Longitudinal changes in BMI z-scores among 45 414 2–4-year olds with severe obesity

References

• Baughcum AE, Gramling K, Eneli I. 2015. Severely obese preschoolers in a tertiary care obesity program: characteristics and management. Clin Pediatr 54:346–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkey CS, Colditz GA. 2007. Adiposity in adolescents: change in actual BMI works better than change in BMI z score for longitudinal studies. Ann Epidemiol 17:44–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Box GEP, Cox DR. 1964. An analysis of transformations. J R Stat Soc Series B 26:pp.211–252.
   Google Scholar
• Canty A, Ripley B. 2017. Boot: Bootstrap Functions (Originally by Angelo Canty for S). Available at: https://cran.r-project.org/package=boot
   Google Scholar
• CDC. National Center for Health Statistics, Growth Charts - Z-score Data Files. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/zscore.htm [Accessed May 10, 2017].
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2016. A SAS Program for the 2000 CDC Growth Charts. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/growthcharts/resources/sas.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). n.d. Modified z-scores in the CDC growth charts. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/growthcharts/resources/biv-cutoffs.pdf [Accessed April 25, 2017].
   Google Scholar
• Cole TJ. 1995. Conditional reference charts to assess weight gain in British infants. Arch Dis Child 73:8–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole TJ. 1994. Growth charts for both cross-sectional and longitudinal data. Stat Med 13:2477–2492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole TJ. 1990. The LMS method for constructing normalized growth standards. Eur J Clin Nutr 44: 45–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole TJ, Faith MS, Pietrobelli A, Heo M. 2005. What is the best measure of adiposity change in growing children: BMI, BMI%, BMI z-score or BMI centile? Eur J Clin Nutr 59:419–425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole TJ, Freeman JV, Preece MA. 1998. British 1990 growth reference centiles for weight, height, body mass index and head circumference fitted by maximum penalized likelihood. Stat Med 17:407–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole TJ, Green PJ. 1992. Smoothing reference centile curves: the LMS method and penalized likelihood. Stat Med 11:1305–1319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flegal KM, Wei R, Ogden CL, Freedman DS, Johnson CL, Curtin LR. 2009. Characterizing extreme values of body mass index-for-age by using the 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts. Am J Clin Nutr 90:1314–1320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flegal KM, Cole TJ. 2013. Construction of LMS parameters for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000 Growth Charts. Natl Health Stat Report 9:1–3.
   Google Scholar
• Freedman DS, Butte NF, Taveras EM, Lundeen EA, Blanck HM, Goodman AB, Ogden CL. 2017a. BMI z-Scores are a poor indicator of adiposity among 2- to 19-year-olds with very high BMIs, NHANES 1999-2000 to 2013-2014. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 25:739–746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman DS, Butte NF, Taveras EM, Goodman AB, Ogden CL, Blanck HM. 2017b. The limitations of transforming very high body mass indexes into z-scores among 8.7 million 2- to 4-year-old children. J Pediatr 188:50–56.e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman DS, Lawman HG, Pan L, Skinner AC, Allison DB, McGuire LC, Blanck HM. 2016. The prevalence and validity of high, biologically implausible values of weight, height, and BMI among 8.8 million children. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 24:1132–1139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman DS, Berenson GS. 2017. The longitudinal tracking of BMI z-scores and other BMI metrics among 2- to 17-year-olds. Pediatrics In Press. doi: 10.1542/peds.2017-1072
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampl S, Odar Stough C, Poppert Cordts K, Best C, Blackburn K, Dreyer Gillette ML. 2016. Effectiveness of a hospital-based multidisciplinary pediatric weight management program: Two-year outcomes of PHIT Kids. Child Obes 12:20–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hintze JL, Nelson RD. 1998. Violin plots: a box plot-density trace synergism. Am Stat 52:181–184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kakinami L, Henderson M, Chiolero A, Cole TJ, Paradis G. 2014. Identifying the best body mass index metric to assess adiposity change in children. Arch Dis Child 99:1020–1024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly AS, Barlow SE, Rao G, Inge TH, Hayman LL, Steinberger J, Urbina EM, et al. 2013. Severe obesity in children and adolescents: identification, associated health risks, and treatment approaches: a Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 128:1689–1712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreier F, Genco ŞM, Boreel M, Langkemper MP, Nugteren IC, Rijnveld V, Thissen V, et al. 2013. An individual, community-based treatment for obese children and their families: the solution-focused approach. Obesity Facts 6:424–432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Guo SS, Grummer-Strawn LM, Flegal KM, Mei Z, Wei R, et al. 2002. 2000 CDC Growth Charts for the United States: methods and development. Vital Health Stat 11:1–190.
   Google Scholar
• Lo JC, Chandra M, Sinaiko A, Daniels SR, Prineas RJ, Maring B, Parker ED, et al. 2014. Severe obesity in children: prevalence, persistence and relation to hypertension. Int J Pediatr Endocrinol 2014:3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Markert J, Herget S, Petroff D, Gausche R, Grimm A, Kiess W, Blüher S. 2014. Telephone-based adiposity prevention for families with overweight children (T.A.F.F.-Study): one year outcome of a randomized, controlled trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health 11:10327–10344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormick EV, Dickinson LM, Haemer MA, Knierim SD, Hambidge SJ, Davidson AJ. 2014. What can providers learn from childhood body mass index trajectories: a study of a large, safety-net clinical population. Acad Pediatr 14:639–645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mei Z, Scanlon KS, Grummer-Strawn LM, Freedman DS, Yip R, Trowbridge FL. 1998. Increasing prevalence of overweight among US low-income preschool children: the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance, 1983 to 1995. Pediatrics 101:E12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor EA, et al. 2017. Screening for Obesity and Intervention for Weight Management in Children and Adolescents. Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). JAMA 317:2427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogden CL, Flegal KM. 2010. Changes in terminology for childhood overweight and obesity. Natl Health Stat Report 25:1–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paluch RA, Epstein LH, Roemmich JN. 2007. Comparison of methods to evaluate changes in relative body mass index in pediatric weight control. Am J Hum Biol 19:487–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Core Team. 2017. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available at: http://www.r-project.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Shrout PE, Fleiss JL. 1979. Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychol Bull 86:420–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smego A, Woo JG, Klein J, Suh C, Bansal D, Bliss S, Daniels SR, et al. 2017. High body mass index in infancy may predict severe obesity in early childhood. J Pediatr 183:87–93.e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Preventive Services Task Force 2017. Screening for obesity in children and adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA 317:2417–2426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Cai L, Wu Y, Wilson RF, Weston C, Fawole O, Bleich SN, et al. 2015. What childhood obesity prevention programmes work? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 16:547–565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO Department of Nutrition for Health and Development. 2009. WHO child growth standards. Growth velocity based on weight, length and head circumference. Methods and development. Available at: http://www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/velocity/tr3_velocity_report.pdf [Accessed May 17, 2017].
   Google Scholar
• WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group. 2006. WHO Child Growth Standards: Length/height-for-age, weight-for- age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: Methods and development. Geneva: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Wolak M. 2017. ICC: Facilitating Estimation of the Intraclass CorrelationCoefficient [R package ICC version 2.3.0]. Available at: https://cran.r-project.org/package=ICC [Accessed February 22, 2017].
   Google Scholar
• Woo JG. 2009. Using body mass index Z-score among severely obese adolescents: a cautionary note. Int J Pediatr Obes 4:405–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. n.d. Growth reference 5-19 years. WHO | BMI-for-age (5-19 years). WHO. Available at: http://www.who.int/growthref/who2007_bmi_for_age/en/ [Accessed August 2, 2017].
   Google Scholar
• Zemel BS. 2009. A commentary on the construction of weight velocity charts. Nutr Clin Pract 24:651–653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar