Influence of season, habitat, temperature, and invertebrate availability on nocturnal activity of the New Zealand long‐tailed bat (Chalinolobus tuberculatus)

References

• Aldridge , H. D. J. N. and Rautenbach , I. L. 1987 . Morphology, echolocation, and resource partitioning in insectivorous bats . Journal of Animal Ecology , 56 : 763 – 778 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anthony , E. L. P. , Stack , M. H. and Kunz , T. H. 1981 . Night roosting and the nocturnal time budget of the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus: effects of reproductive status, prey density, and environmental conditions . Oecologia , 51 : 151 – 156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avery , M. I. 1985 . Winter activity of pipistrelle bats . Journal of Animal Ecology , 54 : 721 – 738 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker , R. J. and Nelder , J. A. 1978 . The GLIM system. Release 3. , Oxford : Numerical Algorithms Group .
   Google Scholar
• Barclay , R. M. R. 1985 . Foraging behaviour of the African insectivorous bat Scotophilus leucogaster . Biotropica , 17 : 65 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barclay , R. M. R. 1991 . Population structure of temperate zone insectivorous bats in relation to foraging behaviour and energy demand . Journal of Animal Ecology , 60 : 165 – 178 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bathgate , A. 1922 . Some changes in the fauna and flora of Otago in the last sixty years . New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology , 4 : 273 – 283 .
   Google Scholar
• Bell , B. D. 1986 . The conservation status of New Zealand wildlife , New Zealand Wildlife Service Occasional Publication 12 Wellington, , New Zealand : Department of Internal Affairs .
   Google Scholar
• Boonman , M. 1996 . Monitoring bats on their hunting ground . Myotis , 34 : 17 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Brigham , R. M. 1991 . Flexibility in foraging and roosting behaviour by the big brown bat (Eptesicusfuscus) . Canadian Journal of Zoology , 69 : 117 – 121 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brigham , R. M. , Aldridge , H. D. J. N. and Mackey , R. L. 1992 . Variation in habitat use and prey selection by yuma bats, Myotis yumanensis . Journal of Mammalogy , 73 : 640 – 645 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buller , W. L. 1892 . Note on the bats of New Zealand . Transactions of the New Zealand Institute , 25 : 50 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Cheeseman , T. F. 1893 . Notes on the New Zealand bats . Transactions of the New Zealand Institute , 26 : 218 – 222 .
   Google Scholar
• Conover , W. J. and Iman , R. L. 1981 . Rank transformations as a bridge between parametric and nonparametric statistics . The American Statistician , 35 : 124 – 129 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crome , F. H. J. and Richards , G. C. 1988 . Bats and gaps: microchiropteran community structure in a Queensland rain forest . Ecology , 69 : 1960 – 1969 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel , M. J. 1979 . The New Zealand short‐tailed bat, Mystacina tuberculata; a review of present knowledge . New Zealand Journal of Zoology , 6 : 357 – 370 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel , M. J. 1990 . “ Order Chiroptera ” . In The handbook of New Zealand mammals , Edited by: King , C. M. 114 – 137 . Auckland : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Daniel , M. J. and Williams , G. R. 1984 . A survey of the distribution, seasonal activity and roost sites of New Zealand bats . New Zealand Journal of Ecology , 7 : 9 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwyer , P. D. 1962 . Studies on the two New Zealand bats . Zoological Publications from Victoria University of Wellington , 28 : 1 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Erkert , H. G. 1982 . “ Ecological aspects of bat activity rhythms ” . In Ecology of bats , Edited by: Kunz , T. H. 201 – 242 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fenton , M. B. 1970 . A technique for monitoring bat activity with results obtained from different environments in southern Ontario . Canadian Journal of Zoology , 48 : 847 – 851 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenton , M. B. and Bell , G. P. 1979 . Echolocation and feeding behaviour in four species of Myotis (Chiroptera) . Canadian Journal of Zoology , 57 : 1271 – 1277 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenton , M. B. , Boyle , N. G. H. , Harrison , T. M. and Oxley , D. J. 1977 . Activity patterns, habitat use, and prey selection by some African insectivorous bats . Biotropica , 9 : 73 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenton , M. B. , Rautenbach , I. L. , Chipese , D. , Cumming , M. B. , Musgrave , M. K. , Taylor , J. S. and Volpers , T. 1993 . Variation in foraging behaviour, habitat use, and diet of large slit‐faced bats (Nycteris grandis) . Zeitschrift fur Sdugetierkunde , 58 : 65 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furlonger , C. L. , Dewar , H. J. and Fenton , M. B. 1987 . Habitat use by foraging insectivorous bats . Canadian Journal of Zoology , 65 : 284 – 288 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillingham , N. J. 1996 . The behaviour and ecology of long‐tailed bats (Chalinolobus tuberculatus Gray) in the central North Island , Palmerston North, , New Zealand : Massey University . Unpublished MSc thesis
   Google Scholar
• Griffin , D. R. , Webster , F. A. and Michael , C. R. 1960 . The echolocation of flying insects by bats . Animal Behaviour , 8 : 141 – 154 .
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths , R. 1996 . Aspects of the ecology of a long‐tailed bat, Chalinolobus tuberculatus (Gray, 1843), population in a highly fragmented habitat , New Zealand : Lincoln University . Unpublished MSc thesis
   Google Scholar
• Grindal , S. D. , Collard , T. S. , Brigham , R. M. and Barclay , R. M. R. 1992 . The influence of precipitation on reproduction by Myotis bats in British Columbia . American Midland Naturalist , 128 : 339 – 344 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes , J. P. 1997 . Temporal variation in activity of bats and the design of echolocation ‐monitoring studies . Journal of Mammalogy , 78 : 514 – 524 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helmer , W. , Limpens , H. J. G. A. and Bongers , W. 1987 . Handleiding voor het inventariseren en determineren van Nederlandse vleermuissoorten met behulp van bat‐detectors , Onderzoek : Stichting Vleermuis .
   Google Scholar
• Kunz , T. H. 1974 . Feeding ecology of a temperate insectivorous bat (Myotis velifer) . Ecology , 55 : 693 – 711 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurta , A. and Kunz , T. H. 1988 . Roosting metabolic rate and body temperature of male little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) in summer . Journal of Mammalogy , 69 : 645 – 651 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lumsden , L. 1993 . In pursuit of bats . Land for Wildlife News , 2 : 10
   Google Scholar
• Lumsden , L. F. and Bennett , A. F. 1995 . Bats of a semi‐arid environment in south‐eastern Australia: Bioge‐ography, ecology and conservation . Wildlife Research , 22 : 217 – 240 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNab , B. K. 1982 . “ Evolutionary alternatives in the physiological ecology of bats ” . In Ecology of bats , Edited by: Kunz , T. H. 151 – 200 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Maier , C. 1992 . Activity patterns of pipistrelle bats (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) in Oxfordshire . Journal of Zoology (London) , 228 : 69 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molloy , J. 1995 . Bat (peka peka) recovery plan (Mystacina, Chalinolobus) , Threatened Species Recovery Plan Series 15 Wellington, , New Zealand : Department of Conservation .
   Google Scholar
• Norberg , U. M. and Rayner , J. M. V. 1987 . Ecological morphology and flight in bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera): wing adaptations, flight performance, foraging strategy and echolocation . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B , 316 : 335 – 427 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Donnell , C. F. J. 1994 . Going in to bat for bats . New Zealand Science Monthly , June : 8 – 10 . 1994
   Google Scholar
• O'Donnell , C. F. J. 1999 . The ecology, spatial organisation and conservation of long‐tailed bats Chalinolobus tuberculatus. , Dunedin, , New Zealand : University of Otago . Unpublished PhD thesis
   Google Scholar
• O'Donnell , C. and Sedgeley , J. 1994 . An automatic monitoring system for recording bat activity , Department of Conservation Technical Series 5 Wellington, , New Zealand : Department of Conservation .
   Google Scholar
• O'Donnell , C. F. J. and Sedgeley , J. A. 1999 . Use of roosts by a temperate rainforest bat, Chalinolobus tuberculatus, in New Zealand . Journal of Mammalogy , 80 : 913 – 923 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Donnell , C. F. J. , Christie , J. , Corben , C. , Sedgeley , J. A. and Simpson , W. 1999 . Rediscovery of short‐tailed bats (Mystacina sp.) in Fiordland, New Zealand: preliminary observations of taxonomy, echolocation calls, population size, home range, and habitat use . New Zealand Journal of Ecology , 23 : 21 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Neill , M. G. and Taylor , R. J. 1989 . Feeding ecology of Tasmanian bat assemblages . Australian Journal of Ecology , 14 : 19 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Parsons , S. 1997 . Search phase echolocation calls of the New Zealand lesser short‐tailed bat (Mystacina tuberculata) and long‐tailed bat (Chalinolobus tuberculatus) . Canadian Journal of Zoology , 75 : 1487 – 1494 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons , S. , Thorpe , C. W. and Dawson , S. M. 1997 . Echolocation calls of the long‐tailed bat: a quantitative analysis of types of calls . Journal of Mammalogy , 78 : 964 – 976 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Racey , P. A. and Speakman , J. R. 1987 . The energy costs of pregnancy and lactation in heterothermic bats . Symposia of the Zoological Society London , 57 : 107 – 125 .
   Google Scholar
• Racey , P. A. and Swift , S. M. 1985 . Feeding ecology of Pipistrellus pipistrellus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) during pregnancy and lactation. I. Foraging behaviour . Journal of Animal Ecology , 54 : 205 – 215 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rydell , J. 1993 . Variation in foraging activity of an aerial insectivorous bat during reproduction . Journal of Mammalogy , 74 : 503 – 509 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rydell , J. , Entwistle , A. and Racey , P. A. 1996 . Timing of foraging flights of three species of bats in relation to insect activity and predation risk . Oikos , 76 : 243 – 252 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedgeley , J. A. and O'Donnell , C. F. J. 1999 . Roost selection by the long‐tailed bat, Chalinolobus tuberculatus, in temperate New Zealand rainforest and its implications for the conservation of bats in managed forests . Biological Conservation , 88 : 261 – 276 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoener , T. W. 1971 . Theory of feeding strategies . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , 2 : 369 – 404 .
   Google Scholar
• Sokal , R. R. and Rohlf , F. J. 1981 . Biometry. , 2nd ed , New York : Freeman & Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Stead , E. F. 1936 . Notes on the short‐tailed bat (M tuberculatus) . Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand , 66 : 188 – 191 .
   Google Scholar
• Swift , S. M. 1980 . Activity patterns of pipistrelle bats (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) in north‐east Scotland . Journal of Zoology (London) , 190 : 285 – 295 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swift , S. M. , Racey , P. A. and Avery , M. I. 1985 . Feeding ecology of Pipistrellus pipistrellus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) during pregnancy and lactation. II. Diet . Journal of Animal Ecology , 54 : 217 – 225 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , L. R. 1963 . Analysis of the effects of temperature on insects in flight . Journal of Animal Ecology , 52 : 99 – 117 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , R. J. and O'Neill , M. G. 1988 . Summer activity patterns of insectivorous bats and their prey in Tasmania . Australian Wildlife Research , 15 : 533 – 539 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , R. J. and Sawa , N. M. 1990 . Annual activity and weight cycles of bats in south‐eastern Tasmania . Australian Wildlife Research , 17 : 181 – 188 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughan , N. , Jones , G. and Harris , S. 1997 . Habitat use by bats (Chiroptera) assessed by means of a broadband acoustic method . Journal of Applied Ecology , 34 : 716 – 730 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh , A. L. and Mayle , B. A. 1991 . Bat activity in different habitats in a mixed lowland woodland . Myotis , 29 : 97 – 104 .
   Google Scholar
• Walsh , A. L. and Harris , S. 1996 . Factors determining the abundance of vespertilionid bats in Britain: geographical, land class and local habitat relationships . Journal of Applied Ecology , 33 : 519 – 529 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh , A. L. , Hutson , A. M. and Harris , S. UK volunteer bat groups and the British bats and habitats survey . Proceedings of the First European Bat Detector Workshop Netherlands Bat Research Foundation . Amsterdam. Edited by: Kapteyn , K. pp. 113 – 123 .
   Google Scholar
• Walsh , A. L. , Harris , S. and Hutson , A. M. 1995 . Abundance and habitat selection of foraging vespertilionid bats in Britain: a landscape‐scale approach . Symposia of the Zoological Society London , 67 : 325 – 344 .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , C. B. 1940 . The analysis of four years captures of insects in a light trap. Part 2. The effect of weather conditions on insect activity; and the estimation and forecasting of changes in the insect population . Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society (London) , 90 : 227 – 306 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson , L. C. and Barclay , R. M. R. 1997 . Differences in the foraging behaviour of male and female big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) during the reproductive period . Ecoscience , 4 : 279 – 285 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar