The future of preconception care in the United States: multigenerational impact on reproductive outcomes

References

• Johnson K, Posner S, Biermann J, Cordero J, Atrash H, Parker C, et al. CDC/ATSDR Preconception Care Work Group; Select Panel on Preconception Care. Recommendations to improve preconception health and health care–United States. A report of the CDC/ATSDR Preconception Care Work Group and the Select Panel on Preconception Care. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006;55:23.
   Google Scholar
• Jack B, Bickmore T, Hempstead M, Yinusa-Nyahkoon L, Sadikova E, Mitchell S, et al. Reducing preconception risks among African American women with conversational agent technology. J Am Board Fam Med. 2015;28:441–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kung H-C, Hoyert DL, Xu J, Murphy SL. Deaths: final data for 2005. Natl Vital Stat Reps. 2008;56:1–120.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu JQ Murphy SL, Kochanek KD, Bastian BA. Deaths: final data for 2013. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2016;64:1–119.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MacDorman MF, Matthews TJ, Mohangoo AD, Zeitlin J. International comparisons of infant mortality and related factors: United States and Europe, 2010. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2014;63:1–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Center for Health Statistics. Percentage of births by race/ethnicity: US, 2011–2013 average. Available from: http://www.marchofdimes.org/peristats.
   Google Scholar
• Burris HH, Collins JW Jr. Race and preterm birth–the case for epigenetic inquiry. Ethn Dis. 2010;20:296–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins JW Jr, David RJ, Simon DM, Prachand NG. Preterm birth among African American and white women with a lifelong residence in high-income Chicago neighborhoods: an exploratory study. Ethn Dis. 2007;17:113–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu MC, Chen B. Racial and ethnic disparities in preterm birth: the role of stressful life events. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191:691–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Kolk BA, McFarlane AC. Traumatic stress: the effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society. New York (NY): Guilford Press; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Culhane JF, Goldenberg RL. Racial disparities in preterm birth. Semin Perinatol. 2011;35:234–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, Romero R. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet. 2008;371:75–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin J, Hamilton B, Ventura SJ, Osterman M, Mathews T. Births: final data for 2011. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2013;62:1–69, 72.
   Google Scholar
• Kochanek KD, Xu J, Murphy SL, Miniño AM, Kung H-C. Deaths: preliminary data for 2011. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2011;59:1.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson JE, Walsh LV, Merkatz IR. The history of prenatal care: cultural, social, and medical contexts. New perspectives on prenatal care. New York: Elsevier; 1990. p. 9–30.
   Google Scholar
• Gortmaker SL. The effects of prenatal care upon the health of the newborn. Am J Public Health. 1979;69:653–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman E, Ryan KJ, Monson RR, Schoenbaum SC. Risk factors accounting for racial differences in the rate of premature birth. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:743–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quick JD, Greenlick MR, Roghmann KJ. Prenatal care and pregnancy outcome in an HMO and general population: a multivariate cohort analysis. Am J Public Health. 1981;71:381–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg RS. The impact of prenatal care in different social groups. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1983;145:797–801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barfield WD, Wise PH, Rust FP, Rust KJ, Gould JB, Gortmaker SL. Racial disparities in outcomes of military and civilian births in California. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1996;150:1062–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murray JL, Bernfield M. The differential effect of prenatal care on the incidence of low birth weight among blacks and whites in a prepaid health care plan. N Engl J Med. 1988;319:1385–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiono PH, Klebanoff MA, Graubard BI, Berendes HW, Rhoads GG. Birth weight among women of different ethnic groups. JAMA. 1986;255:48–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jack BW, Atrash H, Coonrod DV, Moos M-K, O’Donnell J, Johnson K. The clinical content of preconception care: an overview and preparation of this supplement. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;199:S266–S79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker DJ, Lackland DT. Prenatal influences on stroke mortality in England and Wales. Stroke. 2003;34:1598–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM, Edwards V, et al. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. Am J Prev Med. 1998;14:245–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller LS, Robinson JA, Cibula DA. Healthy immigrant effect: preterm births among immigrants and refugees in Syracuse, NY. Matern Child Health J. 2016;20:484–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rankin KM, David RJ, Collins JW Jr. African American women’s exposure to interpersonal racial discrimination in public settings and preterm birth: the effect of coping behaviors. Ethn Dis. 2011;21:370–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burris HH, Collins JW Jr, Wright RO. Racial/ethnic disparities in preterm birth: clues from environmental exposures. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2011;23:227–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geronimus AT. The weathering hypothesis and the health of African-American women and infants: evidence and speculations. Ethn Dis. 1991;2:207–21.
   Google Scholar
• Burris HH, Baccarelli AA, Wright RO, Wright RJ. Epigenetics: linking social and environmental exposures to preterm birth. Pediatr Res. 2016;79:136–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu MC, Halfon N. Racial and ethnic disparities in birth outcomes: a life-course perspective. Matern Child Health J. 2003;7:13–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lackland DT, Egan BM, Ferguson PL. Low birth weight as a risk factor for hypertension. J Clin Hyperten (Greenwich). 2003;5:133–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kramer MR, Hogue CJ, Dunlop AL, Menon R. Preconceptional stress and racial disparities in preterm birth: an overview. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2011;90:1307–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geronimus AT. Black/white differences in the relationship of maternal age to birthweight: a population-based test of the weathering hypothesis. Soc Sci Med. 1996;42:589–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heijmans BT, Tobi EW, Stein AD, Putter H, Blauw GJ, Susser ES, et al. Persistent epigenetic differences associated with prenatal exposure to famine in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105:17046–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang C, Li Z, Wang M, Martorell R. Early life exposure to the 1959–1961 Chinese famine has long-term health consequences. J Nutr. 2010;140:1874–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins JW, David RJ, Rankin KM, Desireddi JR. Transgenerational effect of neighborhood poverty on low birth weight among African Americans in Cook County, Illinois. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;169:712–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidal AC, Liu Y, Tuli A, Fuemmeler B, Hoyo C, Murtha A, et al. Maternal stress, preterm birth, and DNA methylation at imprint regulatory sequences in humans. Genet Epigenet. 2013;6:37–44.
   Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Murphy SK, Murtha AP, Fuemmeler BF, Schildkraut J, Huang Z, et al. Depression in pregnancy, infant birth weight and DNA methylation of imprint regulatory elements. Epigenetics. 2012;7:735–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar