566
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Araneae (spiders) of South America: a synopsis of current knowledge

ORCID Icon
Pages 3-117 | Received 23 Jul 2021, Accepted 21 Dec 2021, Published online: 06 Feb 2022

References

  • Abrahim N, Brescovit AD, Rheims CA, Santos AJ, Ott R, Bonaldo AB. 2012. A revision of the Neotropical goblin spider genus Neoxyphinus Birabén, 1953 (Araneae, Oonopidae). Am Mus Novit. 3743:1–75.
  • Agnarsson I. 1996. Íslenskar köngulær. Fjölrit Náttúrufræðistofnunar. 31:1–175.
  • Agnarsson I. 2004. Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae). Zool J Linnean Soc. 141(4):447–626.
  • Agnarsson I. 2006. A revision of the New World eximius lineage of Anelosimus (Araneae, Theridiidae) and a phylogenetic analysis using worldwide exemplars. Zool J Linnean Soc. 146(4):453–593.
  • Agnarsson I, Coddington JA, Kuntner M. 2013. Systematics progress in the study of spider diversity and evolution. In: Penney D, editor. Spider research in the 21st century: trends and perspectives. Manchester: Siri Scientific Press; p. 58–111.
  • Agnolin F, Agnolin A, Garcia-Marsà J, Olejnik N. 2020. Invertebrados exóticos nuevos o poco conocidos (Tricladida, Gastropoda, Diplopoda, Symphyla, Isopoda, Arachnida) en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Acta Zool Lilloana. 64(1):13–29.
  • Aharon S, Huber BA, Gavish-Regev E. 2017. Daddy-long-leg giants: revision of the spider genus Artema Walckenaer, 1837 (Araneae, Pholcidae). Eur J Taxon. 376:1–57.
  • Aisen S, Ramírez MJ. 2015. A revision and phylogenetic analysis of the spider genus Oxysoma Nicolet (Araneae: Anyphaenidae, Amaurobioidinae). Zootaxa. 3997(1):1–61.
  • Almeida-Silva LM, Brescovit AD. 2008. First record of Zimiris doriai (Araneae, Prodidomidae) in Brazil. J Arachnol. 35:554–556.
  • Almeida-Silva LM, Griswold CE, Brescovit AD. 2015. Revision of Emmenomma Simon (Amaurobiidae, Macrobuninae). Zootaxa. 3931(3):387–400.
  • Álvares ÉSS, De Maria M. 2004. First record of Cyrtophora citricola (Forskål) in Brazil (Araneae, Araneidae). Rev Bras Zoo. 21(1):155–156.
  • Álvarez-Padilla F. 2007. Systematics of the spider genus Metabus O. P.-Cambridge, 1899 (Araneoidea: Tetragnathidae) with additions to the tetragnathid fauna of Chile and comments on the phylogeny of Tetragnathidae. Zool J Linnean Soc. 151:285–335.
  • Álvarez-Padilla F, Hormiga G. 2007. A protocol for digesting internal soft tissues and mount­ing spiders for scanning electron microscopy. J Arachnol. 35:538–542.
  • Álvarez-Padilla F, Hormiga G. 2011. Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea). Zool J Linnean Soc. 162(4):713–879.
  • Andriamalala D, Hormiga G. 2013. Systematics of the goblin spider genus Opopaea (Araneae, Oonopidae) in Magagascar. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 380:1–156.
  • Archer AF. 1941. Supplement to the Argiopidae of Alabama. Mus Paper Geol Surv Alabama. 18:1–47.
  • Archer AF. 1950. A study of theridiid and mimetid spiders with descriptions of new genera and species. Mus Paper Alabama Mus Nat Hist. 30:1–40.
  • Archer AF. 1958. Studies in the orbweaving spiders (Argiopidae). 4. Am Mus Novit. 1922:1–21.
  • Ausserer A. 1871. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Arachniden-Familie der Territelariae Thorell (Mygalidae Autor). Verh K K Zool-Bot Ges Wien. 21:117–224.
  • Ausserer A. 1875. Zweiter Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Arachniden-Familie der Territelariae Thorell (Mygalidae Autor). Verh K K Zool-Bot Ges Wien. 25:125–206.
  • Azevedo GHF, Griswold CE, Santos AJ. 2018. Systematics and evolution of ground spiders revisited (Araneae, Dionycha, Gnaphosidae). Cladistics. 34(6):579–626.
  • Azevedo GHF, Ott R, Griswold CE, Santos AJ. 2016. A taxonomic revision of the ground spiders of the genus Apopyllus (Araneae: Gnaphosidae). Zootaxa. 4178(3):301–327.
  • Azheganova NS. 1968. Kratkii opredelitel’ paukov (Aranei) lesnoi i lesostepnoi zony SSSR, Leningrad. Akademia Nauk SSSR.
  • Badcock HD. 1932. Reports of an expedition to Paraguay and Brazil in 1926–7, supported by the Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund and the Executive Committee of the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland. Arachnida from the Paraguayan Chaco. Zool J Linn Soc. 38(257):1–48.
  • Baehr B, Jocqué R. 1994. Phylogeny and zoogeography of the Australian genus Storena (Araneae, Zodariidae). Spixiana. 17:1–12.
  • Baert L. 1987. Spiders of the Galápagos Islands. Part IV. Miscellaneous families II. Bull de Inst r r Sci Natr r Belg. 57:141–155.
  • Baert L. 2013. Summary of our present knowledge of the spider communities of the Galápagos archipelago. First analysis of the spider communities of the islands Santa Cruz and Isabela. Belg J Zool. 143:159–185.
  • Baert L, Maelfait JP. 2000. Checklist of the described spider species of the Galápagos archipelago (Araneae). Bull de Inst r r Sci Natr r Belg. 70:243–245.
  • Baert L, Van Keer J, Wauters N. 2016. The spider Theridion melanostictum (Araneae, Theridiidae), a recent introduction to Galapagos? Galapagos Res. 68:13–14.
  • Ballesteros JA, Hormiga G. 2018. Species delimitation of the North American orchard-spider Leucauge venusta (Walckenaer, 1841) (Araneae, Tetragnathidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol. 121:183–197.
  • Balogh J. 1938. Aranearum species nova in Nova Guinea; a cel. Ludovico Biró lecta (Stud. Aran. 7). Folia Ent Hung. 3:131–133.
  • Banks N. 1898. Arachnida from Baja California and other parts of Mexico. Proc Calif Acad Sci. 3(1):205–309.
  • Banks N. 1900. Some new North American spiders. Can Entomol. 32:96–102.
  • Banks N. 1902. Papers from the Hopkins Stanford Galapagos Expedition; 1898–1899. VII. Entomological Results (6). Arachnida. With field notes by Robert E. Snodgrass. Proc Wash Acad Sci. 4:49–86.
  • Banks N. 1929. Spiders from Panama. Bull Mus Comp Zool. 69:53–96.
  • Barrion AA, Barrion AT, Casal CV, Taylo LD, Amalin DM. 1988. The orb-weaving spiders genus Neoscona (Araneae: Araneidae) in the Philippines. Philipp Agric Sci. 69:385–409.
  • Barrion AT, Litsinger JA. 1995. Riceland spiders of South and Southeast Asia. UK: CAB International Wallingford.
  • Barth FG, Cordes D. 2008. Key to the genus Cupiennius (Araneae, Ctenidae). Stapfia. 88:225–228.
  • Bauab MJ, Soares BAM. 1982. Contribuição ao estudo dos Salticidae (Araneae) do Brasil. IX. Rev Bras Entomol. 26:87–91.
  • Bayram A, Danışman T, Yiğit N, Çorak İ, Sancak Z. 2007. Three linyphiid species new to the Turkish araneo-fauna: Cresmatoneta mutinensis (Canestrini, 1868), Ostearius melanopygius (O.P.-Cambridge, 1879) and Trematocephalus cristatus (Wider, 1834) (Araneae: Linyphiidae). Serket. 10:82–85.
  • Beatty J. 1970. The spider genus Ariadna in the Americas (Araneae, Dysderidae). Bull Mus Comp Zoo. 139: 433–518.
  • Belosludtseva EA, Gasilinb VV. 2018. Cosmopolitan distribution of the spitting spider Scytodes thoracica Latreille, 1802 (Aranei, Scytodidae) and its new findings in the Northern Parts of the Range. Contemp Probl Ecol. 11(2):123–136.
  • Benavides LR, Hormiga G. 2016. Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical pirate spiders of the genus Gelanor Thorell, 1869 (Araneae, Mimetidae) with the description of five new species. Zootaxa. 4046(1):1–72.
  • Benavides LR, Hormiga G. 2020. A morphological and combined phylogenetic analysis of pirate spiders (Araneae, Mimetidae): evolutionary relationships, taxonomy, and character evolution. Invertebr Syst. 34(2):144–191.
  • Bennett R, Blagoev G, Copley C. 2019. Araneae of Canada. ZooKeys. 819:41–56.
  • Berland L. 1913. Araignées. In: Mission du Service géographique de l’armée pour la mesure d’un arc du méridien équatorial en Amérique du Sud (1899–1906). Paris. 10:78–119.
  • Berland L. 1919. Note sur le peigne métatarsal que possèdent certaines araignées de la famille des Drassidae. Bull Mus Nat Hist Nat Paris. 25:458–463.
  • Berland L. 1922. Araignées. In: Voyage de M. le Baron de Rothschild en Ethiopie et en Afrique orientale anglaise (1904–1905): Résultats scientifiques: Animeux articulés. Paris. 1:43–90.
  • Berland L. 1924. Araignées de la Nouvelle Calédonie et des iles Loyalty. In: Sarasin F, Roux J, editors. Nova Caledonia. Zoologie. 3:159–255.
  • Berland L. 1929. Araignées (Araneida). In: Insects of Samoa and other Samoan terrestrial Arthropoda. London. 8:35–78.
  • Berman JD, Levi HW. 1971. The orb weaver genus Neoscona in North America (Araneae: Araneidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 141:465–500.
  • Bertani R. 2012. Revision, cladistic analysis and biogeography of Typhochlaena C. L. Koch, 1850, Pachistopelma Pocock, 1901 and Iridopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae). ZooKeys. 230:1–94.
  • Bertani R, Nagahama RH, Fukushima CS. 2011. Revalidation of Pterinopelma Pocock 1901 with description of a new species and the female of Pterinopelma vitiosum (Keyserling 1891) (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae). Zootaxa. 2814:1–18.
  • Bertkau P. 1880. Verzeichniss der von Prof. Ed. van Beneden auf seiner im Auftrage der Belgischen Regierung unternommen wissenschaftlichen Reise nach Brasilien und La Plata im Jahren 1872–73 gensammelten Arachniden. Mém Couronnées Mém Savants Étrangers Acad Roy Sci Lett Beaux Arts Belg. 43:1–120.
  • Biswas B. 1984. Description of six new species of spiders of the families Clubionidae, Gnaphosidae and Salticidae from India. Bull Zool Surv India. 6:119–127.
  • Biswas B, Biswas K. 2006. Araneae: Spiders. In: The Director, Zoological Survey of India. Kolkata, editor. Fauna Arunachal Pradesh. State Fauna Ser. 13(2):491–518.
  • Biswas V. 1999. Description of two new species of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) of the genera Phidippus Koch and Plexippus Koch from Bangladesh. Entomon. 24:331–337.
  • Blackwall J. 1834. Characters of some undescribed species of Araneidae. London, Edinburgh Philos Mag J Sci. 5(3):50–53.
  • Blackwall J. 1859. Descriptions of newly discovered spiders captured by James Yate Johnson Esq., in the island of Madeira. Ann Mag Nat Hist. 4(3):255–267.
  • Blackwall J. 1862. Descriptions of newly discovered spiders captured in Rio de Janeiro, by John Gray and the Rev. Hamlet Clark [part]. Ann Mag Nat Hist. 10(3):348–360.
  • Blandenier G. 2009. Ballooning of spiders (Araneae) in Switzerland: general results from an eleven-year survey. Bull Br Arachnolo Soc. 14(7):308–316.
  • Blandenier G, Fürst PA. 1998. Ballooning spiders caught by a suction trap in an agricultural landscape in Switzerland. In: Selden PA, editor. Proceedings of the 17th European Colloquium of Arachnology. England; British Arachnological Society, Edinburg. p. 177–186.
  • Bodkhe AK, Manthen SV, Tanikawa A. 2014. A new species of Dyschiriognatha (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) from India. Indian J Arachnol. 3(1):28–34.
  • Bolzern A, Burckhardt D, Hänggi A. 2013. Phylogeny and taxonomy of European funnel-web spiders of the Tegenaria–Malthonica complex (Araneae: Agelenidae) based upon morphologicaland molecular data. Zool J Linnean Soc. 168(4):723–848.
  • Bonaldo AB. 1994. A subfamília Eutichurinae na região neotropical, com a revisão do gênero Eutichurus Simon, 1896 (Araneae, Miturgidae). Iheringia Zool. 76:101–159.
  • Bonaldo AB. 1997. On the new Neotropical spider genus Ianduba (Araneae, Corinnidae). Iheringia Zool. 83:165–180.
  • Bonaldo AB. 2000. Taxonomia da subfamília Corinninae (Araneae, Corinnidae) nas regiões Neotropica e Neárctica. Iheringia Zool. 89:3–148.
  • Bonaldo AB, Brescovit AD. 1994. Revision of the Neotropical spider genus Stethorrhagus (Araneae, Corinnidae). Andrias. 13:33–64.
  • Bonaldo AB, Brescovit AD. 2005. On new species of the Neotropical genus Attacobius Mello-Leitão, 1923 (Araneae, Corinnidae, Corinninae), with a cladistic analysis of the tribe Attacobiini. Insect Syst Evol. 36:35–56.
  • Bonaldo AB, Buckup EH. 1995. Revisão do gênero Radulphius (Araneae, Miturgidae, Eutichurinae). Iheringia Zool. 78:127–156.
  • Bonaldo AB, Lise AA. 2001. A review of the Neotropical spider genus Stephanopoides (Araneae, Thomisidae, Stephanopinae). Biociências. 9:63–80.
  • Bonaldo AB, Lise AA, Ramírez MJ, Saturnino R. 2018. Revisiting the spider genus Eutichurus Simon, 1897 (Araneae, Eutichuridae): new species and complementary descriptions. Zootaxa. 4382(2):231–346.
  • Bonaldo AB, Saturnino R, Ramírez MJ, Brescovit AD. 2012. A revision of the American spider genus Strotarchus Simon, 1888 (Araneae: Dionycha, Systariinae). Zootaxa. 3363:1–37.
  • Bond JE. 2004. Systematics of the Californian euctenizine spider genus Apomastus (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Cyrtaucheniidae): the relationship between molecular and morphological taxonomy. Invertebr Syst. 18:361–376.
  • Bond JE, Hedin MC, Ramirez MG, Opell BD. 2001. Deep molecular divergence in the absence of morphological and ecological change in the Californian coastal dune endemic trapdoor spider Aptostichus simus. Mol Ecol. 10:899–910.
  • Bond JE, Hendrixson BE, Hamilton CA, Hedin M. 2012. A reconsideration of the classification of the spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Arachnida: Araneae) based on three nuclear genes and morphology. PLoS One. 7(6):e38753.
  • Bonnet P. 1945. Bibliographia araneorum. Analyse méthodique de toute la littérature aranéologique jusqu’en 1939. Tome I. Toulouse: Les frères Douladoure.
  • Bonnet P. 1958. Bibliographia araneorum. Analyse méthodique de toute la littérature aranéologique jusqu’en 1939. Tome I. Toulouse: Les frères Douladoure.
  • Bösenberg W, Strand E. 1906. Japanische Spinnen. Abh Senck Natur Ges. 30:93–422.
  • Bosmans R. 2007. Contribution to the knowledge of the Linyphiidae of the Maghreb. Part XII. Miscellaneous erigonine genera and additional records (Araneae: Linyphiidae: Erigoninae). Bull Ann Soc Ent Belg. 143:117–163.
  • Brady AR. 1964. The lynx spiders of North America, north of Mexico (Araneae: Oxyopidae). Bull Mus Comp Zoo. 131:429–518.
  • Brescovit AD. 1992a. Revisão das aranhas do gênero Macrophyes O. Pickard-Cambridge, da região Neotropical (Araneae, Anyphaenidae). Rev Bras Entomol. 36:101–106.
  • Brescovit AD. 1992b. Revisão do grupo prospera do gênero Aysha Keyserling, 1891 na região Neotropical (Araneae: Anyphaenidae). Iheringia Zool. 72:23–104.
  • Brescovit AD. 1992c. Revisão das aranhas neotropicais do gênero Anyphaenoides Berland, 1913 (Araneae, Anyphaenidae). Rev Bras Entomol. 36:741–757.
  • Brescovit AD. 1993. Revisão das aranhas neotropicais do gênero Osoriella Mello-Leitão (Araneae, Anyphaenidae). Rev Bras Entomol. 37:787–791.
  • Brescovit AD. 1996. Revisão do gênero Centroctenus Mello-Leitão (Araneae, Ctenidae, Cteninae). Rev Bras Entomol. 40:301–313.
  • Brescovit AD. 1997. Revisão de Anyphaeninae Bertkau a nivel de gêneros na região Neotropical (Araneae, Anyphaenidae). Rev Bras Zool. 13(Suppl. 1):1–187.
  • Brescovit AD. 1999a. Revisão das aranhas do gênero Lupettiana Brescovit (Araneae, Anyphaenidae, Anyphaeninae). Rev Bras Zool. 16(Suppl. 2):63–76.
  • Brescovit AD. 1999b. Revisão das aranhas do gênero Jessica Brescovit (Araneae, Anyphaenidae, Anyphaeninae). Rev Bras Entomol. 43:249–269.
  • Brescovit AD. 2008. Invertebrados terrestre. In: Machado AB, Drummond G, Paglia A, editor. Livri Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira, Ameaçada de Extinção. Belo Horizonte, MG: Fundação Biodiversitas; p. 332–333.
  • Brescovit AD, Bonaldo AB, Ott R, Chavari JL. 2019. To boldly go: on invasive goblin spiders in Brazil (Araneae, Oonopidae). Iheringia Zool. 109(e2019033):1–20.
  • Brescovit AD, Cizauskas I. 2019. Seven new species of the spider genus Matta Crosby from caves in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil (Araneae, Tetrablemmidae). Zootaxa. 4559(3):401–444.
  • Brescovit AD, Freitas GCC, Vasconcelos SD. 2008. Spiders from the island of Fernando de Noronha, Brazil. Part III: Gnaphosidae (Araneae: Arachnida). Rev Bras Zool. 25:328–332.
  • Brescovit AD, Höfer H. 1994a. Amazoromus, a new genus of the spider family Gnaphosidae (Araneae) from central Amazonia, Brazil. Andrias. 13:65–70.
  • Brescovit AD, Höfer H. 1994b. Heidrunea, a new genus of the spider subfamily Rhoicininae (Araneae, Trechaleidae) from central Amazonia, Brazil. Andrias. 13:71–80.
  • Brescovit AD, Oliveira U, Santos AJ. 2011. Spiders (Araneae, Arachnida) from São Paulo State, Brazil: diversity, sampling efforts, and state-of-art. Biota Neotrop. 11(1):717––747.
  • Brescovit AD, Rheims CA. 2000. On the synanthropic species of the genus Scytodes Latreille (Araneae, Scytodidae) of Brazil, with synonymies and records of these species in other Neotropical countries. Bull Bri Arachnol Soc. 11:320–330.
  • Brescovit AD, Sánchez-Ruiz A, Alayón GG. 2016. The Filistatidae in the Caribbean region, with a description of the new genus Antilloides, revision of the genus Filistatoides F.O.P.-Cambridge and notes on Kukulcania Lehtinen (Arachnida, Araneae). Zootaxa. 4136(3):401–432.
  • Brignoli PM. 1983. A catalogue of the Araneae described between 1940 and 1981. UK: Manchester University Press.
  • Bryant EB. 1936. New species of southern spiders. Psyche. 43(4):87–101.
  • Bryant EB. 1940. Cuban spiders in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Bull Mus Comp Zool. 86:247–532.
  • Bryant EB. 1945. Notes on some Florida spiders. Trans Conn Acady Arts Sci. 36:199–213.
  • Bryant EB. 1947. A list of spiders from Mona Island, with descriptions of new and little known species. Psyche. 54:86–99.
  • Bucholz S, Baert L, Rodríguez J, Causton CE, Jäger H. 2020. Spiders in Galapagos – diversity, biogeography and origin. Biol J Linn Soc Lond. 2020:1–8.
  • Bustamante AA, Ruiz GRS. 2017. Systematics of Thiodinini (Araneae: Salticidae: Salticinae), with description of a new genus and twelve new species. Zootaxa. 4362(3):301–347.
  • Cabra-García J, Brescovit AD. 2016. Revision and phylogenetic analysis of the orb-weaving spider genus Glenognatha Simon, 1887 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae). Zootaxa. 4069(1):1–183.
  • Cabra-García J, Hormiga G. 2020. Exploring the impact of morphology, multiple sequence alignment and choice of optimality criteria in phylogenetic inference: a case study with the Neotropical orb-weaving spider genus Wagneriana (Araneae: Araneidae). Zool J Linnean Soc. 188(4):976–1151.
  • Candiani DF, Bonaldo AB. 2017. The superficial ant: a revision of the Neotropical ant-mimicking spider genus Myrmecium Latreille, 1824 (Araneae, Corinnidae, Castianeirinae). Zootaxa. 4230(1):1–95.
  • Capocasale RM. 1998. Arañas del Uruguay, VIII. Contribución al conocimiento de Segestria ruficeps Guérin (araneae, Segestriidae). Com Zool Mus Hist Nat Montevideo. 190:1–12.
  • Caporiacco Ld. 1947. Diagnosi preliminari de specie nuove di aracnidi della Guiana Brittanica raccolte dai professori Beccari e Romiti. Monit zool Ital. 56:20–34.
  • Caporiacco Ld. 1949. Aracnidi della colonia del Kenya raccolti da Toschi e Meneghetti negli anni 1944–1946. Comm Pont Acad Sci. 13:309–492.
  • Caporiacco Ld. 1954. Araignées de la Guyane Française du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Comm Pont Acad Sci. 16:45–193.
  • Caporiacco Ld. 1955. Estudios sobre los aracnidos de Venezuela. 2a parte: Araneae. Acta Biol Venez. 1:265–448.
  • Carbonell J. 1923. Algunos datos sobre las arañas del género Latrodectus que se hallan en la Argentina. Physis. 6:350–353.
  • Carico JE. 1993. Revision of the genus Trechalea Thorell (Araneae, Trechaleidae) with a review of the taxonomy of the Trechaleidae and Pisauridae of the Western Hemisphere. J Arachnol. 21:226–257.
  • Carico JE. 2005. Revision of the spider genus Hesydrus (Araneae, Lycosoidea, Trechaleidae). J Arachnol. 33:785–796.
  • Carico JE. 2008. Revision of the Neotropical arboreal spider genus Syntrechalea (Araneae, Lycosoidea, Trechaleidae). J Arachnol. 36:118–130.
  • Carico JE, Silva Ed. 2010. Taxonomic review of the Neotropical spider genus Paradossenus (Araneae: Lycosoidea: Trechaleidae: Trechaleinae) with a new erection of the subfamily Trechaleinae and a key to included genera. J Arachnol. 38:212–236.
  • Carvalho LS, Bonaldo AB, Brescovit AD. 2007. The first record of the family Cithaeronidae (Araneae, Gnaphosoidea) to the new world. Rev Bras Zool. 24:512–514.
  • Carvalho LS, Brescovit AD, Santos AJ, Oliveira U, Guadanucci JP. 2014. Aranhas Da Caatinga. In: Bravo F, Adolfo RC, editor. Artrópodes Do Semiárido: Biodiversidade e Conservação. Feira de Santana: Printmídia; p. 15–32.
  • Carvalho MR, Jaramillo C, de la Parra F, Caballero-Rodríguez D, Herrera F, Wing S, Turner BL, D’Apolito C, Romero-Báez M, Narváez PD, et al. 2021. Extinction at the end-Cretaceous and the origin of modern Neotropical rainforests. Science. 372(6537):63–68.
  • Castanheira PdS, Baptista RLC. 2020. Notes on slender species of the long-jawed spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) with description of three new species. Zootaxa. 4768(1):43–75.
  • Castanheira PdS, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA. 2019. Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics Evol. 95(2):465–505.
  • Chamberlin RV. 1916. Results of the Yale Peruvian Expedition of 1911. The Arachnida. Bull Mus Comp Zool. 60:177–299.
  • Chamberlin RV. 1920. South American arachnida, chiefly from the Guano Islands of Peru. Bull Brooklyn Inst Arts Sci. 3:35–44.
  • Chamberlin RV. 1929. On three new spiders of the genus Oxyopes (Araneina). Ent News. 40:17–20.
  • Chavari JL, Cipola NG, Brescovit AD. 2014. Records of spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of the Parque Estadual Mata São Francisco, Paraná, Brazil. Check List. 10(6):1435–1444.
  • Chen XE, Gao JC. 1990. The Sichuan farmland spiders in China. Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Publishing House.
  • Chickering AM. 1937. Anyphaenidae of Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone. Pap Mich Acad Sci Arts Lett. 22:541–561.
  • Chickering AM. 1966. New species of Palpimanidae (Araneae) from the West Indies. Psyche. 73:208–216.
  • Chikuni Y. 1989. Pictorial encyclopedia of spiders in Japan. Tokyo: Kaisei-sha Publishing.
  • Chrysanthus P. 1967. Spiders from south New Guinea IX. Tijdschr Entomol. 110:89–105.
  • Coddington JA. 1986. The genera of the spider family Theridiosomatidae. Smithson Contrib Zoo. 422:1–96.
  • Coddington JA, Kuntner M, Opell BD. 2012. Systematics of the spider family Deinopidae with a revision of the genus Menneus. Smithson Contrib Zoo. 636:1–61.
  • Coddington JA, Levi HW. 1991. Systematics and evolution of spiders (Araneae). Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst. 22:565–592.
  • Colinvaux PA. 1989. The Ice-age Amazon revisited. Nature. 340:188–189.
  • Colmenares-García PA. 2008. Tres nuevos registros para la araneofauna Venezolana (Arachnida, Araneae, Pholcidae). Bol Cent Invest Bio Uni Zulia. 42:85–92.
  • Cornic JF. 1976. Contribution a l’étude des Lycosidae d’Afrique: Orinocosa celerierae n. sp. (Lycosidae: Lycosinae). Bull Soc Zool Fr. 101:613–617.
  • Corronca JA. 1998. The South American spiders of the genus Selenops (Araneae, Selenopidae) with a description of three new species. Stud Neotrop Fauna Environ. 33:124–148.
  • Corronca JA, Rodríguez Artigas SM. 2015. Presence of Gea heptagon (Hentz) and new records of Argiope from Argentina with the description of a new species Argiope kaingang (Araneae: Araneidae). Pak J Zool. 47(1):147–152.
  • Court DJ. 1982. Spiders from Tawhiti Rahi, Poor Knights Islands, New Zealand. J Roy Soc New Zeal. 12:359–371.
  • Coyle FA. 1983. Aerial dispersal by mygalomorph spiderlings (Araneae, Mygalomorphae). J Arachnol. 11:283–286.
  • Coyle FA. 1985. Ballooning behavior of Ummidia spiderlings (Araneae, Ctenizidae). J Arachnol. 13:137–138.
  • Coyle FA. 1995. A revision of the funnelweb mygalomorph spider subfamily Ischnothelinae (Araneae, Dipluridae). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 226:1–133.
  • Coyle FA, Greenstone MH, Hultsch AL, Morgan CE. 1985. Ballooning mygalomorphs: estimates of the masses of Sphodros and Ummidia ballooners (Araneae: Atypidae, Ctenizidae). J Arachnol. 13:291–296.
  • Crews SC. 2011. A revision of the spider genus Selenops Latreille, 1819 (Arachnida, Araneae, Selenopidae) in North America, Central America and the Caribbean. ZooKeys. 105:1–182.
  • Dahl F. 1907. Synaema marlothi, eine neue Laterigraden-Art und ihre Stellung in System. Mitt Zool Mus Berl. 3(3):369–395.
  • Dahl F. 1908. Die Lycosiden oder Wolfspinnen Deutschlands und ihre Stellung im Haushalt der Natur. Nach statistischen Untersuchungen dargestellt. Acta Abh Leopol Caro deutsch Akad Natur. 88(3):175–178.
  • Dahl F. 1912. Seidenspinne und Spinneseide. Mitt Zool Mus Berl. 6(1):1–90.
  • Dalmas Rd. 1919. Synopsis des araignées de la famille des Prodidomidae. Ann Soc Entomol Fr. 87:279–340.
  • Dalmas Rd. 1922. Catalogue des araignées récoltées par le Marquis G. Doria dans l’ile Giglio (Archipel toscan). Ann Mus Civ Stor Nat Genova. 50:79–96.
  • Dankittipakul P, Singtripop T. 2010. The spitting spider family Scytodidae in Thailand, with descriptions of three new Dictis species (Araneae). Rev Suisse Zool. 117:121–141.
  • Davies VT. 1998. A revision of the Australian metaltellines (Araneae: Amaurobioidea: Amphinectidae: Metaltellinae). Invertebr Taxon. 12(2):211–243.
  • Deeleman-Reinhold CL. 2001. Forest spiders of South East Asia: with a revision of the sac and ground spiders (Araneae: Clubionidae, Corinnidae, Liocranidae, Gnaphosidae, Prodidomidae and Trochanterriidae [sic]). Leiden: Brill.
  • Denis J. 1945. Sur quelques Theridion appartenant à la faune de France. Bull Soc entomol Fr. 49(1944):111–117.
  • Denis J. 1956. Notes d’aranéologie marocaine-VI. Bibliographie des araignées du Maroc et addition d’espèces nouvelles. Bull Soc Sci Nat Maroc. 35:179–207.
  • Denis J. 1962. Les araignées de l’archipel de Madère (Mission du Professeur Vandel). Pub Inst Zool Dr Augusto Nobre. 79:1–118.
  • Denis J, Dresco E. 1946. Une araignée nouvelle pour la faune de France. Bull Soc entomol Fr. 51:103–106.
  • De-Silva DL, Mota LL, Chazot N, Mallarino R, Silva-Brandão KL, Gómez Piñerez LM, Freitas AVL, Lamas G, Joron M, Mallet J, et al. 2017. North Andean origin and diversification of the largest ithomiine butterfly genus. Nature Sci Rep. 7(45966):1–17.
  • Dimitrov D. 2018. Description of Lepthyphantes rossitsae sp. n. from Turkey (Arachnida: Araneae: Linyphiidae). Rev Suisse Zool. 125(2):277–281.
  • Dimitrov D, Benavides LR, Arnedo MA, Giribet G, Griswold CE, Scharff N, Hormiga G. 2017. Rounding up the usual suspects: a standard target-gene approach for resolving the interfamilial phylogenetic relationships of ecribellate orb-weaving spiders with a new family-rank classification (Araneae, Araneoidea). Cladistics. 33(3):221–250.
  • Dippenaar-Schoeman A, Leroy A. 2003. A check list of the spiders of the Kruger National Park, South Africa (Arachnida: Araneae). Koedoe. 46(1):91–100.
  • Dondale CD. 2005. Thomisidae. In: Ubick D., Paquin P, Cushing PE, Roth V, editors. Spiders of North America: an identification manual. USA: Keene, New Hampshire: American Arachnological Society; p. 246–247.
  • Duellman WE. 1979. The South American Herpetofauna: a panoramic view. In: Duellman WE, editor. The South American Herpetofauna: its origin, evolution, and dispersal. Monograph of the Museum of Natural History. USA: Lawrence, Kansas: The University of Kansas; p. 1–28.
  • Duellman WE. 1999. Pattern of distribution of amphibians. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Duncan RP, Rynerson MR, Ribera C, Binford GJ. 2010. Diversity of Loxosceles spiders in northwestern Africa and molecular support for cryptic species in the Loxosceles rufescens lineage. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 55:234–248.
  • Dupérré N, Harms D. 2018. Raising the dead: rediscovery and redescription of some lost spider types (Araneae) described by Eugène Simon. Evol Syst. 2:1–20.
  • Dupérré N, Tapia E. 2015. Discovery of the first telemid spider (Araneae, Telemidae) from South America, and the first member of the family bearing a stridulatory organ. Zootaxa. 4020(1):191–196.
  • Dyal S. 1935. Fauna of Lahore. 4.–Spiders of Lahore. Bull Dept Zool Panjab Uni. 1:119–252. pl. 11–17.
  • Edwards GB. 2004. Revision of the jumping spiders of the genus Phidippus (Araneae: Salticidae). Occas Pap Florida State Collect Arthropods. 11:1–156.
  • Edwards GB. 2015. Freyinae, a major new subfamily of Neotropical jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae). Zootaxa. 4036(1):1–87.
  • Edwards GB, Ruiz GRS. 2013. Freya ambigua (Araneae: Salticidae), introduced to the continental United States, with new synonyms. J Arachnol. 41(1):11–17.
  • El-Hennawy HK, Mohafez MA, El-Gendy AA, Zaher IAI. 2016. The first record of Ostearius melanopygius (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1879) and genus Ostearius Hull, 1911 (Araneae: Linyphiidae) in Egypt. Serket. 15(1):63–67.
  • Esmerio ME, Lise AA. 1996. Revisão taxonômica do gênero Titidius Simon, 1895 da região neotropical (Araneae, Thomisidae, Thomisinae). Biociências. 3:185–222.
  • Exline H. 1960. Rhoicinine spiders (Pisauridae) of western South America. Proc Calif Acad Sci. 29:577–620.
  • Exline H, Levi HW. 1962. American spiders of the genus Argyrodes (Araneae, Theridiidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 127:75–204.
  • Exline H, Levi HW. 1965. The spider genus Synotaxus (Araneae, Theridiidae). Trans Am Microsc Soc. 84:177–184.
  • Faleiro BT, Santos AJ. 2019. Revision of the crab-spiders of the genus Runcinioides Mello-Leitão, 1929 (Araneae, Thomisidae). Zootaxa. 4567(1):25–46.
  • Faúndez EI, Carvajal MA, Darquea-Schettini D, González-Cano E. 2018. Nuevos registros de Steatoda nobilis (Thorell, 1875) (Araneae: Theridiidae) de Sudamérica. Rev Ibérica Aracnol. 33:52–54.
  • Faúndez EI, Téllez F. 2016. Primer registro de una mordedura de Steatoda nobilis (Thorell, 1875) (Arachnida: Araneae: Theridiidae) en Chile. Arquivos Entomol. 15:237–240.
  • Faúndez EI, Téllez F, Raffo F, Aguilar R. 2017. Sobre la presencia de Steatoda grossa (C.L. Koch, 1838) (Araneae: Theridiidae) en la Provincia de Santa Cruz (Argentina), con comentarios acerca de su reciente expansión en Patagonia Austral. An Inst Patagon. 45(1):53–57.
  • Ferretti N, Cavallo P, Chaparro JC, Ríos-Tamayo D, Seimon TA, West R. 2018. The Neotropical genus Hapalotremus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with the description of seven new species and the highest altitude record for the family. J Nat Hist. 52(29–30):1927–1984.
  • Ferretti N, Pérez-Miles F, González A. 2014. Historical relationships among Argentinean biogeographic provinces based on mygalomorph spider distribution data (Araneae: Mygalomorphae). Stud Neotrop Fauna Environ. 49:1–10.
  • Ferretti N, Pompozzi G, Copperi S, Schwerdt L. 2013. Aerial dispersal by Actinopus spiderlings (Araneae: Actinopodidae). J Arachnol. 41:407–408.
  • Ferretti NE, Ríos-Tamayo D, Goloboff PA. 2019. Four new species of Goloboffia (Mygalomorphae: Migidae) from Chile. Zootaxa. 4712(2):251–268.
  • Fischer ML. 1994. Levantamento das espécies do gênero Loxosceles Heinecken & Lowe, 1832 no Município de Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil. Estud Biol. 3:63–88.
  • Fisher JR, Fisher DM, Skvarla MJ, Dowling APG. 2014. Pre-ballooning in Ummidia Thorell 1875 (Araneae: Ctenizidae) from the Interior Highlands, USA: second account from the region and review of mygalomorph ballooning. J Arachnol. 42:318–321.
  • Forster RR, Platnick NI. 1977. A review of the spider family Symphytognathidae (Arachnida, Araneae). Am Mus Novit. 2619:1–29.
  • Forster RR, Platnick NI. 1984. A review of the archaeid spiders and their relatives, with notes on the limits of the superfamily Palpimanoidea (Arachnida, Araneae). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 178:1–106.
  • Forster RR, Platnick NI. 1985. A review of the austral spider family Orsolobidae (Arachnida, Araneae), with notes on the superfamily Dysderoidea. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 181:1–230.
  • Forster RR, Platnick NI, Coddington J. 1990. A proposal and review of the spider family Synotaxidae (Araneae, Araneoidea), with notes on theridiid interrelationships. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 193:1–116.
  • Forster RR, Platnick NI, Gray MR. 1987. A review of the spider superfamilies Hypochiloidea and Austrochiloidea (Araneae, Araneomorphae). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 185:1–116.
  • Fourcroy Ad. 1785. Entomologia parisiensis; sive catalogus insectorum quae in Agro parisiensi reperiuntur. Parisiis, 1785: Paris.
  • Framenau VW. 2020. Checklist of Australian Spiders, Version 1.42. Available from: https://old.australasianarachnologicalsociety.org/identification/id-araneae/.
  • Framenau VW, Baehr BC. 2007. Revision of the Australian wolf spider genus Dingosa Roewer, 1955 (Araneae, Lycosidae). J Nat Hist. 41:1603–1629.
  • Franganillo BP. 1926. Arácnidos nuevos o poco conocidos de la Isla de Cuba. Bol Soc Entomol Esp. 9:42–68.
  • Franke OF. 2013. Biodiversidad de Arthropoda (Chelicerata: Arachnida ex Acari) en Mexico. Rev Mex Biodivers Supl. 85:408–418.
  • Frick H, Scharff N. 2013. Phantoms of Gondwana? — phylogeny of the spider subfamily Mynogleninae (Araneae: Linyphiidae). Cladistics. 30:67–106.
  • Frost DR. 2020. Amphibian species of the world: an online reference. Version 6.1 American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. [cited May 2021]. Available from: https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/index.php.
  • Fukushima CS, Bertani R. 2017. Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae) with description of three new aviculariine genera. ZooKeys. 659:1–185.
  • Fukushima CS, Bertani R, SilvaJrPd. 2005. Revision of Cyriocosmus Simon, 1903, with notes on the genus Hapalopus Ausserer, 1875 (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Zootaxa. 846:1–31.
  • Gabriel G. 2010. Nesticodes rufipes – Erstnachweis einer pantropischen Kugelspinne in Deutschland (Araneae: Theridiidae). Arachnol Mitt. 39:39–41.
  • Gabriel R, Sherwood D. 2019. The revised taxonomic placement of the three species of Psalmopoeus Pocock, 1895 described by R. I. Pocock in 1903 (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Arachnology. 18(1):40–46.
  • Gabriel R, Sherwood D. 2020. Revised taxonomic placement of some Mesoamerican Psalmopoeus Pocock, 1895, with description of three new species (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Arachnology. 18(4):387–398.
  • Gajbe PU. 2004. Spiders of Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh (Arachnida: Araneae). Rec Zool Surv India Occas Pap. 227:1–154.
  • Gajbe UA. 1993. A new Apodrassodes spider from India (Araneae: Gnaphosidae). Rec Zool Surv India. 91:227–229.
  • Galiano ME. 1960. Revisión del género Tylogonus Simon, 1902 (Araneae, Salticidae). Rev Soc Entomol Arg. 22:93–103.
  • Galiano ME. 1961. Revision del género Chira Peckham, 1896 (Araneae, Salticidae). Comun Mus Argent Cienc Nat Bernardino Rivadavia. 3:159–188.
  • Galiano ME. 1963a. Nota sobre arañas del grupo Marpisseae (Araneae, Salticidae). Rev Soc Entomol Arg. 24:1–8.
  • Galiano ME. 1963b. Revisión del género Agelista Simon, 1900, con nota sobre Titanattus notabilis (Mello-Leitão) comb. n. (Araneae, Salticidae). Physis. 24:29–34.
  • Galiano ME. 1964a. Salticidae (Araneae) formiciformes. II. Revisión del género Zuniga Peckham, 1892. Acta Zool Lilloana. 20:67–79.
  • Galiano ME. 1964b. Salticidae (Araneae) formiciformes. I. Revisión del género Martella Peckham, 1892. Physis. 24:353–363.
  • Galiano ME. 1966a. Salticidae (Araneae) formiciformes V. Revisión del género Synemosyna Hentz, 1846. Rev Mum Argent Cienc Nat Bernardino Rivadavia Entomol. 1:339–380.
  • Galiano ME. 1966b. Salticidae (Araneae) formiciformes VI. El género Atomosphyrus Simon, 1902. Physis. 26:279–284.
  • Galiano ME. 1968. Adiciones a la revision del género Chira Peckham, 1896 (Araneae, Salticidae). Physis. 27:349–366.
  • Galiano ME. 1969. Salticidae (Araneae) formiciformes. VII. El género Myrmarachne Mac Leay, 1839, en America. Rev Mum Argent Cienc Nat Bernardino Rivadavia Entomol. 3:107–148.
  • Galiano ME. 1970. Revision del género Tullgrenella Mello-Leitão, 1941 (Araneae, Salticidae). Physis. 29:323–355.
  • Galiano ME. 1971. Salticidae (Araneae) formiciformes. XI. El género Parafluda Chickering, 1946. Rev Soc Entomol Arg. 33:63–68.
  • Galiano ME. 1972. Salticidae (Araneae) formiciformes. XIII. Revisión del género Bellota Peckham, 1892. Physis. 31:463–484.
  • Galiano ME. 1979a. Revisión del género Eustiromastix Simon, 1902 (Araneae, Salticidae). J Arachnol. 7:169–186.
  • Galiano ME. 1979b. Revision del género Frigga C. L. Koch, 1851 (Araneae, Salticidae). Acta Zool Lilloana. 33:113–135.
  • Galiano ME. 1979c. Revision of the genus Phiale C. L. Koch, 1846 (Araneae, Salticidae). II. Phiale guttata (C. L. Koch, 1846) new combination. Bull Br Arachnol Soc. 4:345–348.
  • Galiano ME. 1980. Revisión del género Lyssomanes Hentz, 1845 (Araneae, Salticidae). Opera Lilloana. 30:1–104.
  • Galiano ME. 1981. Revision del genero Aphirape C. L. Koch, 1851 (Araneae, Salticidae). Comun Mus Argent Cienc Nat Bernardino Rivadavia Inst Nac Invest Cienc Nat Entomol. 1:93–111.
  • Galiano ME. 1984. Las especies de Menemerus Simon, 1868 (Araneae, Salticidae) en la Argentina. Physis. 42:6.
  • Galiano ME. 1985. Revision del genero Hurius Simon, 1901 (Araneae, Salticidae). J Arachnol. 13:9–18.
  • Galiano ME. 1991. Las especies de Sitticus Simon del grupo palpalis (Araneae, Salticidae). Acta Zoo Lilloana 40:59–68.
  • Galiano ME. 1994. Revision of the genus Pachomius (Araneae, Salticidae). Bull Br Arachnol Soc. 9:214–220.
  • Galiano ME. 1998. Revision of the genus Chinoscopus (Araneae, Salticidae, Lyssomanidae). Bull Br Arachnol Soc. 11:1–9.
  • Galvis W, Flórez-Daza E, Pinzon J. 2018. New records of the rare orb-weaving spider Rubrepeira rubronigra from Colombia, with notes on its natural history (Araneae: Araneidae). Rev Ibérica Aracnol. 32:139–141.
  • Garb J, González A, Gillespie R. 2004. The black widow spider genus Latrodectus (Araneae: Theridiidae): phylogeny, biogeography, and invasion history. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 31(3):1127–1142.
  • Garrison NL, Rodriguez J, Agnarsson I, Coddington JA, Griswold CE, Hamilton CA, Hedin M, Kocot KM, Ledford JM, Bond JE. 2016. Spider phylogenomics: untangling the Spider Tree of Life. PeerJ. e1719:6–35.
  • Gerschman de PBS, Schiapelli RD. 1965. El género Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae: Theridiidae) en la Argentina. Rev Soc Entomol Arg. 27:51–59.
  • Gertsch WJ. 1934. Some American spiders of the family Hahniidae. Am Mus Novit. 712:1–32.
  • Gertsch WJ. 1958a. The spider family Diguetidae. Am Mus Novit. 1904:1–24.
  • Gertsch WJ. 1958b. The spider genus Loxosceles in North America, Central America, and the West Indies. Am Mus Novit. 1907:1–46.
  • Gertsch WJ. 1967. The spider genus Loxosceles in South America (Araneae, Scytodidae). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 136:117–174.
  • Gertsch WJ. 1973. A report on cave spiders from Mexico and Central America. Ass Mex Cave Stu Bull. 5:141–163.
  • Gertsch WJ. 1982. The troglobitic mygalomorphs of the Americas (Arachnida, Araneae). Ass Mex Cave Stu Bull. 8:79–94.
  • Gertsch WJ, Archer AF. 1942. Descriptions of new American Theridiidae. Am Mus Novit. 1171:1–16.
  • Gertsch WJ, Ennik F. 1983. The spider genus Loxosceles in North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Araneae, Loxoscelidae). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 175:264–360.
  • Gertsch WJ, Peck SB. 1992. The pholcid spiders of the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador (Araneae, Pholcidae). Can J Zool. 70:1185–1199.
  • Giebel CG. 1863. Drei und zwanzig neue und einige bekannte Spinnen der Hallischen Sammlung. Zeit Ges Naturw. 21:306–328.
  • Giribet G, Boyer SL, Baker CM, Fernández R, Sharma PP, de Bivort BL, Daniels SR, Harvey M, Griswold CE. 2016. A molecular phylogeny of the temperate Gondwanan family Pettalidae (Arachnida, Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi) and the limits of taxonomic sampling. Zoo J Linnean Soc. 178(3):523–545.
  • Giroti AM, Brescovit AD. 2011. The spider genus Segestria Latreille, 1804 in South America (Araneae: Segestriidae). Zootaxa. 3046:59–66.
  • Giroti AM, Brescovit AD. 2018. The taxonomy of the American Ariadna Audouin (Araneae: Synspermiata: Segestriidae). Zootaxa. 4400(1):1–114.
  • Glueck S. 1994. A taxonomic revision of the orb weaver genus Acacesia (Araneae: Araneidae). Psyche. 101:59–84.
  • Goloboff PA. 1995. A revision of the South American spiders of the family Nemesiidae (Araneae, Mygalomorphae). Part I: species from Peru, Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 224:1–189.
  • Goloboff PA. 2000. The family Gallieniellidae (Araneae, Gnaphosoidea) in the Americas. J Arachnol. 28:1–6.
  • Goloboff PA, Platnick NI. 1987. A review of the Chilean spiders of the superfamily Migoidea (Araneae, Mygalomorphae). Am Mus Novit. 2888:1–15.
  • Goloboff PA, Platnick NI. 1992. New spiders of the mygalomorph genus Neocteniza (Araneae, Idiopidae). Am Mus Novit. 3054:1–9.
  • González M, Ramírez MJ. 2012. A revision and phylogenetic analysis of the spider genus Aysenia Tullgren (Araneae: Anyphaenidae, Amaurobioidinae). Zootaxa. 3201:1–26.
  • Gonzalez-Filho HMO, Lucas SM, Brescovit AD. 2015. A revision of Neodiplothele (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Barychelidae). Zoologia. 32(3):225–240.
  • González-Márquez ME, Grismado CJ, Ramírez MJ. 2021. A taxonomic revision of the spider genus Meriola Banks (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa. 4936(1):1–113.
  • González-Sponga MA. 2004. Arácnidos de Venezuela. Un nuevo género y nuevas especies de la familia Pholcidae (Araneae). Aula Ambient. 7:63–76.
  • González-Sponga MA. 2005. Arácnidos de Venezuela. Tres nuevos géneros y cuatro nuevas especies de la familia Pholcidae (Araneae). Saber Uni Oriente. 17(2):99–109.
  • González-Sponga MA. 2006. Arácnidos de Venezuela. Un nuevo género y cinco nuevas especies de la familia Pholcidae (Araneae). Sapiens Rev Uni Inv. 7:9–27.
  • Grasshoff M. 1986. Die Radnetzspinnen-Gattung Neoscona in Afrika (Arachnida: Araneae). Ann Zool Wet. 250:1–123.
  • Grismado CJ, Izquierdo MA. 2014. Dysderoidea. In: Roig-Juñent S, Claps LE, Morrone JJ, editors. Argentina: Biodiversidad de Artrópodos Argentinos, Sociedad Entomológica Argentina; p. 151–166.
  • Grismado CJ, Peralta L, Porta AO. 2020. Two new records of exotic spiders for Argentina (Arachnida: Araneae). Rev Soc Entomol Arg. 79(2):52–55.
  • Grismado CJ, Pizarro-Araya J. 2016. The spider genus Cyrioctea Simon on Chañaral Island (Pingüino de Humboldt National Reserve, Atacama, Chile): description of a new species, and the male of Cyrioctea cruz Platnick (Araneae, Zodariidae). Zootaxa. 4107(2):267–276.
  • Grismado CJ, Platnick NI. 2008. Review of the southern South American spider genus Platnickia (Araneae, Zodariidae). Am Mus Novit. 3625:1–19.
  • Grismado CJ, Ramírez MJ. 2000. Notes on the spider genus Misionella with a description of a new species from Brazil (Araneae: Filistatidae). Stud Neotrop Fauna Environ. 35:161–163.
  • Grismado CJ, Ramírez MJ. 2013. The New World goblin spiders of the new genus Neotrops (Araneae: Oonopidae), Part 1. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 383:1–150.
  • Griswold CE. 1993. Investigations into the phylogeny of the lycosoid spiders and their kin (Arachnida: Araneae: Lycosoidea). Smithson Contrib Zool. 539:1–39.
  • Griswold CE, Audisio T, Ledford J. 2012. An extraordinary new family of spiders from caves in the Pacific Northwest (Araneae, Trogloraptoridae, new family). ZooKeys. 215:77–102.
  • Griswold CE, Ledford J. 2001. A monograph of the migid trap door spiders of Madagascar and review of the world genera (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Migidae). Occas Pap Calif Acad Sci. 151:1–120.
  • Griswold CE, Ramírez MJ, Coddington JA, Platnick NI. 2005. Atlas of phylogenetic data for entelegyne spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae: Entelegynae) with comments on their phylogeny. Proc Calif Acad Sci. 56(Suppl. II):1–324.
  • Guadanucci JPL, Weinmann D. 2014. The spider genera Euthycaelus Simon and Schismatothele Karsch (Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae). Zootaxa. 3795(3):275–288.
  • Guérin-Méneville FE. 1832. Description of Segestria ruficeps. Mag Zool. 2(pl):1–2.
  • Haddad CR. 2020. The spider genus Creugas Thorell, 1878 in the Afrotropical Region (Araneae: Corinnidae). Arthropoda Sel. 29(1):82–86.
  • Harrod JC, Levi HW, Leibensperger LB. 1991. The Neotropical orbweavers of the genus Larinia (Araneae: Araneidae). Psyche. 97:241–265.
  • Hedin M, Derkarabetian S, Alfaro A, Ramírez MJ, Bond JE. 2019. Phylogenomic analysis and revised classification of atypoid mygalomorph spiders (Araneae, Mygalomorphae), with notes on arachnid ultraconserved element loci. PeerJ. 7(e6864):1–24.
  • Hedin M, Starrett J, Hayashi C. 2013. Crossing the uncrossable: novel trans-valley biogeographic patterns revealed in the genetic history of low-dispersal mygalomorph spiders (Antrodiaetidae, Antrodiaetus) from California. Mol Ecol. 22:508–526.
  • Heimer S, Nentwig W. 1991. Spinnen mitteleuropas: Ein Bestimmungsbuch. Berlin: Paul Parey.
  • Heine K. 1998. Neue Ergebnisse der Paläoklimaforschung in Tropen und Subtropen (Lateinamerika, südliches Afrika). J Heidelberger Geo Ges. 12:19–44.
  • Heine K. 2000. Tropical South America during the Last Glacial Maximum: evidence from glacial, periglacial and fluvial records. Quat Int. 72(2000):7–21.
  • Hentz NM. 1847. Descriptions and figures of the araneides of the United States. J Nat Hist Mus Boston. 5:443–478.
  • Hewitt GM. 2004. Genetic consequences of climatic oscillations in the Quaternary. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B. 359:183–195.
  • Hickman VV. 1944. Scorpions and spiders. In: The Simpson desert expedition, 1939-Scientific reports No. 1, Biology. Trans R Soc S Aust. 68:18–48.
  • Höfer H, Brescovit AD. 2000. A revision of the Neotropical spider genus Ancylometes Bertkau (Araneae: Pisauridae). Insect Syst Evol. 31(3):323–360.
  • Holmberg EL. 1876. Arácnidos argentinos. Ann Agri Rep Argentina. 4:1–30.
  • Hoorn C, Wesselingh FP, Steege H, Bermudez MA, Mora A, Sevink J, Sanmartín I, Sanchez-Meseguer A, Anderson CL, Figueiredo JP, et al. 2010. Amazonia through time: Andean uplift, climate change, landscape evolution, and biodiversity. Science. 330:927–931.
  • Hu JL. 2001. Spiders in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China. Zhengzhou: Henan Science and Technology Publishing House.
  • Huber BA. 1996. On the distinction between Modisimus and Hedypsilus (Araneae, Pholcidae), with notes on behavior and natural history. Zool Scr. 25(3):233–240.
  • Huber BA. 2000. New World pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): A revision at generic level. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 254:1–348.
  • Huber BA. 2011. Revision and cladistic analysis of Pholcus and closely related taxa (Araneae, Pholcidae). Bonn Zool Monogr. 58:1–509.
  • Huber BA. 2012. Revision and cladistic analysis of the Afrotropical endemic genus Smeringopus Simon, 1890 (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zootaxa. 3461:1–138.
  • Huber BA. 2016. Spider diversity and endemism in a South American hotspot: 20 new species of Carapoia (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Brazil’s Atlantic Forest. Zootaxa. 4177(1):1–69.
  • Huber BA. 2018. The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa. 4395(1):1–178.
  • Huber BA, Arias CQ. 2017. Revision of the Venezuelan spider genus Stenosfemuraia González-Sponga, with new generic and specific synonymies (Araneae, Pholcidae). Zootaxa. 4341(4):495–508.
  • Huber BA, Brescovit AD. 2003. Ibotyporanga Mello-Leitão: tropical spiders in Brazilian semi-arid habitats (Araneae: Pholcidae). Insect Syst Evol. 34:15–20.
  • Huber BA, Carvalho LS. 2019. Filling the gaps: descriptions of unnamed species included in the latest molecular phylogeny of Pholcidae (Araneae). Zootaxa. 4546(1):1–96.
  • Huber BA, Carvalho LS, Benjamin SP. 2014. On the New World spiders previously misplaced in Leptopholcus: molecular and morphological analyses and descriptions of four new species (Araneae: Pholcidae). Invertebr Syst. 28:432–450.
  • Huber BA, Colmenares PA, Ramírez MJ. 2014. Fourteen new generic and ten new specific synonymies in Pholcidae (Araneae), and transfer of Mystes Bristowe to Filistatidae. Zootaxa. 3847(3):413–422.
  • Huber BA, Neumann J, Grabolle A, Hula V. 2017. Aliens in Europe: updates on the distributions of Modisimus culicinus and Micropholcus fauroti (Araneae, Pholcidae). Arachnol Mitt. 53:12–18.
  • Indicatti RP, Lucas SM, Guadanucci JPL, Yamamoto FU. 2008. Revalidation and revision of the genus Magulla Simon 1892 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae). Zootaxa. 1814:21–36.
  • Izquierdo MA, Ramírez MJ. 2017. Taxonomic revision of the jumping goblin spiders of the genus Orchestina Simon, 1882, in the Americas (Araneae: Oonopidae). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 410:1–362.
  • Jacquot M, Derepas B, Deguine J-P. 2016. Seven newly recorded species and families of spiders from Reunion Island (Malagasy region) (Araneae, Araneomorphae). Bull Soc entomol Fr. 121(4):421–430.
  • Jäger P. 2014. Heteropoda latreille, 1804: new species, synonymies, transfers and records (Araneae: Sparassidae: Heteropodinae). Arthropoda Sel. 23(2):145–188.
  • Jäger P, Praxaysombath B. 2011. Spiders from Laos with forty-three new records and first results from the provinces Bolikhamsay and Champasak (Arachnida: Araneae). Acta Arachnol. 60(1):9–31.
  • Jäger P, Rheims CA. 2008. On the genera Origes Simon 1897, Prusias O. Pickard-Cambridge 1892, Tibellomma Simon 1903 and Paenula Simon 1897 from South and Central America. Senck Biol. 88:29–39.
  • Jäger P, Rheims CA, Labarque FM. 2009. On the huntsman spider genera Sparianthina Banks, 1929 and Anaptomecus Simon, 1903 from South and Central America (Araneae, Sparassidae). ZooKeys. 16:115–147.
  • Janowski-Bell ME, Horner NV. 1990. Movement of the male brown tarantula, Aphonopelma hentzi (Araneae, Theraphosidae), using radio telemetry. J Arachnol. 27:503–512.
  • Javed SMM, Srinivasulu C, Tampal F. 2010. Addition to araneofauna of Andhra Pradesh, India: occurrence of three species of Argyrodes Simon, 1864 (Araneae: Theridiidae). J Threat Taxa. 2(6):980–985.
  • Jocqué R, Baehr B. 1992. A revision of the Australian spider genus Storena (Araneae: Zodariidae). Invertebr Taxon. 6(4):953–1004.
  • Jocqué R, Baert L. 2005. Two new neotropical genera of the spider family Zodariidae (Araneae). Bull Inst r sci nat Belg Entomol. 75:119–133.
  • Kamura T. 2001. Seven species of the families Liocranidae and Corinnidae (Araneae) from Japan and Taiwan. Acta Arachnol. 50:49–61.
  • Karsch F. 1879. Sieben neue Spinnen von Sta Martha. Ent Zeits Stett. 40:106–109.
  • Karsch F. 1880. Arachnologische Blätter (Decas I). Zeit Ges Natur. 5:373–409.
  • Keyserling E. 1878. Spinnen aus Uruguay und einigen anderen Gegenden Amerikas. Verh K. K Zool Bot Ges Wien. 27:571–624.
  • Keyserling E. 1879. Neue Spinnen aus Amerika. Verh K. K Zool Bot Ges Wien. 29:293–349.
  • Keyserling E. 1880. Die Spinnen Amerikas, i. Laterigradae. Nürnberg: Bauer & Raspe.
  • Keyserling E. 1881. Neue Spinnen aus Amerika. III. Verh K. K Zool Bot Ges Wien. 31:269–314.
  • Keyserling E. 1883. Neue Spinnen aus Amerika. IV. Verh K. K Zool Bot Ges Wien. 32:195–226.
  • Keyserling E. 1884. Die Spinnen Amerikas II. Theridiidae. Nürnberg: Bauer & Raspe.
  • Keyserling E. 1886. Die Spinnen Amerikas. Theridiidae. Nürnberg: Bauer & Raspe.
  • Keyserling E. 1891. Die Spinnen Amerikas. Brasilianische Spinnen. Nürnberg: Bauer & Raspe.
  • Keyserling E. 1892. Die Spinnen Amerikas. Epeiridae. Nürnberg: Bauer & Raspe.
  • Koch CL. 1837. Die Arachniden. Nürnberg: C.H. Zeh’sche Buchhandlung. Dritter Band. pp. 105–119, pl. 106–118, Vierter Band, pp. 1–108, pl. 119–138.
  • Koch CL. 1841. Die Arachniden. Nürnberg: C.H. Zeh’sche Buchhandlung. Achter Band. pp. 41–131, pl. 265–288; Neunter Band, pp. 1–56, pl. 289–306.
  • Koch CL. 1842. Die Arachniden. Nürnberg: C.H. Zeh’sche Buchhandlung. Neunter Band. pp. 57–108, pl. 307–324, Zehnter Band, pp. 1–36, pl. 325–336.
  • Koch L. 1864. Die europäischen Arten der Arachnidengattung Cheiracanthium. Abh Natur Ges Nürnberg. 14(31):137–162.
  • Koch L. 1866. Die Arachniden-Familie der Drassiden. Nürnberg: Bauer & Raspe.
  • Koch L. 1872. Die Arachniden Australiens, nach der Natur beschrieben und abgebildet. Nürnberg: Bauer & Raspe.
  • Koch L. 1873. Die Arachniden Australiens, nach der Natur beschrieben und abgebildet. Nürnberg: Bauer & Raspe.
  • Koch L. 1874. Die Arachniden Australiens, nach der Natur beschrieben und abgebildet]. Nürnberg: Bauer & Raspe.
  • Koch L. 1875a. Die Arachniden Australiens, nach der Natur beschrieben und abgebildet. Nürnberg: Bauer & Raspe.
  • Koch L. 1875b. Aegyptische und abyssinische Arachniden gesammelt von Herrn C. Jickeli. Nürnberg: Bauer & Raspe.
  • Koch L. 1876. Die Arachniden Australiens, nach der Natur beschrieben und abgebildet. Nürnberg: Bauer & Raspe.
  • Koch L. 1879. Die Arachniden Australiens, nach der Natur beschrieben und abgebildet. Nürnberg: Bauer & Raspe.
  • Kraus O, Kraus M. 1992. Eresid spiders in the neotropics: Stegodyphus manaus n.sp. (Arachnida, Araneae, Eresidae). Verh Naturw Ver Hamburg. 33:15–19.
  • Kritscher E. 1996. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Spinnen-Fauna der Maltesischen Inseln (Chelicerata: Araneae). Ann Naturhist Mus Wien B. 98:117–156.
  • Kulczyński W. 1911. Symbola ad faunam Aranearum Javae et Sumatrae cognoscendam. II. Sicariidae, Dysderidae, Drassodidae, Zodariidae. Bull Int Acad Sci Cracovie. 1911:451–496.
  • Kuntner M. 2007. A monograph of Nephilengys, the pantropical ‘hermit spiders’ (Araneae, Nephilidae, Nephilinae). Syst Entomol. 32:95–135.
  • Kuntner M, Hamilton CA, Cheng R-C, Gregorič M, Lupse N, Lokovsek T, Lemmon EM, Lemmon AR, Agnarsson I, Coddington JA, Bond JE. 2019. Golden orbweavers ignore biological rules: phylogenomic and comparative analyses unravel a complex evolution of sexual size dimorphism. Syst Biol. 68(4):555–572.
  • Latreille PA. 1806. Genera crustaceorum et insectorum. Paris: Parisiis et Argentorati.
  • Ledford JM, Griswold CE. 2010. A study of the subfamily Archoleptonetinae (Araneae, Leptonetidae) with a review of the morphology and relationships for the Leptonetidae. Zootaxa. 2391:1–32.
  • Leech RE. 1971. The introduced Amaurobiidae of North America, and Callobius hokkaido n. sp. from Japan (Arachnida: Araneida). Can Entomol. 103:23–32.
  • Leech RE. 1972. A revision of the Nearctic Amaurobiidae (Arachnida: Araneida). Mem Ent Soc Can. 84:1–182.
  • Lehtinen PT. 1967. Classification of the cribellate spiders and some allied families, with notes on the evolution of the suborder Araneomorpha. Ann Zool Fenn. 4:199–468.
  • Lenz H. 1891. Spinnen von Madagascar und Nossibé. Jahrb Hamburg Wiss Anst. 9:161–182.
  • Le Peru B. 2011. The spiders of Europe, a synthesis of data: Volume 1, Atypidae to Theridiidae. Mem Soc linn Lyon. 2:1–522.
  • Lessert Rd. 1939. Araignées du Congo belge (Deuxieme partie). Rev Zool Bot Africaines. 32:1–13.
  • Lessert Rd. 1946. Araignées du Congo Belge. Rev. Suisse Zool. 58:204–225.
  • Leubert F, Weigend M. 2014. Phylogenetic insights into Andean plant diversification. Ecol Evol. 2(27):1–17.
  • Levi HW. 1953. Spiders of the genus Dipoena from America north of Mexico (Araneae, Theridiidae). Am Mus Novit. 1647:1–39.
  • Levi HW. 1954a. Spiders of the new genus Theridiotis (Araneae: Theridiidae). Trans Am Microsc Soc. 73:177–189.
  • Levi HW. 1954b. Spiders of the genus Euryopis from North and Central America (Araneae, Theridiidae). Am Mus Novit. 1666:1–48.
  • Levi HW. 1954c. The spider genus Theridula in North and Central America and the West Indies (Araneae: Theridiidae). Trans Am Microsc Soc. 73:331–343.
  • Levi HW. 1955a. The spider genera Coressa and Achaearanea in America north of Mexico (Araneae, Theridiidae). Am Mus Novit. 1718:1–33.
  • Levi HW. 1955b. The spider genera Oronota and Stemmops in North America, Central America and the West Indies (Araneae: Theridiidae). Ann Entomol Soc Am. 48:333–342.
  • Levi HW. 1957a. The spider genera Enoplognatha, Theridion, and Paidisca in America north of Mexico (Araneae, Theridiidae). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 112:1–124.
  • Levi HW. 1957b. The spider genera Crustulina and Steatoda in North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Araneae, Theridiidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 117:367–424.
  • Levi HW. 1959a. The spider genus Coleosoma (Araneae, Theridiidae). Breviora. 110:1–8.
  • Levi HW. 1959b. The spider genera Achaearanea, Theridion and Sphyrotinus from Mexico, Central America and the West Indies (Araneae, Theridiidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 121:57–163.
  • Levi HW. 1959c. The spider genus Latrodectus (Araneae, Theridiidae). Trans Am Microsc Soc. 78(1):7–43.
  • Levi HW. 1960. The spider genus Styposis (Araneae, Theridiidae). Psyche. 66:13–19.
  • Levi HW. 1962a. The spider genera Steatoda and Enoplognatha in America (Araneae, Theridiidae). Psyche. 69(1):11–36.
  • Levi HW. 1962b. More American spiders of the genus Chrysso (Araneae, Theridiidae). Psyche. 69(4):209–237.
  • Levi HW. 1963a. American spiders of the genera Audifia, Euryopis and Dipoena (Araneae: Theridiidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 129(2):121–185. pl. 1–12.
  • Levi HW. 1963b. American spiders of the genus Achaearanea and the new genus Echinotheridion (Araneae, Theridiidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 129:187–240.
  • Levi HW. 1963c. American spiders of the genus Theridion (Araneae, Theridiidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 129:481–589.
  • Levi HW. 1963d. The spider genera Cerocida, Hetschkia, Wirada and Craspedisia (Araneae: Theridiidae). Psyche. 70(3):170–179.
  • Levi HW. 1963e. The American spider genera Spintharus and Thwaitesia. Psyche. 70(4):223–234.
  • Levi HW. 1964a. The spider genus Thymoites in America (Araneae: Theridiidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 130:445–471.
  • Levi HW. 1964b. American spiders of the genus Episinus (Araneae: Theridiidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 131:1–25.
  • Levi HW. 1964c. American spiders of the genus Phoroncidia (Araneae: Theridiidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 131:65–86.
  • Levi HW. 1964d. The spider genera Stemmops, Chrosiothes, and the new genus Cabello from America. Psyche. 71:73–92.
  • Levi HW. 1964e. The spider genus Helvibis (Araneae, Theridiidae). Trans Am Microsc Soc. 83:133–142.
  • Levi HW. 1966. American spider genera Theridula and Paratheridula (Araneae: Theridiidae). Psyche. 78:123–130.
  • Levi HW. 1967a. The theridiid spider fauna of Chile. Bull Mus Comp Zool. 136:1–20.
  • Levi HW. 1967b. Habitat observations, records, and new South American theridiid spiders (Araneae, Theridiidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 136:21–38.
  • Levi HW. 1967c. Cosmopolitan and pantropical species of theridiid spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae). Pac Insects. 9:175–186.
  • Levi HW. 1971. The ravilla group of the orbweaver genus Eriophora in North America (Araneae: Araneidae). Psyche. 77(3):280–302.
  • Levi HW. 1974. The orb-weaver genus Zygiella (Araneae: Araneidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 146:267–290.
  • Levi HW. 1976. The orb-weaver genera Verrucosa, Acanthepeira, Wagneriana, Acacesia, Wixia, Scoloderus and Alpaida north of Mexico. Bull Mus Comp Zool. 147:351–391.
  • Levi HW. 1980. The orb-weaver genus Mecynogea, the subfamily Metinae and the genera Pachygnatha, Glenognatha and Azilia of the subfamily Tetragnathinae north of Mexico (Araneae: Araneidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 149:1–74.
  • Levi HW. 1985. The spiny orb-weaver genera Micrathena and Chaetacis (Araneae: Araneidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 150:429–618.
  • Levi HW. 1986. The Neotropical orb-weaver genera Chrysometa and Homalometa (Araneae: Tetragnathidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 151:91–215.
  • Levi HW. 1988. The neotropical orb-weaving spiders of the genus Alpaida (Araneae: Araneidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 151(7):365–487.
  • Levi HW. 1989. The Neotropical orb-weaver genera Epeiroides, Bertrana and Amazonepeira (Araneae: Araneidae). Psyche. 96:75–99.
  • Levi HW. 1991. The Neotropical and Mexican species of the orb-weaver genera Araneus, Dubiepeira, and Aculepeira (Araneae: Araneidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 152:167–315.
  • Levi HW. 1992a. Spiders of the orb-weaver genus Parawixia in America (Araneae: Araneidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 153:1–46.
  • Levi HW. 1992b. The American species of the orb-weaver genus Carepalxis and the new genus Rubrepeira (Araneae: Araneidae). Psyche. 98:251–264.
  • Levi HW. 1993a. American Neoscona and corrections to previous revisions of Neotropical orb-weavers (Araneae: Araneidae). Psyche. 99:221–239.
  • Levi HW. 1993b. The Neotropical orb-weaving spiders of the genera Wixia, Pozonia, and Ocrepeira (Araneae: Araneidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 153:47–141.
  • Levi HW. 1993c. The orb-weaver genus Kaira (Araneae: Araneidae). J Arachnol. 21:209–225.
  • Levi HW. 1995a. The Neotropical orb-weaver genus Metazygia (Araneae: Araneidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 154:63–151.
  • Levi HW. 1995b. Orb-weaving spiders Actinosoma, Spilasma, Micrepeira, Pronous, and four new genera (Araneae: Araneidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 154:153–213.
  • Levi HW. 1996a. The genus Taczanowskia of the orb-weaver spider family Araneidae (Araneae). An Inst Biol UNAM Zool. 67:183–195.
  • Levi HW. 1996b. The American orb weavers Hypognatha, Encyosaccus, Xylethrus, Gasteracantha, and Enacrosoma (Araneae, Araneidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 155:89–157.
  • Levi HW. 1997. The American orb weavers of the genera Mecynogea, Manogea, Kapogea and Cyrtophora (Araneae: Araneidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 155:215–255.
  • Levi HW. 1999. The Neotropical and Mexican orb Weavers of the genera Cyclosa and Allocyclosa (Araneae: Araneidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 155:299–379.
  • Levi HW. 2001. The orbweavers of the genera Molinaranea and Nicolepeira, a new species of Parawixia, and comments on orb weavers of temperate South America (Araneae: Araneidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 155:445–475.
  • Levi HW. 2003. The bolas spiders of the genus Mastophora (Araneae: Araneidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 157:309–382.
  • Levi HW. 2004. Comments and new records for the American genera Gea and Argiope with the description of new species (Araneae: Araneidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 158:47–65.
  • Levi HW. 2005. The spider genera Heterognatha, Testudinaria and Ursa in South America (Araneae: Araneoidea). Bull. Br. Arachnol. Soc. 13:185–198.
  • Levi HW. 2008. The South American genus Spintharidius (Araneae, Araneidae). J Arachnol. 36:216–217.
  • Levy G, Amitai P. 1982. The comb-footed spider genera Theridion, Achaearanea and Anelosimus of Israel (Araneae: Theridiidae). J Zool London. 196:81–131.
  • Linnaeus C. 1767. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio duodecima, reformata. Holmiae.
  • Lise AA. 1981. Tomisídeos neotropicais V: Revisão do gênero Onocolus Simon, 1895 (Araneae, Thomisidae, Stephanopsinae). Iheringia Ser. Zool. 57:3–97.
  • Lise AA, Kesster CC, Silva Ed. 2015. Revision of the orb-weaving spider genus Verrucosa McCook, 1888 (Araneae, Araneidae). Zootaxa. 3921(1):1–105.
  • Lise AA, Ott R, Rodrigues ENL. 2009. On the Neotropical genus Cybaeodamus (Araneae, Zodariidae, Storeninae). Iheringia Ser. Zool. 99:259–272.
  • Lise AA, Silva Ed. 2011. Revision of the Neotropical spider genus Berlandiella (Araneae, Philodromidae). Iheringia Ser. Zool. 101:350–371.
  • Logunov DV. 2014. New species and records of Lyssomanes Hentz, 1845 from Central and South Americas (Aranei: Salticidae). Arthropoda Sel. 23:57–76.
  • Lopardo L. 2005. Phylogenetic revision of the spider genus Negayan (Araneae, Anyphaenidae, Amaurobioidinae). Zool Scr. 34(3):245–277.
  • Lopardo L, Hormiga G. 2015. Out of the twilight zone: phylogeny and evolutionary morphology of the orb–weaving spider family Mysmenidae, with a focus on spinneret spigot morphology in symphytognathoids (Araneae, Araneoidea). Zool J Linnean Soc. 173(3):527–786.
  • Lotz LN. 2012. Present status of Sicariidae (Arachnida: Araneae) in the Afrotropical region. Zootaxa. 3522:1–41.
  • Lucas H. 1833. Mémoire sur plusieurs Arachnides nouvelles appartenant au genre Atte de M. de Walckenaer. Ann Soc Entomol Fr. 2:476–482.
  • Lucas H. 1844. Notice sur une nouvelle espece d’araneide appartenant au genre Scytodes de M. Walkenaer. Rev Zool Soc Cuviérienne. 1844:72.
  • Lucas H. 1846. Histoire naturelle des animaux articulés. In: Exploration scientifique de l’Algérie pendant les années 1840, 1841, 1842 publiée par ordre du Gouvernement et avec le concours d’une commission académique. Paris: Sciences physiques, Zoologie. 1:89–271.
  • Lucas SM, Indicatti RP. 2006. On the genus Psalistopoides Mello–Leitão (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae). Rev Bras Zool. 23:547–54.
  • Lucas SM, Indicatti RP, Brescovit AD, Francisco RC. 2006. First record of the Mecicobothriidae Holmberg from Brazil, with a description of a new species of Mecicobothrium (Araneae, Mygalomorphae). Zootaxa. 1326:45–53.
  • Macas-Pogo P, Astudillo MD. 2019. Registro de Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius, 1775) (Araneae: Theridiidae) en Chingazo Alto, provincia de Chimborazo, Ecuador. Rev Ibérica Aracnol. 35:61–62.
  • Machado M, Guzati C, Viecelli R, Molina-Gómez D, Teixeira RA. 2019. A taxonomic review of the crab spider genus Sidymella (Araneae, Thomisidae) in the Neotropics. Zoosystematics Evol. 95(2):319–344.
  • Maddison WP. 2015. A phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae). J Arachnol. 43(3):231–292.
  • Magalhaes ILF, Brescovit AD, Santos AJ. 2017. Phylogeny of Sicariidae spiders (Araneae: Haplogynae), with a monograph on Neotropical Sicarius. Zool J Linnean Soc. 179(4):767–864.
  • Magalhaes ILF, Neves DM, Santos FR, Vidigal THDA, Brescovit AD, Santos AJ. 2019. Phylogeny of Neotropical Sicarius sand spiders suggests frequent transitions from deserts to dry forests despite antique, broad-scale niche conservatism. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 140:1–21.
  • Magalhaes ILF, Oliveira U, Santos FR, Vidigal THDA, Brescovit AD, Santos AJ. 2014. Strong spatial structure, Pliocene diversification and cryptic diversity in the Neotropical. Mol Ecol. 23:5323–5336.
  • Magalhaes ILF, Ramírez MJ. 2019. The crevice weaver spider genus Kukulcania (Araneae: Filistatidae). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 426:1–151.
  • Malik S, Das SK, Siliwal M. 2016. First report of cobweb spider Phycosoma altum (Keyserling, 1886) from Asia. J Entomol Zool Stud. 4(5):1094–1095.
  • Mariante RM, Hill DE. 2020. First report of the Asian jumping spider Menemerus nigli (Araneae: Salticidae: Chrysillini) in Brazil. Peckhamia. 205 1:1–21.
  • Marples BJ. 1955. Spiders from western Samoa. Zool J Linn Soc Zool. 42:453–504.
  • Marques MAL, Buckup EH, Rodrigues ENL. 2011. Novo gênero neotropical de Spintharinae (Araneae, Theridiidae). Iheringia Ser. Zool. 101:372–381.
  • Marshall LG, Sempere T. 1993. Evolution of the Neotropical Cenozoic land mammal fauna in its geochronologic, stratigraphic, and tectonic context. In: Goldblatt P, editor. Biological Relationships between Africa and South America. New Haven: Yale University Press; p. 329–392.
  • Martins R, Bertani R. 2007. The non-Amazonian species of the Brazilian wandering spiders of the genus Phoneutria Perty, 1833 (Araneae: Ctenidae), with the description of a new species. Zootaxa. 1526:1–36.
  • Marusik YM, Omelko MM, Koponen S. 2015. Redescription of “Nesticus” citrinus (Taczanowski, 1874) (Araneae, Araneoidea) from French Guyana. ZooKeys. 537:97–101.
  • Marusik YM, Otto S, Japoshvili G. 2020. Taxonomic notes on Amaurobius (Araneae: Amaurobiidae), including the description of a new species. Zootaxa. 4718(1):47–56.
  • Marx G. 1889. A contribution to the knowledge of the spider fauna of the Bermuda Islands. Proc Acad Nat Sci Philadelphia. 41:98–101.
  • McKay RJ. 1979. The wolf spiders of Australia (Araneae: Lycosidae): 13. The genus Trochosa. Mem Queensl Mus. 19:277–298.
  • Mello-Leitão CF de. 1917. Notas arachnologicas. 5, Especies novas ou pouco conhecidas do Brasil. Brotéria Zool. 15:74–102.
  • Mello-Leitão CF de. 1918. Scytodidas e pholcidas do Brasil. Rev Mus Paul. 10:83–144.
  • Mello-Leitão CF de. 1919. Ligeiras notas sobre una pequena colleccao de araneidos do Museu Paulista determinados por E. Simon. Rev Mus Paul. 11:463–479.
  • Mello-Leitão CF de. 1920. Tetrapneumones trionychias novas do Brasil. Rev Scien. 4:58–60.
  • Mello-Leitão CF de. 1922. Novas clubionidas do Brasil. Arch Agri Med Vet R de J. 6:17–56.
  • Mello-Leitão CF de. 1923. Theraphosideas do Brasil. Rev Mus Paul. 13:1–438.
  • Mello-Leitão CF de. 1927. Notes sur quelques araignées bresiliennes de la collection E. Simon. 1. Les palpimanides de l’Amerique du Sud. Bull Mus natl hist nat Paris. 33:86–92.
  • Mello-Leitão CF de. 1929. Aphantochilidas e Thomisidas do Brasil. Arch Mus Nac Rio de J. 31:9–359.
  • Mello-Leitão CF de. 1930. Aranhas do Cuminá. Arch Mus Nac Rio de J. 32:51–75.
  • Mello-Leitão CF de. 1932. Pequenas notas arachnologicas. Bol Mus Nac R de J. 8:67–75.
  • Mello-Leitão CF de. 1939a. Algunos aracnidos de Sudamerica. Rev Chil de Hist Nat. 43:169–176.
  • Mello-Leitão CF de. 1939b. Araignées américaines du Musee d’histoire naturelle de Bâle. Rev Suisse Zoo. 46:43–93.
  • Mello-Leitão CF de. 1940. Arañas de la provincia de Buenos Aires y de las gobernaciones de La Pampa, Neuquén, Río Negro y Chubut. Rev Mus La Plata. 2:3–62.
  • Mello-Leitão CF de. 1941a. Notas sobre a sistematica das aranhas com descrição de algumas novas especies Sul Ameicanas. An Acad Bras de Ciênc. 13:103–127.
  • Mello-Leitão CF de. 1941b. Las arañas de Córdoba, La Rioja, Catamarca, Tucumán, Salta y Jujuy colectadas por los Profesores Birabén. Rev Mus La Plata. 2:99–198.
  • Mello-Leitão CF de. 1941c. Las arañas de la provincia de Santa Fe colectadas por el Profesor Birabén. Rev Mus La Plata. 2:199–225.
  • Mello-Leitão CF de. 1942. Cinco aranhas novas do Perú. Rev Bras Biol. 2:429–434.
  • Mello-Leitão CF de. 1944. Arañas de la provincia de Buenos Aires. Rev Mus La Plata. 3:311–393.
  • Mello-Leitão CF de. 1945. Arañas de Misiones, Corrientes y Entre Ríos. Rev Mus La Plata. 4:213–302.
  • Mello-Leitão CF de. 1946. Arañas del Paraguay. Notas Mus La Plata. 11:17–50.
  • Mello-Leitão CF de. 1947. Aranhas de Carmo do Rio Claro (Minas Gerais) coligidas pelo naturalista José C. M. Carvalho. Bol Mus Nac R de J. 80:1–34.
  • Mello-Leitão CF de. 1949. Aranhas da Foz do Koluene. Bol Mus Nac R de J. 92:1–19. 14 pls.
  • Meserve PL. 2007. Zoogeography. In: Veblen TT, Young KR, Orme AR, editors. The Physical Geography of South America. New York (NY): Oxford University Press; p. 112–126.
  • Miller F. 1970. Spinnenarten der Unterfamilie Micryphantinae und der Familie Theridiidae aus Angola. Pub Cult Comp Diamantes Angola. 82:75–166.
  • Miller JA. 2007. Review of erigonine spider genera in the Neotropics (Araneae: Linyphiidae, Erigoninae). Zool J Linnean Soc. 149(Suppl. 1):1–263.
  • Millidge AF. 1987. The erigonine spiders of North America. Part 8. The genus Eperigone Crosby and Bishop (Araneae, Linyphiidae). Am Mus Novit. 2885:1–75.
  • Millidge AF. 1991. Further linyphiid spiders (Araneae) from South America. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 205:1–199.
  • Millidge AF. 1995. Some linyphiid spiders from south-east Asia. Bull Br Arachnol Soc. 10:41–56.
  • Millot J. 1946. Les Scytodes d’Afrique Noire française (Araneae). Rev Fr Entomol. 13:156–168.
  • Montemor VM, West RC, Zamani A, Moradmand M, Wirth Vv, Wendt I, Huber S, Guadanucci JPL. 2020. Taxonomy of the genus Ischnocolus in the Middle East, with description of a new species from Oman and Iran (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Zool Middle East. 66(1):76–90.
  • Mortimer N, van den Bogaard P, Hoernle K, Timm C, Gans PB, Werner R, Riefstahl F. 2017. Late Cretaceous oceanic plate reorganization and the breakup of Zealandia and Gondwana. Gondwana Res. 65:31–42.
  • Moyle PB, CechJrJJ. 2000. Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, 4th ed. Upper Saddle River (NJ): Prentice Hall.
  • Müller H-G, Heimer S. 1990. Spiders from Colombia XII. The genera Theridion and Thymoites, with descriptions of five new species (Araneida: Theridiidae). Medio Ambient. 10:136–144.
  • Murphy J. 2007. Gnaphosid genera of the world. St Neots, Cambridgeshire: British Arachnological Society.
  • Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, da Fonseca GAB, Kent J. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature. 403:853–858.
  • Namkung J. 2002. The spiders of Korea. Seoul: Kyo-Hak Publishing Co.
  • Nentwig W. 2015. Introduction, establishment rate, pathways and impact of spiders alien to Europe. Biol Invasions. 17:2757–2778.
  • Nentwig W, Blick T, Gloor D, Jäger P, Kropf C. 2020. How to deal with destroyed type material? The case of Embrik Strand (Arachnida: Araneae). Arachnol. Mitt. 59:22–29.
  • Nicholls DC, Sirvid PJ, Pollard SD, Walker M. 2000. A list of arachnid primary types held in the Canterbury Museum. Rec Canterb Mus. 14:37–48.
  • Nicolet H. 1849. Aracnidos. In: Gay C, editor. Historia física y política de Chile. Zoología 3:319–543.
  • Nowak RM. 1999. Walker’s mammals of the wolrd, 6th ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Oi R. 1960. Linyphiid spiders of Japan. J Inst Polytech. Osaka City Univ. 11(D):137–244.
  • Oliveira LFM, Brescovit AD. 2015. A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spider genus Xiruana Brescovit 1997 (Araneae: Anyphaenidae, Anyphaeninae). Zootaxa. 3980(2):201–229.
  • Oliveira U, Brescovit AD, Santos AJ. 2017. Sampling effort and species richness assessment: a case study on Brazilian spiders. Biodivers Conserv. 26(6):1481–1493.
  • Ono H. 2009. The spiders of Japan with keys to the families and genera and illustrations of the species. Kanagawa: Tokai University Press.
  • Ono H. 2011. Spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of the Ogasawara Islands. Japan Mem Natn Mus Nat Sci Tokyo. 47:435–470.
  • Ono H, Ogata K. 2018. Spiders of Japan: their natural history and diversity. Kanagawa: Tokai University Press.
  • Opatova V, Hamilton CA, Hedin M, Montes de Oca L, Král J, Bond JE. 2020. Phylogenetic systematics and evolution of the spider infraorder Mygalomorphae using genomic scale data. Syst Bio. 69(4):671–707.
  • Opell BD. 1979. Revision of the genera and tropical American species of the spider family Uloboridae. Bull Mus Comp Zool. 148:443–549.
  • Opell BD. 1981. New Central and South American Uloboridae (Arachnida, Araneae). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 170:219–228.
  • Opell BD. 1984. Phylogenetic review of the genus Miagrammopes (sensu lato) (Araneae, Uloboridae). J Arachnol. 12:229–240.
  • Orme AR. 2007. The tectonic framework of Souh America. In: Veblen TT, Young KR, Orme AR, editors. The Physical Geography of South America. New York (NY): Oxford University Press; p. 158–184.
  • Ortega DRM, Nagahama RH, Motta PC, Bertani R. 2013. Three new species of Fufius Simon, 1888 (Araneae, Cyrtaucheniidae) from Brazil with the redescription of Fufius funebris Vellard, 1924 and description of the female of Fufius lucasae Guadanucci & Indicatti, 2004. ZooKeys. 352:93–116.
  • Ott R. 2003. Descrição de duas espécies novas de Opopaea do sul do Brasil (Oonopidae, Araneae). Iheringia Ser Zool. 93:177–182.
  • Ott R, Brescovit AD. 2013. First record of Cithaeron reimoseri (Araneae: Cithaeronidae) from the New World and first record of the family from southern Brazil. Check List. 9(6):1594–1595.
  • Ott R, Lise AA. 2002. On Nesticus from meridional South America (Araneae, Nesticidae). Iheringia Ser Zool. 92:59–71.
  • Ott R, Platnick NI, Berniker L, Bonaldo AB. 2013. Basibulbus, a hard-bodied, haplogyne spider genus from Chile (Araneae, Dysderoidea). Am Mus Novit. 3775:1–20.
  • Ott R, Ruiz GRS, Brescovit AD, Bonaldo AB. 2017. Amazoonops, a new genus of goblin spiders (Araneae: Oonopidae) from the Brazilian Amazon. Zootaxa. 4236(2):244–268.
  • Ott R, Ubick D, Bonaldo AB, Brescovit AD, Harvey MS. 2019. A revision of the New World goblin spider genus Cinetomorpha Simon, 1892 revalidated from Gamasomorpha Karsch, 1881 (Araneae, Oonopidae, Oonopinae). Zootaxa. 4641(1):1–152.
  • Palisot-de-Beauvois AMFJ. 1805. Insectes recueillis en Afrique et en Amérique dans les royaumes d’Oware et de Benin a Saint-Domingue et dans les États-Unis pendant les années 1786–1797. Paris.
  • Pallas PS. 1772. Spicilegia zoologica. Tomus 1. Continens quadrupedium, avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, molluscorum aliorumque marinorum fasciculos decem. Berolini. 1(9):44–50.
  • Palmgren P. 1974. Die Spinnenfauna Finnlands und Ostfennoskandiens. V. Theridiinae und Nesticidae. Fauna Fennica. 26:1–54.
  • Paquin P, Buckle DJ, Dupérré N, Dondale CD. 2010. Checklist of the spiders (Araneae) of Canada and Alaska. Zootaxa. 2461:1–170.
  • Paquin P, Dupérré N. 2003. Guide d’identification des araignées de Québec. Fabreries, Supp. 11:1–251.
  • Paquin P, Dupérré N, Labelle S. 2008. Introduced spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) in an artificial ecosystem in eastern Canada. Entomol News. 119:217–226.
  • Paquin P, Vink C, Dupérré N. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key & species list. Lincoln, New Zealand: Manaaki Whenua Press.
  • Passanha V, Brescovit AD. 2018. On the Neotropical spider subfamily Masteriinae (Araneae, Dipluridae). Zootaxa. 4463(1):1–73.
  • Passanha V, Indicatti RP, Brescovit AD, Lucas SM. 2014. Revision of the spider genus Pycnothele (Araneae, Nemesiidae). Iheringia Ser Zool. 104(2):228–251.
  • Patel BH. 1973. Some interesting theridiid spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae) from Gujarat, India. Bull Br Arachnol Soc. 2:149–152.
  • Peck WB, Whitcomb WH. 1970. Studies on the biology of a spider, Chiracanthium inclusum (Hentz). Bull Agri Exp Stat Uni Arkansas. 753:1–76.
  • Peckham GW, Peckham EG. 1894. Spiders of the Marptusa group. Occas Papers Nat Hist Soc Wisconsin. 2:85–156.
  • Pedroso DR, Miranda Gd, Baptista RLC. 2019. Further advancements in the taxonomy of Trechona spiders (Araneae: Dipluridae): two new species, redescription of Trechona uniformis Mello-Leitão, 1935, additions to descriptions of Trechona rufa Vellard, 1924 and Trechona venosa (Latreille, 1832) and key to the species. Austral Entomol. 58(1):204–219.
  • Pekár S. 1994. The first record of Zodarion rubidum and Ostearius melanopygius for Slovakia (Arachnida: Araneae: Zodariidae, Linyphiidae). Entomol Problems. 25:97–100.
  • Perafán C, Galvis W, Pérez-Miles F. 2019. The first Paratropididae (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) from Colombia: new genus, species and records. ZooKeys. 830:1–31.
  • Petrunkevitch A. 1928. Systema aranearum. Tran Conn. Acad Arts Sci. 29:1–270.
  • Petrunkevitch A. 1930. The spiders of Porto Rico. Part two. Trans Conn Acad Arts Sci. 30:159–356.
  • Piacentini LN. 2014. A taxonomic review of the wolf spider genus Agalenocosa Mello-Leitão (Araneae, Lycosidae). Zootaxa. 3790(1):1–35.
  • Piacentini LN, Laborda A. 2013. The South American wolf spider genus Birabenia Mello-Leitão, 1941 (Araneae: Lycosidae: Lycosinae). Zootaxa. 3716:39–52.
  • Piacentini LN, Ramírez MJ. 2019. Hunting the wolf: a molecular phylogeny of the wolf spiders (Araneae, Lycosidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol. 136:227–240.
  • Piacentini LN, Ramírez MJ, Silva D. 2013. Systematics of Cauquenia (Araneae: Zoropsidae), with comments on the patterns of evolution of cribellum and male tibial crack on Lycosoidea. Invertebr Syst. 27:567–577.
  • Piacentini LN, Scioscia CL, Carbajal MN, Ott R, Brescovit AD, Ramírez MJ. 2017. A revision of the wolf spider genus Diapontia Keyserling, and the relationships of the subfamily Sosippinae (Araneae: Lycosidae). Arthropod Syst Phylogeny. 75(3):387–415.
  • Pickard-Cambridge FO. 1881. On a new spider of the family of Theraphosidae. Proc Zoo Soc London. 49:682–685.
  • Pickard-Cambridge FO. 1901. Arachnida – Araneida and Opiliones. In: Biologia Centrali-Americana, Zoology. London 2; p. 193–312.
  • Pickard-Cambridge FO. 1902. Arachnida -– Araneida and Opiliones. In: Biologia Centrali-Americana, Zoology. London; p. 313–424.
  • Pickard-Cambridge FO. 1904. Arachnida – Araneida and Opiliones. In: Biologia Centrali-Americana, Zoology. London 2; p. 465–560.
  • Pickard-Cambridge O. 1870. Notes on some spiders and scorpions from St Helena, with descriptions of new species. Proc Zool Soc Lond. 37((3)1869):531–544. pl. 42.
  • Pickard-Cambridge O. 1872. General list of the spiders of Palestine and Syria, with descriptions of numerous new species, and characters of two new genera. Proc Zool Soc Lond. 40(1):212–354, pl. 13–16.
  • Pickard-Cambridge O. 1876. Catalogue of a collection of spiders made in Egypt, with descriptions of new species and characters of a new genus. Proc Zool Soc Lond. 44(3):541–630.
  • Pickard-Cambridge O. 1880. On some new and rare spiders from New Zealand, with characters of four new genera. Proc Zool Soc Lond. 47:681–703. Pl. LII-LIII.
  • Pickard-Cambridge O. 1889. Arachnida. Araneida. In: Biologia Centrali-Americana, Zoology. London 1; p. 1–56.
  • Pickard-Cambridge O. 1894. Arachnida. Araneida. In: Biologia Centrali-Americana, Zoology. London 1; p. 121–144.
  • Pickard-Cambridge O. 1896. Arachnida. Araneida. In: Biologia Centrali-Americana, Zoology. London 1; p. 161–224.
  • Pickard-Cambridge O. 1908. On new and rare British Arachnida. Pro Dorset Nat Hist Antiquarian Field Club. 28:121–148.
  • Pickard-Cambridge O. 1912. On new and rare arachnids, noted and observed in 1910. Pro Dorset Nat Hist Antiquarian Field Club. 32:33–54.
  • Pickard-Cambridge FO. 1898. On some Spiders from Chili and Peru, collected by Dr Plate of Berlin. Jour Linn Soc London. 27:15–22.
  • Piel WH. 2001. The systematics of Neotropical orb-weaving spiders in the genus Metepeira (Araneae: Araneidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 157:1–92.
  • Pillai KG. 2006. Hitherto unknown palpimanid spider (Araneae: Palpimanidae) from India. Entomon. 31:133–136.
  • Pinzon J, Benavides L, Sabogal A. 2010. New records of araneid spiders (Araneae: Araneidae) in the Colombian Amazon Region. Zootaxa. 2626:46–60.
  • Pitman WC, Cande S, LaBrecque J, Pindell J. 1993. Fragmentation of Gondwana: the separation of Africa from South America. In: Goldblatt P, editor. Biological relationships between Africa and South Americ. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press; p. 15–23.
  • Platnick NI. 1975a. A revision of the palpimanid spiders of the new subfamily Otiothopinae (Araneae, Palpimanidae). Am Mus Novit. 2562:1–32.
  • Platnick NI. 1975b. A revision of the spider genus Eilica (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). Am Mus Novit. 2578:1–19.
  • Platnick NI. 1975c. A revision of the South American spider genus Trachelopachys (Araneae, Clubionidae). Am Mus Novit. 2589:1–25.
  • Platnick NI. 1977. Notes on spiders from the Falkland Islands (Arachnida, Araneae). J Arachnol. 3:195–198.
  • Platnick NI. 1978. A revision of the spider genus Barrisca (Araneae, Rhoicininae). J Arachnol. 6:213–217.
  • Platnick NI. 1986. A revision of the spider genus Trochanteria (Araneae: Gnaphosoidea). Bull Brit Arachnol Soc. 7:29–33.
  • Platnick NI. 1989. A revision of the spider genus Segestrioides (Araneae, Diguetidae). Am Mus Novit. 2940:1–9.
  • Platnick NI. 1994. A revision of the spider genus Caponina (Araneae, Caponiidae). Am Mus Novit. 3100:1–15.
  • Platnick NI, Baehr B. 2006. A revision of the Australasian ground spiders of the family Prodidomidae (Araneae, Gnaphosoidea). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 298:1–287.
  • Platnick NI, Berniker L, Bonaldo AB. 2013a. The South American goblin spider genera Dysderina and Tridysderina (Araneae, Oonopidae). Am Mus Novit. 3772:1–52.
  • Platnick NI, Berniker L, Kranz-Baltensperger Y. 2012b. The goblin spider genus Ischnothyreus (Araneae, Oonopidae) in the New World. Am Mus Novit. 3759:1–32.
  • Platnick NI, Brescovit AD. 1994. A new genus of the spider family Orsolobidae (Araneae, Dysderoidea) from Brazil. Am Mus Novit. 3112:1–6.
  • Platnick NI, Dupérré N. 2009a. The goblin spider genera Opopaea and Epectris (Araneae, Oonopidae) in the New World. Am Mus Novit. 3649:1–43.
  • Platnick NI, Dupérré N. 2009b. The American goblin spiders of the new genus Escaphiella (Araneae, Oonopidae). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 328:1–151.
  • Platnick NI, Dupérré N. 2009c. The goblin spider genus Heteroonops (Araneae, Oonopidae), with notes on Oonops. Am Mus Novit. 3672:1–72.
  • Platnick NI, Dupérré N. 2010a. The goblin spider genus Scaphiella (Araneae, Oonopidae). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 332:1–156.
  • Platnick NI, Dupérré N. 2010b. The goblin spider genera Stenoonops and Australoonops (Araneae, Oonopidae), with notes on related taxa. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 340:1–111.
  • Platnick NI, Dupérré N. 2010c. The Andean goblin spiders of the new genera Niarchos and Scaphios (Araneae, Oonopidae). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 345:1–120.
  • Platnick NI, Dupérré N. 2011a. The Andean goblin spiders of the new genus Scaphidysderina (Araneae, Oonopidae), with notes on Dysderina. Am Mus Novit. 3712:1–51.
  • Platnick NI, Dupérré N. 2011b. The goblin spider genus Pescennina (Araneae, Oonopidae). Am Mus Novit. 3716:1–64.
  • Platnick NI, Dupérré N. 2011c. The goblin spider genus Simonoonops (Araneae, Oonopidae). Am Mus Novit. 3724:1–30.
  • Platnick NI, Dupérré N. 2011d. The Andean goblin spiders of the new genera Paradysderina and Semidysderina (Araneae, Oonopidae). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 364:1–121.
  • Platnick NI, Dupérré N, Berniker L, Bonaldo AB. 2013. The goblin spider genera Prodysderina, Aschnaoonops, and Bidysderina (Araneae, Oonopidae). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 373:1–102.
  • Platnick NI, Dupérré N, Ott R, Kranz-Baltensperger Y. 2011. The goblin spider genus Brignolia (Araneae, Oonopidae). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 349:1–131.
  • Platnick NI, Dupérré N, Ubick D, Fannes W. 2012a. Got males? The enigmatic goblin spider genus Triaeris (Araneae, Oonopidae). Am Mus Novit. 3756:1–36.
  • Platnick NI, Ewing C. 1995. A revision of the tracheline spiders (Araneae, Corinnidae) of southern South America. Am Mus Novit. 3128:1–41.
  • Platnick NI, Forster RR. 1987. On the first American spiders of the subfamily Sternodinae (Araneae, Malkaridae). Am Mus Novit. 2894:1–12.
  • Platnick NI, Forster RR. 1989. A revision of the temperate South American and Australasian spiders of the family Anapidae (Araneae, Araneoidea). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 190:1–139.
  • Platnick NI, Grismado CJ, Ramírez MJ. 1999. On the genera of the spider subfamily Otiothopinae (Araneae, Palpimanidae). Am Mus Novit. 3257:1–25.
  • Platnick NI, Hormiga G, Jäger P, Jocqué R, Ramírez MJ, Raven RJ. 2021. Spiders of the world. A natural history. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.
  • Platnick NI, Murphy JA. 1984. A revision of the spider genera Trachyzelotes and Urozelotes (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). Am Mus Novit. 2792:1–30.
  • Platnick NI, Shadab MU. 1976a. A revision of the spider genera Lygromma and Neozimiris (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). Am Mus Novit. 2598:1–23.
  • Platnick NI, Shadab MU. 1976b. A revision of the Neotropical spider genus Zimiromus, with notes on Echemus (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). Am Mus Novit. 2609:1–24.
  • Platnick NI, Shadab MU. 1977. A revision of the spider genera Herpyllus and Scotophaeus (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) in North America. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 159:1–44.
  • Platnick NI, Shadab MU. 1978a. A review of the spider genus Mysmenopsis (Araneae, Mysmenidae). Am Mus Novit. 2661:1–22.
  • Platnick NI, Shadab MU. 1978b. A review of the spider genus Anapis (Araneae, Anapidae), with a dual cladistic analysis. Am Mus Novit. 2663:1–23.
  • Platnick NI, Shadab MU. 1979a. A revision of the Neotropical spider genus Echemoides, with notes on other echemines (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). Am Mus Novit. 2669:1–22.
  • Platnick NI, Shadab MU. 1979b. A review of the spider genera Anapisona and Pseudanapis (Araneae, Anapidae). Am Mus Novit. 2672:1–20.
  • Platnick NI, Shadab MU. 1981. New species and records of Neotropical Gnaphosidae (Arachnida, Araneae). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 170:189–196.
  • Platnick NI, Shadab MU. 1982. A revision of the American spiders of the genus Camillina (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). Am Mus Novit. 2748:1–38.
  • Platnick NI, Shadab MU. 1983a. A revision of the American spiders of the genus Zelotes (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 174:97–192.
  • Platnick NI, Shadab MU. 1983b. A revision of the Neotropical spider genus Apodrassodes (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). Am Mus Novit. 2763:1–14.
  • Platnick NI, Shadab MU. 1984. A revision of the Neotropical spiders of the new genus Apopyllus (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). Am Mus Novit. 2788:1–9.
  • Platnick NI, Shadab MU. 1989. A review of the spider genus Teminius (Araneae, Miturgidae). Am Mus Novit. 2963:1–12.
  • Platnick NI, Shadab MU, Sorkin LN. 2005. On the Chilean spiders of the family Prodidomidae (Araneae, Gnaphosoidea), with a revision of the genus Moreno Mello-Leitão. Am Mus Novit. 3499:1–31.
  • Pocock RI. 1898. Scorpions, pedipalpi and spiders collected by Dr Willey in New Britain, the Solomon Islands, Loyalty Islands, etc. In: Willey A, editor. Zoological results based on material from New Britain, New Guinea, Loyalty Islands and elsewhere, collected during the years 1895, 1896 and 1897. Part I. Cambridge: University Press; p. 95–120.
  • Pocock RI. 1899. Chilopoda and Arachnida. In: Günther RT, editor. Contribution to the natural history of Lake Urmi, N.W. Persia, and its neighbourhood. Jour Linn Soc London Zool. 27:399–406.
  • Pocock RI. 1985. On a new and natural grouping of some of the Oriental genera of Mygalomorphae, with descriptions of new genera and species. Ann Mag Nat Hist. 15:165–184.
  • Polchaninova N, Prokopenko E. 2019. An updated checklist of spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of Left-Bank Ukraine. Arachnol Mitt. 57:60–64.
  • Polotow D, Brescovit AD. 2006. Revision of the Neotropical spider genus Itatiaya Mello-Leitão (Araneae, Ctenidae) with considerations on biogeographic distribution of species. Rev Bras Zool. 23:429–442.
  • Polotow D, Brescovit AD. 2008. Revision of the neotropical spider genus Gephyroctenus (Araneae: Ctenidae: Calocteninae). Rev Bras Zool. 25:705–715.
  • Polotow D, Brescovit AD. 2009. Revision and cladistic analysis of Isoctenus and description of a new neotropical genus (Araneae, Ctenidae, Cteninae). Zool J Linnean Soc. 155(3):583–614.
  • Polotow D, Brescovit AD. 2013. New species of the Neotropical spider genus Celaetycheus Simon, 1897 (Araneae: Ctenidae). Zootaxa. 3637:139–157.
  • Polotow D, Brescovit AD. 2014. Phylogenetic analysis of the tropical wolf spider subfamily Cteninae (Arachnida, Araneae, Ctenidae). Zool J Linnean Soc. 170(2):333–361.
  • Polotow D, Brescovit AD. 2018. Kiekie, a new Neotropical spider genus of Ctenidae (Cteninae, Araneae). Zootaxa. 4531(3):353–373.
  • Polotow D, Carmichael A, Griswold CE. 2015. Total evidence analysis of the phylogenetic relationships of Lycosoidea spiders (Araneae, Entelegynae). Invertebr Syst. 29:124–163.
  • Pompozzi G, Peralta L, Simó M. 2013. The invasive spider Badumna longinqua (L. Koch, 1867) (Araneae: Desidae) in Argentina: New distributional records, with notes on its expansion and establishment. CheckList. 9(3):218–221.
  • Prado Ad, Baptista RLC, Machado M. 2018. Taxonomic review of Epicadinus Simon, 1895 (Araneae: Thomisidae). Zootaxa. 4459(2):201–234.
  • Price JP, Wagner WL. 2018. Origins of the Hawaiian flora: Phylogenies and biogeography reveal patterns of long-distance dispersal. J Syst Evol. 56(6):600–620.
  • Prószyński J. 2016. Delimitation and description of 19 new genera, a subgenus and a species of Salticidae (Araneae) of the world. Ecol Montenegrina. 7:4–32.
  • Prószyński J. 2017. Remarks on the genus Plexippus C. L. Koch, 1846 (Araneae: Salticidae). Ecol Montenegrina. 13:39–69.
  • Prószyński J. 2018. Review of the genus Hasarius (Araneae: Salticidae) – a taxonomic fiasco. Ecol Montenegrina. 16:16–31.
  • Prószyński J, Lissner J, Schäfer M. 2018. Taxonomic survey of the genera Euophrys, Pseudeuophrys and Talavera, with description of Euochin gen. n. (Araneae: Salticidae) and with proposals of a new research protocol. Ecol Montenegrina. 18:26–74.
  • Rajoria A. 2015. Two new genera of the family Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Arachnida: Araneae) from India. Indian J Arachnol. 4(2):43–47.
  • Ramírez MJ. 1997. Revisión y filogenia de los géneros Ferrieria y Acanthoceto (Araneae: Anyphaenidae, Amaurobioidinae). Iheringia Ser Zool. 82:173–203.
  • Ramírez MJ. 1999. New species and cladistic reanalysis of the spider genus Monapia (Araneae, Anyphaenidae, Amaurobioidinae). J Arachnol. 27:415–431.
  • Ramírez MJ. 2003. The spider subfamily Amaurobioidinae (Araneae, Anyphaenidae): a phylogenetic revision at the generic level. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 277:1–262.
  • Ramírez MJ. 2014. The morphology and phylogeny of dionychan spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 390:1–374.
  • Ramírez MJ, Bonaldo AB, Brescovit AD. 1997. Revisión del género Macerio y comentarios sobre la ubicación de Cheiracanthium, Tecution y Helebiona (Araneae, Miturgidae, Eutichurinae). Iheringia Ser Zool. 82:43–66.
  • Ramírez MJ, Grismado C, Blick T. 2004. Notes on the spider family Agelenidae in southern South America (Arachnida: Araneae). Rev Ibérica Aracnol. 9:179–182.
  • Ramírez MJ, Grismado CJ. 1997. A review of the spider family Filistatidae in Argentina (Arachnida, Araneae), with a cladistic reanalysis of filistatid genera. Insect Syst Evol. 28:319–349.
  • Ramírez MJ, Grismado CJ, Ubick D, Ovtcharenko VI, Cushing PE, Platnick NI, Wheeler WC, Prendini L, Crowley LM, Horner NV. 2019. Myrmecicultoridae, a new family of myrmecophilic spiders from the Chihuahuan Desert (Araneae, Entelegynae). Am Mus Novit. 3930:1–24.
  • Ramírez MJ, Lopardo L, Bonaldo AB. 2001. A review of the Chilean spider genus Olbus, with notes on the relationships of the Corinnidae (Arachnida, Araneae). Insect Syst Evol. 31:441–462.
  • Ramos VA, Aleman A. 2000. Tectonic evolution of the Andes. In: Cordani GU, Milani EJ, Filho AT, Campos DA, editor. Tectonic Evolution of South America. 31st International Geological Congress, Rio de Janeiro. USA. Boulder: Geological Society of America; p. 635–685.
  • Raven RJ. 1985. The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): Cladistics and systematics. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 182:1–180.
  • Raven RJ. 1999. Review of the mygalomorph genus Melloina Brignoli (Paratropididae: Araneae). Mem Queensl Mus. 43:819–825.
  • Raven RJ. 2010. A review of the Mygalomorphae: biology, morphology and systematics. Book of Abstracts of the 18th International Congress of Arachnology; Jul 11–17; Siedle, Poland.
  • Raven RJ. 2015. A revision of ant-mimicking spiders of the family Corinnidae (Araneae) in the Western Pacific. Zootaxa. 3958(1):1–258.
  • Raven RJ, Platnick NI. 1981. A revision of the American spiders of the family Microstigmatidae (Araneae, Mygalomorphae). Am Mus Novit. 2707:1–20.
  • Reiskind J. 1969. The spider subfamily Castianeirinae of North and Central America (Araneae, Clubionidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 138(5):163–325.
  • Řezáč M, Král J, Pekár S. 2008. The spider genus Dysdera (Araneae, Dysderidae) in central Europe: Revision and natural history. J Arachnol. 35:432–462.
  • Rheims CA. 2008. On the Neotropical genus Adcatomus Karsch (Araneae: Sparassidae). Zootaxa. 1809:61–66.
  • Rheims CA. 2010. A new genus of huntsman spiders from the Neotropical region (Araneae: Sparassidae: Heteropodinae). Zootaxa. 2650:33–46.
  • Rheims CA. 2013. A new genus of huntsman spiders (Araneae, Sparassidae, Sparianthinae) from the Neotropical region. Zootaxa. 3734:199–220.
  • Rheims CA. 2019. On the huntsman spider genus Vindullus Simon, 1880 (Araneae: Sparassidae). Zootaxa. 4544(4):572–580.
  • Rheims CA, Brescovit AD. 2004a. Revision and cladistic analysis of the spider family Hersiliidae (Arachnida, Araneae) with emphasis on Neotropical and Nearctic species. Insect Syst Evol. 35:189–239.
  • Rheims CA, Brescovit AD. 2004b. On the Amazonian species of the genus Scytodes Latreille (Arachnida, Araneae, Scytodidae). Rev Bras Zool. 21:525–533.
  • Rheims CA, Brescovit AD. 2006. Spiders of the genus Scytodes Latreille (Araneae: Scytodidae) from Brazilian cerrado and caatinga. Bull Br Arachnol Soc. 13:297–308.
  • Rheims CA, Brescovit AD. 2009. New additions to the Brazilian fauna of the genus Scytodes Latreille (Araneae: Scytodidae) with emphasis on the Atlantic Forest species. Zootaxa. 2116:1–45.
  • Rheims CA, Jäger P. 2008. Revision of the Neotropical huntsman spider genus Vindullus Simon (Araneae, Sparassidae). J Arachnol. 36:221–231.
  • Rheims CA, Labarque FM, Ramírez MJ. 2008. The South American genus Quemedice Mello-Leitão (Araneae: Sparassidae): familial placement and taxonomic revision. Zootaxa. 1813:60–68.
  • Ríos-Tamayo D, Goloboff PA. 2012. New species of Chilean Hexathelidae (Araneae, Mygalomorphae). Zootaxa. 3422:32–51.
  • Ríos-Tamayo D, Goloboff PA. 2018. Taxonomic revision and morphology of the trapdoor spider genus Actinopus (Mygalomorphae: Actinopodidae) in Argentina. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 419:1–83.
  • Roberts MJ. 1979. A study of the spiders Dipoena alta Keyserling, D. lineatipes Bryant and a new species D. jamesi (Araneae: Theridiidae). J Arachnol. 7:199–222.
  • Rodrigues BVB, Bonaldo AB. 2014. Taxonomic revision of the species group rubripes of Corinna Koch, 1842 (Araneae; Corinnidae). Zootaxa. 3815(4):451–493.
  • Rodrigues ENL, Brescovit AD, Freitas GCC, Vasconcelos SD. 2008. Spiders of Fernando de Noronha Island. Part I: Linyphiidae. Bull Br Arachnol Soc. 14:247–252.
  • Roewer CF. 1955. Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis 1940, bzw. 1954. 2. Band, Abt. a (Lycosaeformia, Dionycha [excl. Salticiformia]). 2. Band, Abt. b (Salticiformia, Cribellata) (Synonyma-Verzeichnis, Gesamtindex). Bruxelles: Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique.
  • Roewer CF. 1959. Araneae Lycosaeformia II (Lycosidae). Exploration du Parc National de l’Upemba, Mission G. F. de Witte. 55:1–518.
  • Rossi GdF, Ghirotto VM, Galleti-Lima A, Indicatti RP, Guandanucci JPL. 2021. “Flying” or digging? The trapdoor spider genus Neocteniza Pocock, 1895: Redescription of three species, new records from Brazil, notes on natural history and first record of ballooning for Idiopidae (Araneae, Mygalomorphae). Zootaxa. 5023(4):451–485.
  • Rossi P. 1790. Fauna etrusca: sistens insecta quae in Provinciis Florentina et Pisana praesertim collegit. Liburni. 2:126–140.
  • Roth VD. 1967. A review of the South American spiders of the family Agelenidae (Arachnida, Araneae). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 134:297–346.
  • Rozwałka R, Stachowicz J. 2010. First record of Ostearius melanopygius (Cambridge, 1879) (Araneae: Linyphiidae) in the eastern part of Poland. Przegląd Zoologiczny. 52–54:159–161.
  • Rubio GD. 2014. Baseline richness of Salticidae (Araneae) from Misiones, Argentina. Peckhamia. 118.1(5):1–21.
  • Rubio GD, Lo-Man-Hung NF, Iuri HA. 2014. A revision of the Neotropical genus Austrohahnia Mello-Leitão (Araneae, Hahniidae). Zootaxa. 3894(1):106–116.
  • Rubio GD, Ramírez MJ. 2015. Taxonomic revision of the American spider genus Arachosia (Araneae: Anyphaenidae). Zootaxa. 3932(1):1–105.
  • Rudloff J-P. 2001. Anmerkungen zur systematischen Stellung von Acanthopelma rufescens F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1897 und Acanthopelma annae Reichling, 1997 (Ischnocolinae: Theraphosidae: Mygalomorphae), sowie die Einrichtung einer neuen Gattung Reichlingia gen. nov. (Mygalomorphae: Barychelidae: Trichopelmatinae). Arthropoda. 9(3):14–20.
  • Rudloff J-P. 2008. Zur Kenntnis der Gattung Phormictopus Pocock, 1901 – einem Faunenelement der Grossen Antillen (Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae). Arthropoda. 15(4):2–51.
  • Ruiz GRS, Bonaldo AB. 2013. Vagabond but elusive: two newcomers to the eastern Amazon (Araneae: Cithaeronidae; Prodidomidae). Zootaxa. 3694:92–96.
  • Ruiz GRS, Brescovit AD. 2008. Revision of Helvetia (Araneae: Salticidae: Heliophaninae). Rev Bras Zool. 25:139–147.
  • Ruiz GRS, Brescovit AD. 2013. Revision of Breda and proposal of a new genus (Araneae: Salticidae). Zootaxa. 3664:401–433.
  • Ruiz GRS, Brescovit AD, Freitas GCC. 2007. Spiders from Fernando de Noronha, Brazil. Part II. Proposal of a new genus and description of three new species of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae). Rev Bras Zool. 24:771–776.
  • Ruiz GRS, Maddison WP. 2015. The new Andean jumping spider genus Urupuyu and its placement within a revised classification of the Amycoida (Araneae: Salticidae). Zootaxa. 4040(3):251–279.
  • Ruiz GRS, Maddison WP, Galiano ME. 2019. A revision of the concept of Mago O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1882, and proposal of a new genus (Araneae: Salticidae: Amycini). Zootaxa. 4658(1):124–140.
  • Russell-Smith A. 2020. A Checklist of the Spiders of Tanzania. J East Afr Nat Hist. 109(1):1–41.
  • Saaristo MI. 1997. Scytotids [sic] (Arachnida, Araneae, Scytodidae) of the granitic islands of Seychelles. Phelsuma. 5:49–57.
  • Saaristo MI. 2001a. Dwarf hunting spiders or Oonopidae (Arachnida, Araneae) of the Seychelles. Insect Syst Evol. 32(3):307–358.
  • Saaristo MI. 2001b. Pholcid spiders of the granitic Seychelles (Araneae, Pholcidae). Phelsuma. 9:9–28.
  • Saaristo MI. 2002. New species and interesting new records of spiders from Seychelles (Arachnida, Araneaea [sic]). Phelsuma. 10(Suppl. A):1–31.
  • Saaristo MI. 2006. Theridiid or cobweb spiders of the granitic Seychelles islands (Araneae, Theridiidae). Phelsuma. 14:49–89.
  • Saaristo MI. 2007. The oonopid spiders (Aranei: Oonopidae) of Israel. Arthropoda Sel. 15(2, 2006):119–140.
  • Saaristo MI. 2010. Araneae. In: Gerlach J, Marusik YM, editors. Arachnida and Myriapoda of the Seychelles islands. Manchester, UK: Siri Scientific Press; p. 8–306.
  • Saaristo MI, Harten Av. 2006. The oonopid spiders (Araneae: Oonopidae) of mainland Yemen. Fauna Arabia. 21:127–157.
  • Saaristo MI, Marusik YM. 2008. A survey of African Opopaea Simon, 1891 (Arachnida, Aranei, Oonopidae). Arthropoda Sel. 17:1–53.
  • Salvatierra L, Tourinho AL, Brescovit AD. 2014. Revision of the spider genera Ariston O. P.-Cambridge, 1896 and Siratoba Opell, 1979 (Arachnida: Araneae: Uloboridae) with description of two new species. Zool Stud. 53(28):1–13.
  • Sánchez-Ruiz A, Brescovit AD. 2017. A new genus with seven species of the subfamily Nopinae (Araneae, Caponiidae) from the Neotropical region. Zootaxa. 4291(1):117–143.
  • Sánchez-Ruiz A, Brescovit AD. 2018. A revision of the Neotropical spider genus Nops MacLeay (Araneae: Caponiidae) with the first phylogenetic hypothesis for the Nopinae genera. Zootaxa. 4427(1):1–121.
  • Sánchez-Ruiz A, Brescovit AD, Bonaldo AB. 2020. Revision of the spider genus Nyetnops Platnick & Lise (Araneae: Caponiidae) with proposition of the new genus Nopsma, from Central and South America. Zootaxa. 4751(3):461–486.
  • Sankaran PM, Sebastian PA. 2016. A checklist of Indian armored spiders (Araneae, Tetrablemmidae) with the description of a new species from the Western Ghats. Zootaxa. 4084(3):443–450.
  • Santos AJ. 2007. A revision of the Neotropical nursery-web spider genus Architis (Araneae: Pisauridae). Zootaxa. 1578:1–40.
  • Santos AJ, Brescovit AD. 2003. A revision of the Neotropical species of the lynx spider genus Peucetia Thorell 1869 (Araneae: Oxyopidae). Insect Syst Evol. 34:95–116.
  • Santos AJ, Brescovit AD, Oliveira-Tomasi M, Russo P, Oliveira U. 2017. Curves, maps and hotspots: the diversity and distribution of araneomorph spiders in the neotropics. In: Carmen C, Gonzaga MO, editor. Behaviour and ecology of spiders. Cham, Switzerland: Springer; p. 1–28.
  • Santos AJ, Gonzaga MO. 2003. On the spider genus Oecobius Lucas, 1846 in South America (Araneae, Oecobiidae). J Nat Hist. 37:239–252.
  • Saturnino R, Bonaldo AB. 2015. Taxonomic review of the New World spider genus Elaver O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 (Araneae, Clubionidae). Zootaxa. 4045(1):1–119.
  • Schenkel E. 1944. Arachnoidea aus Timor und China aus den Sammlungen des Basler Museums. Revue Suisse de Zoologie. 51:173–206.
  • Schenkel E. 1953. Bericht über einige Spinnentiere aus Venezuela. Verh Nat Ges Basel. 64:1–57.
  • Schiapelli RD, Gerschman de PBS. 1979. Las arañas de la subfamilia Theraphosinae (Araneae, Theraphosidae). Rev Mum Argent Cienc Nat Bernardino Rivadavia Entomol. 5:287–300.
  • Schmidt G. 1956. Genus- und Speziesdiagnosen neuer, mit Bananen eingeschleppter Spinnen nebst Mitteilung über das Auffinden der Männchen zweier Spinnenarten. Zool Anz. 157:24–31.
  • Schmidt G. 1971. Mit Bananen eingeschleppte Spinnen. Zool Beitr. 17:387–433.
  • Schmidt G. 2003. Die Vogelspinnen: Eine weltweite Übersicht. Hohenwarsleben: Neue Brehm-Bücherei.
  • Schmidt G, Krause RH. 1993. Spinnen von den Komoren III: Tetragnathinae und Metinae (Araneida: Araneidae). Teil II. Arachnol Mag. 1(11):3–11.
  • Sedgwick WC. 1973. New species, records and synonyms of Chilean theridiid spiders (Araneae, Theridiidae). Psyche. 80:349–354.
  • Seo BK, Sohn SR. 1984. The spider fauna and three valuable species of Namhae-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. J Institute Nat Sci Keimyung Uni. 3:113–120.
  • Šestáková A, Černecká Ľ, Neumann J, Reiser N. 2014. First record of the exotic spitting spider Scytodes fusca (Araneae, Scytodidae) in Central Europe from Germany and Slovakia. Arachnol Mitt. 47:1–6.
  • Sibley CG, Monroe BL. 1990. Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press.
  • Sierwald P. 1993. Revision of the spider genus Paradossenus, with notes on the family Trechaleidae and the subfamily Rhoicininae (Araneae, Lycosoidea). Rev Arachnol. 10:53–74.
  • Silva Ed, Carico JE. 2012. Revision of the Neotropical nursery-web spider genus Thaumasia Perty, 1833 (Araneae: Lycosoidea: Pisauridae: Thaumasiinae). Zootaxa. 3567:1–64.
  • Silva Ed, Lise AA. 2009. On the taxonomy of Trechaleidae (Araneae: Lycosoidea) from Colombia and Peru. Zoologia (Curitiba). 26:357–362.
  • Silva Ed, Lise AA, Buckup EH, Brescovit AD. 2006. Taxonomy and new records in the Neotropical spider genus Paratrechalea (Araneae, Lycosoidea, Trechaleidae). Biociências. 14:71–82.
  • Silva Ed, Lise AA, Carico JE. 2007. Revision of the Neotropical spider genus Dossenus (Araneae, Lycosoidea, Trechaleidae). Insect Syst Evol. 38:139–148.
  • Silva Ed, Lise AA, Carico JE. 2008. Revision of the Neotropical spider genus Enna (Araneae, Lycosoidea, Trechaleidae). J Arachnol. 36:76–110.
  • Silva-Dávila D. 2003. Higher-level relationships of the spider family Ctenidae (Araneae: Ctenoidea). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 274:1–86.
  • Silva-Dávila D. 2004. Revision of the spider genus Caloctenus Keyserling, 1877 (Araneae, Ctenidae). Rev Peru de Biol. 11:5–26.
  • Silva-Moreira T, Baptista RLC, Kury AB, Giupponi APL, Buckup EH, Brescovit AD. 2010. Annotated check list of Arachnida type specimens deposited in the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro. II–Araneae. Zootaxa. 2588:1–91.
  • Silveira AL, de Souza MNA. 2017. Ocorrência sinantrópica da aranha-marrom Loxosceles laeta (Araneae, Sicariidae) em áreas serranas no Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, e notas sobre loxoscelismo. Rev Med Minas Gerais. 27(e-1858):31–37.
  • Simó M, Laborda A, Jorge C, Guerrero J, Dias M, Castro M. 2011. Introduction, distribution and habitats of the invasive spider Badumna longinqua (L. Koch, 1867) (Araneae: Desidae) in Uruguay, with notes on its world dispersion. J Nat Hist. 45:1637–1648.
  • Simó M, Lise AA, Pompozzi G, Laborda Á. 2017. On the taxonomy of southern South American species of the wolf spider genus Allocosa (Araneae: Lycosidae: Allocosinae). Zootaxa. 4216(3):261–278.
  • Simon E. 1873. Aranéides nouveaux ou peu connus du midi de l’Europe. (2e mémoire). Mem So R. Sci Liege. 2(5):187–351.
  • Simon E. 1880. Révision de la famille des Sparassidae (Arachnides). Actes Soc Linn Bord. 34:223–351.
  • Simon E. 1882. II. Étude sur les arachnides de l’Yemen méridional. In: Viaggio ad Assab nel Mar Rosso, dei signori G. Doria ed O. Beccari con il R. Aviso “Esploratore” dal 16 Novembre 1879 al 26 Febbraio 1880. Ann Mus Civ Stor Nat Genova. 18:207–260.
  • Simon E. 1885. Études sur les Arachnides recueillis en Tunisie en 1883 et 1884 par MM. A. Letourneux, M. Sédillot et Valéry Mayet, membres de la mission de l’Exploration scientifique de la Tunisie. Paris: Exploration scientifique de la Tunisie, publiée sous les auspices du Ministère de l’instruction publique.
  • Simon E. 1886a. Espèces et genres nouveaux de la famille des Thomisisdae. Actes Soc Linn Bord. 40:167–187.
  • Simon E. 1886b. Arachnides recueillis en 1882–1883 dans la Patagonie méridionale, de Santa Cruz à Punta Arena, par M. E. Lebrun, attaché comme naturaliste à la Mission du passage de Vénus. Bull Soc Zool France. 11:558–577.
  • Simon E. 1886c. Etudes arachnologiques. 18e Mémoire. XXVI. Matériaux pour servir à la faune des Arachnides du Sénégal. (Suivi d’une appendice intitulé: Descriptions de plusieurs espèces africaines nouvelles). Ann Soc Entomol Fr. 6(5):345–396.
  • Simon E. 1889a. Etudes arachnologiques. 21e Mémoire. XXXII. Descriptions d’espèces et de genres nouveaux de Nouvelle Calédonie. Ann Soc Entomol Fr. 6((8):237–247.
  • Simon E. 1889b. Arachnides. In: Voyage de M. E. Simon au Venezuela (décembre 1887-avril 1888). 4e Mémoire. Ann Soc Entomol Fr. 6(9):169–220.
  • Simon E. 1889c. Révision des Aviculariidae de la République de l'Ecuador. Act Soc Linn Bordeaux. 42:399–404.
  • Simon E. 1892. On the spiders of the island of St. Vincent. Part 1. Proc Zool Soc Lond. 59(4):549–575.
  • Simon E. 1893a. Histoire naturelle des araignées. Deuxième édition, tome premier. Paris: Roret.
  • Simon E. 1893b. Voyage de M. E. Simon au Vénezuela (Décembre 1887-Avril 1888). 21e Mémoire. Arachnides (1). Familles des Uloboridae, Zoropsidae, Dictynidae, Oecobiidae, Filistatidae, Sicariidae, Leptonetidae, Oonopidae, Dysderidae, Caponiidae, Prodidomidae, Drassidae, Palpimanidae et Zodariidae. Ann Soc Entomol Fr. 61:423–462.
  • Simon E. 1893c. Études arachnologiques. 25e Mémoire. XL. Descriptions d’espèces et de genres nouveaux de l’ordre des Araneae. Ann Soc Entomol Fr. 62:299–330.
  • Simon E. 1893d. Arachnides de l’archipel Malais. Rev Suisse Zool. 1:319–328.
  • Simon E. 1895a. Histoire naturelle des araignées. Deuxième édition, tome premier. Paris: Roret.
  • Simon E. 1895b. Descriptions d’arachnides nouveaux de la famille des Thomisidae. Ann Soc Ent Belgique. 39:432–443.
  • Simon E. 1896. Descriptions d’arachnides nouveaux de la famille des Clubionidae. Ann Soc Entomol Belg. 40:400–422.
  • Simon E. 1897. Études arachnologiques. 27e Mémoire. XLII. Descriptions d’espèces nouvelles de l’ordre des Araneae. Ann Soc Entomol Fr. 65:465–510.
  • Simon E. 1898a. Histoire naturelle des araignées. Deuxième édition, tome second. Paris: Roret.
  • Simon E. 1898b. On the spiders of the island of St Vincent. III. Proc Zool Soc Lond. 65(4):860–890.
  • Simon E. 1901. On the Arachnida collected during the Skeat expedition to the Malay Peninsula. Proc Zool Soc Lond. 71(1):45–84.
  • Simon E. 1902. Études arachnologiques. 32e Mémoire. LI. Descriptions d’espèces nouvelles de la famille des Salticidae (suite). Ann Soc Entomol Fr. 71:389–421.
  • Simon E. 1905. Étude sur les arachnides recueillis en Patagonie par le Dr. Fillipo Silvestri. Boll Mus Zool Anat Comp Torino. 20(511):1–18.
  • Simon E. 1907. Arachnides recueillis par L. Fea sur la côte occidentale d’Afrique. 1re partie. Ann Mus Civ Stor Nat Genova. 3(3):218–323.
  • Simon E. 1908. Araneae. 1re partie. In: Michaelsen W, Hartmeyer R, editors. Die Fauna Südwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger südwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905. Band 1, Lieferung 12. Jena: Gustav Fischer; p. 359–446.
  • Simpson GG. 1980. Splendid isolation: curious history of South American mammals. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press.
  • Song DX, Zhu MS, Chen J. 1999. The spiders of hina. Shijiazhuang: Hebei Science and Technology Publishing House.
  • Soto EM, Ramírez MJ. 2012. Revision and phylogenetic analysis of the spider genus Philisca Simon (Araneae: Anyphaenidae, Amaurobioidinae). Zootaxa. 3443:1–65.
  • Srinivasulu C, Srinivasulu B, Javed SMM, Seetharamaraju M, Jyothi SA, Srinivasulu CA, Tampal F. 2013. Additions to the araneofauna of Andhra Pradesh, India – Part II. Records of interesting species of the comb-footed genera Latrodectus, Rhomphaea and Coleosoma (Araneae: Theridiidae). J Threat Taxa. 5(10):4483–4491.
  • Stehli FG, Webb SD. 1985. The Great American Biotic interchange. New York, London: Plenum Press.
  • Strand E. 1906. Tropisch-afrikanische Spinnen des Kgl. Naturalienkabinetts in Stuttgart. Jahresh Ver für vaterl Naturkd Wb. 62:13–103.
  • Strand E. 1907. Aviculariidae und Atypidae des Kgl. Naturalienkabinetts in Stuttgart. Jahresh Ver für vaterl Naturkd Wb. 63:1–100.
  • Strand E. 1908. Exotisch-araneologisches. I. Amerikanische, hauptsächlich in Peru, Bolivien und Josemitetal in Californien gesammelte Spinnen. II. Spinnen aus Kamerun. III. Übersicht der bekannten Hysterocrates-Arten. IV. Zur Kenntnis der Aranea rufipalpis (Luc.). Jahrb des Nassau Ver Naturkd. 61:223–295.
  • Strand E. 1911. Spinnentiere aus Neu-Guinea (Opiliones, Psechridae und Clubionidae) gesammelt von Dr. Schlaginhaufen. Abh Berichte Königlich-Zool Anthro-Ethno Mus Dresden. 13(5):1–16.
  • Strand E. 1914. Spinnen der Familien Sparassidae, Lycosidae, Sicaridae, und Pholcidae aus Kolumbien. In: Voyage d’exploration scientifique en Columbie, par O. Fuhrmann et Eug. Mayor. Mem Soc Sci nat Neuchâtel. 5:810–820.
  • Strand E. 1915. Indoaustralische, papuanische und polynesische Spinnen des Senckenbergischen Museums, gesammelt von Dr E. Wolf, Dr J. Elbert u. a. In: Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Hanseatischen Südsee-Expedition 1909. Abh Senck Ges. 36(2):179–274. pl. 13–19.
  • Szymkowiak P. 2014. Revision of Australian species of the genus Diaea (Araneae: Thomisidae) with redefinition of their taxonomic status. Annal Zool. (Warszawa). 64(3):333–477.
  • Taczanowski L. 1872. Les aranéides de la Guyane française. Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. 9:64–112.
  • Taczanowski L. 1873. Les aranéides de la Guyane française. Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. 9:113–150. 261–286.
  • Taczanowski L. 1874. Les aranéides de la Guyane française. Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. 10:56–115.
  • Taczanowski L. 1878. Les Aranéides du Pérou central. Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. 14:140–175.
  • Talukdar S, Sanyal AK. 2013. First record of the genus Nesticodes Simon, 1894 [sic!] from India with taxonomic studies on a red cob-web-spider Nesticodes rufipes (Lucas, 1846) (Araneae: Theridiidae) from West Bengal, India. Records Zool Surv India. 113(3):41–47.
  • Tang J, Liang W, Shi H, Gao C, Li S, Zheng G. 2021. A checklist of spiders from Yongxing Island, South China Sea, with taxonomic notes on four species of goblin spiders. Biodivers Data J. 9(1):1–17.
  • Tanikawa A. 1991. Two newly recorded spiders, Theridion rufipes Lucas, 1846, and Coleosoma floridanum Banks, 1900 (Araneae: Theridiidae) from Japan. Atypus. 98/99:1–7.
  • Taucare-Ríos AO. 2012. Primer registro de Smeringopus pallidus en Chile (Araneae: Pholcidae). Rev Chil Entomol. 37:81–85.
  • Taucare-Ríos AO, Brescovit AD. 2011. La araña cangrejo gigante Heteropoda venatoria (Linnaeus, 1767) (Araneae: Sparassidae: Heteropodinae) en Chile. Bol Biodiversidad Chil. 5:39–44.
  • Taucare-Ríos AO, Bustamante RO. 2015. Retraction-Alien spiders in Chile: evaluating Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis. J Arachnol. 43(2):228.
  • Taucare-Ríos AO, Edwards GB. 2012. First records of the jumping spider Menemerus semilimbatus (Araneae: Salticidae) in Chile. Peckhamia. 102(1):1–3.
  • Taucare-Ríos AO, Mardone D, Zúñiga-Reinoso Á. 2016. Steatoda nobilis (Araneae: Theridiidae) in South America: a new alien species for Chile. Can Entomol. 148(4):479–481.
  • Teixeira RA, Campos LA, Lise AA. 2014. Phylogeny of Aphantochilinae and Strophiinae sensu Simon (Araneae; Thomisidae). Zool Scr. 43(1):65–78.
  • Thorell T. 1875. On some spiders from New-Caledonia, Madagascar and Réunion. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 43(2):130–149.
  • Thorell T. 1877. Studi sui Ragni Malesi e Papuani. I. Ragni di Selebes raccolti nel 1874 dal Dott. O. Beccari. Ann Mus Civ Stor Nat Genova. 10:341–637.
  • Thorell T. 1878. Studi sui ragni Malesi e Papuani. II. Ragni di Amboina raccolti Prof. O. Beccari. Ann Mus Civ Stor Nat Genova. 13:1–317.
  • Thorell T. 1881. Studi sui Ragni Malesi e Papuani. III. Ragni dell’Austro Malesia e del Capo York, conservati nel Museo civico di storia naturale di Genova. Ann Mus Civ Stor Nat Genova. 17:1–727.
  • Thorell T. 1887. Viaggio di L. Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. II. Primo saggio sui ragni birmani. Ann Mus Civ Stor Nat Genova. 25:5–417.
  • Thorell T. 1899. Araneae camerunenses (Africae occidentalis) quas anno 1891 collegerunt Cel. Dr Y. Sjöstedt aliique. Bihang till K. Svenska vet. akad. Handlingar. 25(1):1–105.
  • Tikader BK. 1969. Studies on spider fauna of Khasi and Jaintia hills, Assam, India. Part III. J Assam Sci Soc. 11:154–163.
  • Tikader BK. 1974. Studies on some jumping spiders of the genus Phidippus from India (family–Salticidae). Proc Natl Acad Sci India. 79(B):120–126.
  • Tikader BK. 1977. Studies on spider fauna of Andaman and Nicobar islands, Indian Ocean. Rec Zool Surv India. 72:153–212.
  • Tikader BK. 1982. Part 2. Family Gnaphosidae. In: Zoological survey of India, editor. The fauna of India. Spiders: Araneae. Vol. II. Calcutta: Zool Surv India; p. 295–536.
  • Tikader BK, Biswas B. 1981. Spider fauna of Calcutta and vicinity: Part-I. Rec Zool Surv India Occas Pap. 30:1–149.
  • Tong YF, Li SQ. 2009. Six new cave-dwelling pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Hainan Island, with two newly recorded genera from China. Zootaxa. 1988:17–32.
  • Tong YF, Li SQ. 2010. The goblin spiders of the genus Opopaea (Araneae, Oonopidae) in Hainan Island, China. Zootaxa. 2327:23–43.
  • Torsvik TH, Cocks LRM. 2013. Gondwana from top to base in space and time. Gondwana Res. 24(3–4):999–1030.
  • Traw MB. 1996. A revision of the Neotropical orb-weaving spider genus Scoloderus (Araneae: Araneidae). Psyche. 102:49–72.
  • Tullgren A. 1910. Araneae. In: Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den umgebenden Massaisteppen Deutsch-Ostafrikas 1905–1906 unter Leitung von Prof. Dr. Yngve Sjöstedt. Sjöstedts Kilimandjaro-Meru Expedition. 20(6):85–172.
  • Tyschchenko VP. 1971. Opredelitel’ paukov evropejskoj casti SSSR. Leningrad: Nauka.
  • Ubick D, Paquin P, Cushing PE, Roth V. 2017. Spiders of North America: an identification manual, 2nd ed. Keene, New Hampshire: American Arachnological Society.
  • Urquhart AT. 1893. Descriptions of new species of Araneidae. Trans N Z Inst. 25:165–190.
  • Valdez-Mondragón A. 2010. Revisión taxonómica de Physocyclus Simon, 1893 (Araneae: Pholcidae), con la descripción de especies nuevas de México. Rev Ibérica Aracnol. 18:3–80.
  • Valle SJ, Bingham C, Vincent LS, Vetter RS. 2013. A South American spider, Falconina gracilis (Keyserling 1891) (Araneae: Corinnidae), newly established in southern California. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 89(4):259–263.
  • Van der Hammen T, Absy ML. 1994. Amazonia during the last glacial. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 109:247–261.
  • Vanzolini PE, Heyer WR. 1985. The American herpetofauna and the interchange. In: Stehli FG, Webb SD, editors. The Great American Biotic interchange. New York: Plenum Press; p. 475–487.
  • Vellard J. 1926. Contribution à l’étude des araignées. Nouvelles espèces d’Argiopidae. Mem. Inst. Butantan. 3:327–331.
  • Vink C, Dupérré N, Paquin P, Fitzgerald BM, Sirvid PJ. 2009. The cosmopolitan spider Cryptachaea blattea (Urquhart 1886) (Araneae: Theridiidae): Redescription, including COI sequence, and new synonymy. Zootaxa. 2133:55–63.
  • Vuilleumier F, Andors AV. 1993. Avian biological relationships between Africa and South America. In: Goldblatt P, editor. Biological relationships between Africa and South America. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press; p. 289–328.
  • Walckenaer CA. 1837. Histoire naturelle des insectes. Aptères. Tome premier. Paris: Roret.
  • Wang JF, Zhang YJ, Li FJ. 1985. New report of some spiders from southern China. J Hunan Normal Uni. 1985(2):66–69.
  • Werenkraut V, Ramírez MJ. 2009. A revision and phylogenetic analysis of the spider genus Coptoprepes (Araneae: Anyphaenidae, Amaurobioidinae). Zootaxa. 2212:1–40.
  • Wesołowska W. 1999. A revision of the spider genus Menemerus in Africa (Araneae: Salticidae). Genus. 10:251–353.
  • Wesołowska W, Edwards GB. 2012. Jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) of the Calabar area (SE Nigeria). Ann. Zool. (Warsaw). 62:733–772.
  • Wesołowska W, Russell-Smith A. 2011. Jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) from southern Nigeria. Ann. Zool. (Warsaw). 61(3):553–619.
  • West RC, Marshall SD, Fukushima CS, Bertani R. 2008. Review and cladistic analysis of the Neotropical tarantula genus Ephebopus Simon 1892 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) with notes on the Aviculariinae. Zootaxa. 1849:35–58.
  • Wheeler WC, Coddington JA, Crowley L M, Dimitrov D, Goloboff PA, Griswold CE, Hormiga G, Prendini L, Ramírez MJ, Sierwald P, et al. 2017. The spider tree of life: phylogeny of Araneae based on target-gene analyses from an extensive taxon sampling. Cladistics. 33(6):576–616.
  • Wiehle H. 1960. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der deutschen Spinnenfauna. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst. Geog. Biol. Tiere. 88:195–254.
  • Wienskoski E. 2010. The genus Naatlo (Araneae: Theridiosomatidae): distribution and taxonomic history. Rev Bras Biocienc. 8(2):131–138.
  • Wilson DE, Reeder DM. 2005. Mammal species of the world. A taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd ed. Baltimore (MD): John Hopkins University Press.
  • Wilson JG, Fiske J. 1900. Palisot de Beauvois, Ambrose Marie François Joseph, Lodge–Pickens (1888). In: Wilson JG, Fiske J, editors. Appletons’ Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton; p. 635.
  • World Spider Catalog. 2020. Version 18.5. Natural History Museum Bern. [cited Jan 2019–Aug 2020]. Available from: https://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/
  • Wunderlich J. 1988. Die fossilen Spinnen im Dominikanischen Bernstein. Straubenhardt, Germany: Wunderlich publisher.
  • Wunderlich J. 2011. Extant and fossil spiders (Araneae). Beitr. Araneol. 6:1–640.
  • Yaginuma T. 1967. Three new spiders (Argiope, Boethus and Cispius) from Japan. Acta Arachnol. 20:50–64.
  • Yamamoto FU, Lucas SM, Guadanucci JPL, Indicatti RP. 2007. Revision of the genus Tmesiphantes Simon (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae). Rev Bras Zool. 24:971–980.
  • Yoshida H. 1992. Two species of the genus Euryopis (Araneae: Theridiidae) from Japan. Acta Arachnol. 41:139–142.
  • Yoshida H. 1993. Notes on Argyrodes xiphias Thorell, 1887 (Araneae: Theridiidae) from South East Asia. Acta Arachnol. 42:83–85.
  • Yoshida H. 2001. A revision of the Japanese genera and species of the subfamily Theridiinae (Araneae: Theridiidae). Acta Arachnol. 50:157–181.
  • Yoshida H, Koh JH. 2011. Phoroncidia, Janula and a new genus Brunepisinus (Araneae: Theridiidae) from Brunei. Acta Arachnol. 60(2):75–88.
  • Young KR, Berrx PE, Veblen TT. 2007. Flora and Vegetation. In: Veblen, TT, Young KR, Orme AR, editors. The Physical Geography of South America. New York (USA): Oxford University Press; p. 232–248.
  • Zamani A, Mirshamsi O, Marusik YM, Moradmand M. 2020. The Checklist of the Spiders of Iran. Version 2020. Available from: https://www.spiders.ir.
  • Zapfe H. 1961. La familia Filistatidae en Chile. Invest Zoo Chil. 7:145–150.
  • Zhang Z-Q. 2011. Animal biodiversity. An introduction to higher-level classification and taxonomic richness. Zootaxa. 3148:7–12.
  • Zhu MS, Song DX. 1991. Notes on the genus Argyrodes from China (Araneae: Theridiidae). J Hebei Pedagog Coll. 1991(4):130–146.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.