Therapy of ankylosing spondylitis – a review. Part I: Conventional medical treatment and surgical therapy

References

• Braun J, Bollow M, Remlinger G, Eggens U, Rudwaleit M, Distler A, et al. Prevalence of spondylarthropathies in HLA-B27 positive and negative blood donors. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:58–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt J, Bollow M, Haberle J, Rudwaleit M, Eggens U, Distler A, et al. Studying patients with inflammatory back pain and arthritis of the lower limbs clinically and by magnetic resonance imaging: many, but not all patients with sacroiliitis have spondyloarthropathy. Rheumatology (Oxford) 1999;38:831–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gran JT, Husby G, Hordvik M. Prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis in males and females in a young middle-aged population of Tromso, northern Norway. Ann Rheum Dis 1985;44:359–67.
   Google Scholar
• Saraux A, Guedes C, Allain J, Devauchelle V, Valls I, Lamour A, et al. Prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthropathy in Brittany, France. Societe de Rhumatologie de l'Ouest. J Rheumatol 1999;26:2622–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zink A, Listing J, Klindworth C, Zeidler H, German Collaboratrive Arthritis Centres. The national database of the German Collaborative Arthritis Centres: I. Structure, aims, and patients. Ann Rheum Dis 2001;60:199–206.
   Google Scholar
• Boonen A, Chorus A, Miedema H, van der Heijde D, van der Tempel H, van der Linden S. Employment, work disability, and work days lost in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a cross sectional study of Dutch patients. Ann Rheum Dis 2001;60:353–8.
   Google Scholar
• Boonen A, van der Heijde D, Landewe R, Spoorenberg A, Schouten H, Rutten-van Molken M, et al. Work status and productivity costs due to ankylosing spondylitis: comparison of three European countries. Ann Rheum Dis 2002;61: 429–37.
   Google Scholar
• Ward MM. Health-related quality of life in ankylosing spondylitis: a survey of 175 patients. Arthritis Care Res 1999;12:247–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Heijde D, Bellamy N, Calin A, Dougados M, Khan MA, van der Linden S. Preliminary core sets for endpoints in ankylosing spondylitis. Assessments in Ankylosing Spondylitis Working Group. J Rheumatol 1997; 24:2225–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amor B, Dougados M, Mijiyawa M. [Criteria of the classification of spondylarthropathies]. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic 1990;57:85–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leirisalo-Repo M. Prognosis, course of disease, and treat-ment of the spondyloarthropathies. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1998;24:737–51.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amor B, Santos RS, Nahal R, Listrat V, Dougados M. Predictive factors for the longterm outcome of spondylo-arthropathies. J Rheumatol 1994;21:1883–7.
   Google Scholar
• Amor B, Dougados M, Khan MA. Management of refractory ankylosing spondylitis and related spondylo-arthropathies. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1995;21:117–28.
   Google Scholar
• Calin A, Elswood J. A prospective nationwide cross-sectional study of NSAID usage in 1331 patients with ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol 1990;17:801–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toussirot E, Wendling D. Current guidelines for the drug treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. Drugs 1998;56:225–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dougados M, Gueguen A, Nakache JP, Velicitat P, Veys EM, Zeidler H, et al. Ankylosing spondylitis: what is the optimum duration of a clinical study? A one year versus a 6 weeks non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug trial. Rheumatology (Oxford) 1999;38:235–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dougados M, Behier JM, Jolchine I, Calin A, van der Heijde D, Olivieri I, et al. Efficacy of celecoxib, a cyclo-oxygenase 2-specific inhibitor, in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: a six-week controlled study with comparison against placebo and against a conventional nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug. Arthritis Rheum 2001;44: 180–5.
   Google Scholar
• Villegas I, La Casa C, de la Lastra CA, Motilva V, Herrerias JM, Martin MJ. Mucosal damage induced by preferential COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors: role of prosta-glandins and inflammatory response. Life Sci 2004;74:873–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Layton D, Hughes K, Harris S, Shakir SA. Comparison of the incidence rates of selected gastrointestinal events reported for patients prescribed celecoxib and meloxicam in general practice in England using prescription-event monitoring (PEM) data. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003;42:1332–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oviedo JA, Wolfe MM. Gastroprotection by coxibs: what do the Celecoxib Long-Term Arthritis Safety Study and the Vioxx Gastrointestinal Outcomes Research Trial tell us? Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2003;29:769–88.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Braun J, Sieper J. [New aspects of treatment and prophylaxis of gastrointestinal side effects caused by non-steroidal-antiinflammatory drugs]. Z Rheumatol 1999;58:173–84.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wanders A, Van der Heijde D, Landewé R, Behier JM, Calin A, Olivieri I, et al. Inhibition of radiographic progression in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) by continuous use of NSAIDs. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:5233.
   Google Scholar
• Porter RW, Ralston SH. Pharmacological management of back pain syndromes. Drugs 1994;48:189–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clegg DO, Reda DJ, Abdellatif M. Comparison of sulfasa-lazine and placebo for the treatment of axial and peripheral articular manifestations of the seronegative spondylarthro-pathies: a Department of Veterans Affairs cooperative study. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:2325–9.
   Google Scholar
• Taggart A, Gardiner P, McEvoy F, Hopkins R, Bird H. Which is the active moiety of sulfasalazine in ankylosing spondylitis? A randomized, controlled study. Arthritis Rheum 1996;39:1400–5.
   Google Scholar
• Dekker-Saeys BJ, Dijkmans BA, Tytgat GN. Treatment of spondyloarthropathy with 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine): an open trial. J Rheumatol 2000;27: 723–6.
   Google Scholar
• Chapman CM, Zwillich SH. Olsalazine in ankylosing spondylitis: a pilot study. J Rheumatol 1994;21:1699–701.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomson GT, Thomson BR, Thomson KS, Ducharme JS. Clinical efficacy of mesalamine in the treatment of the spondyloarthropathies. J Rheumatol 2000;27:714–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirwan J, Edwards A, Huitfeldt B, Thompson P, Currey H. The course of established ankylosing spondylitis and the effects of sulphasalazine over 3 years. Br J Rheumatol 1993;32: 729–33.
   Google Scholar
• Nissila M, Lehtinen K, Leirisalo-Repo M, Luukkainen R, Mutru 0, Yli-Kerttula U. Sulfasalazine in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. A twenty-six-week, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum 1988;31:1111–16.
   Google Scholar
• Braun J, Hantzschel H, Burmester G, Kaltwasser JP, Kellner H, Mielke F, et al. Efficacy of sulfasalazine in undifferentiated spondyloarthritis and early ankylosing spondylitis - a multicenter randomized controlled trial. InAnnual European Congress of Rheumatology, 5AT0088, Berlin.
   Google Scholar
• Dougados M, van der Linden S, Leirisalo-Repo M, Huitfeldt B, Juhlin R, Veys E, et al. Sulfasalazine in the treatment of spondylarthropathy. A randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38:618–27.
   Google Scholar
• Creemers MC, Franssen MJ, van de Putte LB, Gribnau FW, van Riel PL. Methotrexate in severe ankylosing spondylitis: an open study. J Rheumatol 1995;22:1104–7.
   Google Scholar
• Biasi D, Carletto A, Caramaschi P, Pacor ML, Maleknia T, Bambara LM. Efficacy of methotrexate in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: a three-year open study. Clin Rheumatol 2000;19:114–17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sampaio-Barros PD, Costallat LT, Bertolo MB, Neto JF, Samara AM. Methotrexate in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. Scand J Rheumatol 2000;29:160–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall RW, Kirwan JR. Methotrexate in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. Scand J Rheumatol 2001;30:313–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altan L, Bingo U, Karakoc Y, Aydiner S, Yurtkuran M, Yurtkuran M. Clinical investigation of methotrexate in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. Scand J Rheumatol 2001;30:255–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roychowdhury B, Bintley-Bagot S, Bulgen DY, Thompson RN, Tunn EJ, Moots RJ. Is methotrexate effective in ankylosing spondylitis? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002;41:1330–2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ward M, Kuzis S. Treatment used by patients with with ankylosing spondylitis: comparison with treatment prefer-ences by rheumatologists. J Clin Rheumatol 1999;5:1–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ostendorf B, Specker C, Schneider M. Methotrexate lacks efficacy in the treatment of severe ankylosing spondylitis compared to psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Rheumatol 1998;4:129–36.
   Google Scholar
• Roychaudhry B, Bintley- Bagot S, Hunt J, Tunn EJ. Methotrexate in severe ankylosing spondylitis - a randomized placebo-controlled study. Rheumatology 2001;40 Suppl 1:43.
   Google Scholar
• Haibel H, Rudwaleit M, Braun J, Sieper J. Six months open label trial of leflunomide in active ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:124–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durez P, Horsmans Y. Dramatic response after an intrave-nous loading dose of azathioprine in one case of severe and refractory ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000;39:182–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mintz G, Enriquez RD, Mercado U, Robles EJ, Jimenez FJ, Gutierrez G. Intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy in severe ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 1981; 24:734–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter MB, Woo P, Panayi GS, Trull A, Unger A, Shepherd P. The effects of intravenous pulse methylpred-nisolone on immunological and inflammatory processes in ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Exp Immunol 1983;53:51–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters ND, Ejstrup L. Intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy in ankylosing spondylitis. Scand J Rheumatol 1992;21:134–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez S, Martinez-Borra J, Lopez-Larrea C. Immunogenetics, HLA-B27 and spondyloarthropathies. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1999;11:257–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tryc A, Schneider U, Berki T, Burmester GR, Krause A, Scheffold A, et al. Membrane glucocorticoid receptor expression on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 2001;45:237.
   Google Scholar
• Lee CK, Ahn MS, Lee EY, Shin JH, Ai MK, Cho YS, et al. Enhanced expession of glucocorticoid receptor messenger RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 2001;45:5238.
   Google Scholar
• Plant MJ, Borg AA, Dziedzic K, Saklatvala J, Dawes PT. Radiographic patterns and response to corticosteroid hip injection. Ann Rheum Dis 1997;56:476–80.
   Google Scholar
• Braun J, Bollow M, Seyrekbasan F, Haberle HJ, Eggens U, Mertz A, et al. Computed tomography guided corticosteroid injection of the sacroiliac joint in patients with spondylo-arthropathy with sacroiliitis: clinical outcome and followup by dynamic magnetic resonance imaging. J Rheumatol 1996;23:659–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luukkainen R, Nissila M, Asikainen E, Sanila M, Lehtinen K, Alanaatu A, et al. Periarticular corticosteroid treatment of the sacroiliac joint in patients with seronegative spondylarthropathy. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1999;17:88–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creamer P. Intra-articular corticosteroid treatment in osteoarthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1999;11:417–21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirwan JR. The effect of glucocorticoids on joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. The Arthritis and Rheumatism Council Low-Dose Glucocorticoid Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995;333:142–6.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss HA, Darby SC, Doll R. Cancer mortality following X-ray treatment for ankylosing spondylitis. Int J Cancer 1994;59:327–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss HA, Darby SC, Fearn T, Doll R. Leukemia mortality after X-ray treatment for ankylosing spondylitis. Radiat Res 1995;142:1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt E, Ruckbeil C, Wick RR. Long-term clinical investigation of patients with ankylosing spondylitis treated with 224Ra. Health Phys 1983;44\(Suppl 1): 197–202.
   Google Scholar
• Wick RR, Nekolla EA, Gossner W, Kellerer AM. Late effects in ankylosing spondylitis patients treated with 224Ra. Radiat Res 1999;152:58–11.
   Google Scholar
• Braun J, Lemmel EM, Manger B, Rau R, Sorensen H, Sieper J. [Therapy of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) with radium chloride (224SpondylAT)]. Z Rheumatol 2001;60:74–83.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ueo T, Kobori K, Okumura H, Ito K, Yoshida H, Norioka M, et al. Effectiveness of lymphocytapheresis in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Transfus Sci 1990;11: 97–101.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jantunen E, Myllykangas-Luosujarvi R, Kaipiainen-Seppanen 0, Nousiainen T. Autologous stem cell transplan-tation in a lymphoma patient with a long history of ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000;39: 563–4.
   Google Scholar
• Maksymowych WP, Jhangri GS, Leclercq S, Skeith K, Yan A, Russell AS. An open study of pamidronate in the treatment of refractory ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol 1998;25:714–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maksymowych WP, Lambert R, Jhangri GS, Leclercq S, Chiu P, Wong B, et al. Clinical and radiological amelioration of refractory peripheral spondyloarthritis by pulse intra-venous pamidronate therapy. J Rheumatol 2001;28:144–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maksymowych WP, Jhangri GS, Fitzgerald AA, LeClercq S, Chiu P, Yan A, et al. A six-month randomized, controlled, double-blind, dose-response comparison of intravenous pamidronate (60 mg versus 10 mg) in the treatment of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug-refractory ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:766–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haibel H, Brandt J, Rudwaleit M, Soerensen H, Sieper J, Braun J. Treatment of active ankylosing spondylitis with pamidronate. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003;42:1018–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson P, Hideshima T, Anderson K. Thalidomide: emerging role in cancer medicine. Annu Rev Med 2002;53: 629–57.
   Google Scholar
• Huang F, Gu J, Braun J, Sieper J, Yu DT. Identifying the targets of thalidomide and anti-TNF antibody treatments in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:396.
   Google Scholar
• Lin JH, Yang X, Bostrom MP. Thalidomide blocking of particle-induced TNFalpha release in vitro. J Orthop Sci 2003;8:79–83.
   Google Scholar
• Huang F, Gu J, Zhao W, Zhu J, Zhang J, Yu DT. One-year open-label trial of thalidomide in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 2002;47:249–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breban M, Gombert B, Amor B, Dougados M. Efficacy of thalidomide in the treatment of refractory ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:580–1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei JC, Chan TW, Lin HS, Huang F, Chou CT. Thalidomide for severe refractory ankylosing spondylitis: a 6-month open-label trial. J Rheumatol 2003;30:2627-31. www.scandirheurnatoLdk
   Google Scholar
• Braun J, Baraliakos X, Golder W, Brandt J, Rudwaleit M, Listing J, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging examinations of the spine in patients with ankylosing spondylitis, before and after successful therapy with infliximab: evaluation of a new scoring system. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:1126–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun J, van der Heijde D, Dougados M, Emery P, Khan MA, Sieper J, et al. Staging of patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a preliminary proposal. Ann Rheum Dis 2002;61 (Suppl 3):iii9–23.
   Google Scholar
• van der Linden S, van Tubergen A, Hidding A. Physiotherapy in ankylosing spondylitis: what is the evi-dence? Clin Exp Rheumatol 2002;20:560–4.
   Google Scholar
• Hidding A, van der Linden S, de Witte L. Therapeutic effects of individual physical therapy in ankylosing spondylitis related to duration of disease. Clin Rheumatol 1993;12: 334–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hidding A, van der Linden S, Boers M, Gielen X, de Witte L, Kester A, et al. Is group physical therapy superior to individualized therapy in ankylosing spondylitis? A rando-mized controlled trial. Arthritis Care Res 1993;6:117–25.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hidding A, van der Linden S, Gielen X, de Witte L, Dijkmans B, Moolenburgh D. Continuation of group physical therapy is necessary in ankylosing spondylitis: results of a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Care Res 1994;7: 90–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kraag G, Stokes B, Groh J, Helewa A, Goldsmith C. The effects of comprehensive home physiotherapy and super-vision on patients with ankylosing spondylitis-a randomized controlled trial. J Rheumatol 1990;17:228–33.
   Google Scholar
• Kraag G, Stokes B, Groh J, Helewa A, Goldsmith C. The effects of comprehensive home physiotherapy and super-vision on patients with ankylosing spondylitis-an 8-month followup. J Rheumatol 1994;21: 261–3.
   Google Scholar
• van Tubergen A, Boonen A, Landewe R, Rutten-Van Molken M, Van Der Heijde D, Hidding A, et al. Cost effectiveness of combined spa-exercise therapy in ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2002;47:459–67.
   Google Scholar
• van Tubergen A, Landewe R, van der Heijde D, Hidding A, Wolter N, Asscher M, et al. Combined spa-exercise therapy is effective in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a rando-mized controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2001;45:430–8.
   Google Scholar
• Koh WH, Garrett SL, Calin A. Cervical spine surgery in ankylosing spondylitis: is the outcome good? Clin Rheumatol 1997;16:466–70.
   Google Scholar
• Ramos-Remus C, Gomez-Vargas A, Guzman-Guzman JL, Jimenez-Gil F, Gamez-Nava JI, Gonzalez-Lopez L, et al. Frequency of atlantoaxial subluxation and neurologic invol-vement in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol 1995;22:2120–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mitra D, Elvins DM, Speden DJ, Collins AJ. The prevalence of vertebral fractures in mild ankylosing spondylitis and their relationship to bone mineral density. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000;39:85–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ralston SH, Urquhart GD, Brzeski M, Sturrock RD. Prevalence of vertebral compression fractures due to osteo-porosis in ankylosing spondylitis. BMJ 1990;300:563–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sant SM, O'Connell D. Cauda equina syndrome in ankylos-ing spondylitis: a case report and review of the literature. Clin Rheumatol 1995;14:224–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Braun J, Baraliakos X, Golder W, Hermann KG, Listing J, Brandt J, et al. Analysing chronic spinal changes in ankylosing spondylitis - a systematic comparison of conven-tional x-rays with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using established and new scoring systems. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63:1046–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith-Petersen MN, Larson CB, Aufranc OE. Osteotomy of the spine for correction of flexion deformity in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Orthop 1969;66:6–9.
   Google Scholar
• Bossers GT. Columnotomy in severe Bechterew kyphosis. Acta Orthop Belg 1972;58:47–54.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goel MK. Vertebral osteotomy for correction of fixed flexion deformity of the spine. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1968;50:287–94.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Camargo FP, Cordeiro EN, Napoli MM. Corrective osteo-tomy of the spine in ankylosing spondylitis. Experience with 66 cases. Clin Orthop 1986;208: 157–67.
   Google Scholar
• Law WA. Osteotomy of the spine. Clin Orthop 1969;66:70–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ziwjan JL. [The treatment of flexion deformities of the spine in Bechterew disease]. Beitr Orthop Traumatol 1982;29: 195–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hehne HJ, Zielke K, Bohm H. Polysegmental lumbar osteotomies and transpedicled fixation for correction of long-curved kyphotic deformities in ankylosing spondylitis. Report on 177 cases. Clin Orthop 1990;258: 49–55.
   Google Scholar
• Weale AE, Marsh CH, Yeoman PM. Secure fixation of lumbar osteotomy. Surgical experience with 50 patients. Clin Orthop 1995;321: 216–22.
   Google Scholar
• Van Royen BJ, De Gast A. Lumbar osteotomy for correction of thoracolumbar kyphotic deformity in ankylosing spondy-litis. A structured review of three methods of treatment. Ann Rheum Dis 1999;58:399–406.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bradford DS, Schumacher WL, Lonstein JE, Winter RB. Ankylosing spondylitis: experience in surgical management of 21 patients. Spine 1987;12:238–43.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adams JC. Technique, dangers and safeguards in osteotomy of the spine. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1952;34:226–32.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McMaster MJ. A technique for lumbar spinal osteotomy in ankylosing spondylitis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1985;67:204–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Styblo K, Bossers GT, Slot GH. Osteotomy for kyphosis in ankylosing spondylitis. Acta Orthop Scand 1985;56:294–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson M, Turkell J. Multiple spinal wedge osteotomy. Its use in a case of Marie-Striimpell spondylitis. Am J Surg 1949;77:777–82.
   Google Scholar
• Bohm H, Hehne HJ, Zielke K. [Correction of Bechterew kyphosis]. Orthopade 1989;18:142–54.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Royen BJ, de Kleuver M, Slot GH. Polysegmental lumbar posterior wedge osteotomies for correction of kyphosis in ankylosing spondylitis. Eur Spine J 1998;7: 104–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Halm H, Metz-Stavenhagen P, Schmitt A, Zielke K. [Surgical treatment of kyphotic spinal deformities in ankylosing spondylitis using the Harrington compression system: long-term results based on the MOPO scales in the framework of a retrospective questionnaire]. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 1995;133:141–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scudese VA, Calabro JJ. Vertebral wedge osteotomy. Correction of rheumatoid (ankylosing) spondylitis. J Am Med Assoc 1963;186:627–31.
   Google Scholar
• Thomasen E. Vertebral osteotomy for correction of kyphosis in ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Orthop 1985;194:142–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen IH, Chien JT, Yu TC. Transpedicular wedge osteotomy for correction of thoracolumbar kyphosis in ankylosing spondylitis: experience with 78 patients. Spine 2001;26: E354–60.
   Google Scholar
• Thiranont N, Netrawichien P. Transpedicular decancellation closed wedge vertebral osteotomy for treatment of fixed flexion deformity of spine in ankylosing spondylitis. Spine 1993;18:2517–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Royen BJ, Slot GH. Closing-wedge posterior osteotomy for ankylosing spondylitis. Partial corporectomy and trans-pedicular fixation in 22 cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1995;77: 117–21.
   Google Scholar
• Lazennec JY, Saillant G, Saidi K, Arafati N, Barabas D, Benazet JP, et al. Surgery of the deformities in ankylosing spondylitis: our experience of lumbar osteotomies in 31 patients. Eur Spine J 1997;6:222–32.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• El Saghir H, Boehm H. Surgical options in the treatment of the spinal disorders in ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2002;20:S101–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hamilton MG, MacRae ME. Atlantoaxial dislocation as the presenting symptom of ankylosing spondylitis. Spine 1993;18:2344–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ramos-Remus C, Gomez-Vargas A, Hernandez-Chavez A, Gamez-Nava JI, Gonzalez-Lopez L, Russell AS. Two year followup of anterior and vertical atlantoaxial subluxation in ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol 1997;24:507–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Edgar MA. Nervous system involvement in ankylosing spondylitis. Br Med J 1974;1:394.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kawasaki T, Hukuda S, Katsuura A, Inoue K, Chano T. Lumboperitoneal shunt for cauda equina syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis. J Spinal Disord 1996;9:72–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rubenstein DJ, Alvarez 0, Ghelman B, Marchisello P. Cauda equina syndrome complicating ankylosing spondylitis: MR features. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1989;13: 511–13.
   Google Scholar
• Milde EJ, Aarli J, Larsen JL. Cauda equina lesions in ankylosing spondylitis. Scand J Rheumatol 1977;6:118–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahn NU, Ahn UM, Nallamshetty L, Springer BD, Buchowski JM, Funches L, et al. Cauda equina syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis (the CES-AS syndrome): meta-analysis of outcomes after medical and surgical treatments. J Spinal Disord 2001;14:427–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Okada S, Hase H, Hirasawa Y, Ogawa H, Takahashi K, Shibata S. A case report of lumboperitoneal shunt for cauda equina syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis. Spine 1992;17: S59–61.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pedersen W, Clausen S, Kriegbaum NJ. Spinal lesions in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Scand J Rheumatol 1987;16:381–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foo D, Sarkarati M, Marcelino V. Cervical spinal cord injury complicating ankylosing spondylitis. Paraplegia 1985;23: 358–63.
   Google Scholar
• Woodruff FP, Dewing SB. Fracture of the cervical spine in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Radiology 1963;80: 17–21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• May PJ, Raunest J, Herdmann J, Jonas M. [Treatment of spinal fracture in ankylosing spondylitis]. Unfallchirurg 2002;105:165–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bernd L, Blasius K, Lukoschek M. [Spinal fractures in ankylosing spondylitis]. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 1992;130: 59–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Broom MJ, Raycroft JF. Complications of fractures of the cervical spine in ankylosing spondylitis. Spine 1988;13:763–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apple DF Jr, Anson C. Spinal cord injury occurring in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a multicenter study. Orthopedics 1995;18:1005–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janda WE, Kelly PJ, Rhoton AL Jr, Layton DD Jr. Fracture-dislocation of the cervical part of the spinal column in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Mayo Clin Proc 1968;43:714–21.
   Google Scholar
• Taggard DA, Traynelis VC. Management of cervical spinal fractures in ankylosing spondylitis with posterior fixation. Spine 2000;25:2035–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi AB, Markovic L, Hardinge K, Murphy JC. Total hip arthroplasty in ankylosing spondylitis: an analysis of 181 hips. J Arthroplasty 2002;17:427–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moll JHM (ed): Ankylosing spondylitis. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh London Melbourne New York.
   Google Scholar
• Kim KT, Suk KS, Cho YJ, Hong GP, Park BJ. Clinical outcome results of pedicle subtraction osteotomy in ankylos-ing spondylitis with kyphotic deformity. Spine 2002;27: 612–18.
   Google Scholar
• Walker LG, Sledge CB. Total hip arthroplasty in ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Orthop 1991;262:198–204.
   Google Scholar
• Shih LY, Chen TH, Lo WH, Yang DJ. Total hip arthroplasty in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: longterm followup. J Rheumatol 1995;22:1704–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilde AH, Collins HR, Mackenzie AH. Reankylosis of the hip joint in ankylosing spondylitis after total hip replacement. Arthritis Rheum 1972;15:493–6.
   Google Scholar
• Brinker MR, Rosenberg AG, Kull L, Cox DD. Primary noncemented total hip arthroplasty in patients with ankylos-ing spondylitis. Clinical and radiographic results at an average follow-up period of 6 years. J Arthroplasty 1996;11: 802–12.
   Google Scholar
• Sochart DH, Porter ML. Long-term results of total hip replacement in young patients who had ankylosing spondy-litis. Eighteen to thirty-year results with survivorship analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1997;79:1181–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Santos-Ocampo AS, Santos-Ocampo RS. Non-contrast computed tomography-guided intra-articular corticosteroid injections of severe bilateral hip arthritis in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2003;21:239–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams E, Taylor AR, Arden GP, Edwards DH. Arthroplasty of the hip in ankylosing spondylitis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1977;59:393–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bisla RS, Ranawat CS, Inglis AE. Total hip replacement in patients with ankylosing spondylitis with involvement of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1976;58:233–8.
   Google Scholar
• Sweeney S, Gupta R, Taylor G, CalM A. Total hip arthroplasty in ankylosing spondylitis: outcome in 340 patients. J Rheumatol 2001;28:1862–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehtimaki MY, Lehto MU, Kautiainen H, Lehtinen K, Hamalainen MM. Charnley total hip arthroplasty in anky-losing spondylitis: survivorship analysis of 76 patients followed for 8–28 years. Acta Orthop Scand 2001;72: 233–6.
   Google Scholar
• Forouzesh S, Bluestone R. The clinical spectrum of ankylos-ing spondylitis. Clin Orthop 1979;143:53–8.
   Google Scholar
• Resnick D, Dwosh IL, Goergen TG, Shapiro RF, Utsinger PD, Wiesner KB, et al. Clinical and radiographic abnormalities in ankylosing spondylitis: a comparison of men and women. Radiology 1976;119:293–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Resnick D. Patterns of peripheral joint disease in ankylosing spondylitis. Radiology 1974;110:523–32.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parvizi J, Duffy GP, Trousdale RT. Total knee arthroplasty in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83:1312–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Finsterbush A, Amir D, Vatashki E, Husseini N. Joint surgery in severe ankylosing spondylitis. Acta Orthop Scand 1988;59:491–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iorio R, Healy WL. Heterotopic ossification after hip and knee arthroplasty: risk factors, prevention, and treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2002;10:409–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tani Y, Nishioka J, Inoue K, Hukuda S, Tsujimoto M. Relation between ectopic ossification after total hip arthro-plasty and activity of general inflammation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 1998;57:634.
   Google Scholar