016/bs.ctdb.2017.08.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar