243
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Paper

Rural–urban variations in age at menarche, adult height, leg-length and abdominal adiposity in black South African women in transitioning South Africa

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 123-132 | Received 06 Apr 2017, Accepted 06 Feb 2018, Published online: 20 Mar 2018

References

  • Ameade EP, Garti HA. 2016. Age at menarche and factors that influence it: a study among female University students in Tamale, Northern Ghana. PLoS One 11:e0155310.
  • Anderson KG. 2015. Father absence, childhood stress, and reproductive maturation in South Africa. Hum Nat 26:401–425.
  • Armstrong ME, Lambert MI, Lambert EV. 2011. Secular trends in the prevalence of stunting, overweight and obesity among South African children (1994–2004). Eur J Clin Nutr 65:835–840.
  • Barbarin O, Richter L, deWet T. 2001. Exposure to violence, coping resources, and psychological adjustment of South African children. Am J Orthopsychiatry 71:16–25.
  • Beall J, Crankshaw O, Parnell S. 2002. Social differentiation and urban governance in greater Soweto: a case study of post-apartheid reconstruction.
  • Belachew T, Hadley C, Lindstrom D, Getachew Y, Duchateau L, Kolsteren P. 2011. Food insecurity and age at menarche among adolescent young adult women in Jimma Zone Southwest Ethiopia: a longitudinal study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 9:125.
  • Bogin B, Varela-Silva MI. 2008. Fatness biases the use of estimated leg length as an epidemiological marker for adults in the NHANES III sample. Int J Epidemiol 37:201–209.
  • Bogin B, Varela-Silva MI. 2010. Leg length, body proportion, and health: a review with a note on beauty. Int J Environ Res Public Health 7:1047–1075.
  • Cameron N. 1984. The measurement of human growth. London: Croom Helm.
  • Cameron N, Kgamphe J, Levin Z. 1991. Age at menarche and an analysis of secular trends in menarcheal age of South African urban and rural black females. Am J Hum Biol 3:251–255.
  • Cameron N, Wright C. 1990. The start of breast development and age at menarche in South African black females. S Afr Med J 78:536–539.
  • Cameron N, Wright M, Griffiths P, Norris S, Pettifor J. 2005. Stunting at 2 years in relation to body composition at 9 years in African urban children. Obes Res 13:131–136.
  • Castilho S, Nucci L, Assuino S, Hansen L. 2014. The importance of memory bias in obtaining age of menarche by recall method in Brazilian adolescents. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 58:394–397.
  • Clark SJ, Gomez-Olive FX, Houle B, Thorogood M, Klipstein-Grobusch K, Angotti N, Kabudula C, et al. 2015. Cardiometabolic disease risk and HIV status in rural South Africa: establishing a baseline. BMC Public Health 15:135.
  • Cois A, Day C. 2015. Obesity trends and risk factors in the South African adult population. BMC Obesity 2:42.
  • Cole T. 2000. Secular trends in growth. Proc Nutr Soc 59:317–324.
  • Collinson MA, Tollman SM, Kahn K. 2007. Migration, settlement change and health in post-apartheid South Africa: Triangulating health and demographic surveillance with national census data. Scand J Public Health Suppl 35(69 Suppl):77–84.
  • Day T, Rowe L. 2002. Developmental thresholds and the evolution of reaction norms for age and size at life-history transitions. Am Nat 159:338–350.
  • Department of Health, SA MRC. 2002. South Africa Demographic and Health Survey 1998. Pretoria, South Africa: Department of Health/South Africa: Department of Health, Macro International.
  • Department of Health, SA MRC. 2007. South Africa Demographic and Health Survey 2003. Department of health.
  • Dubois L, Ohm Kyvik K, Girard M, Tatone-Tokuda F, Perusse D, Hjelmborg J, Skytthe A, et al. 2012. Genetic and environmental contributions to weight, height, and BMI from birth to 19 years of age: an international study of over 12,000 twin pairs. PLoS One 7:e30153.
  • Eastell R. 2005. Role of oestrogen in the regulation of bone turnover at the menarche. J Endocrinol 185:223–234.
  • Frisancho AR. 2007. Relative leg length as a biological marker to trace the developmental history of individuals and populations: growth delay and increased body fat. Am J Hum Biol 19:703–710.
  • Gomez-Olive FX, Angotti N, Houle B, Klipstein-Grobusch K, Kabudula C, Menken J, Williams J, et al. 2013. Prevalence of HIV among those 15 and older in rural South Africa. AIDS Care 25:1122–1128.
  • Hales C, Barker D. 2001. The thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Br Med Bull 60:5–20.
  • Hoffman D, Sawaya A, Verreschi I, Tucker K, Roberts S. 2000. Why are nutritionally stunted children at increased risk of obesity? Studies of metabolic rate and fat oxidation in shantytown children from Sao Paulo, Brazil. Am J Clin Nutr 72:702–707.
  • Houle B, Clark SJ, Gomez-Olive FX, Kahn K, Tollman SM. 2014. The unfolding counter-transition in rural South Africa: mortality and cause of death, 1994–2009. PLoS One 9:e100420.
  • Houle B, Pantazis A, Kabudula C, Tollman S, Clark SJ. 2016. Social patterns and differentials in the fertility transition in the context of HIV/AIDS: evidence from population surveillance, rural South Africa, 1993–2013. Popul Health Metr 14:10.
  • Inman RP, Rubinfeld DL. 2013. Understanding the democratic transition in South Africa. Am Law Econ Rev 15:1–38.
  • Janghorbani M, Mansourian M, Hosseini E. 2014. Systematic review and meta-analysis of age at menarche and risk of type 2 diabetes. Acta Diabetol 51:519–528.
  • Jelenkovic A, Sund R, Hur YM, Yokoyama Y, Hjelmborg JV, Moller S, Honda C. 2016. Genetic and environmental influences on height from infancy to early adulthood: an individual-based pooled analysis of 45 twin cohorts. Sci Rep 6:28496.
  • Jones LL, Griffiths PL, Norris SA, Pettifor JM, Cameron N. 2009a. Age at menarche and the evidence for a positive secular trend in urban South Africa. Am J Hum Biol 21:130–132.
  • Jones LL, Griffiths PL, Norris SA, Pettifor JM, Cameron N. 2009b. Is puberty starting earlier in urban South Africa? Am J Hum Biol 21:395–397.
  • Kagura J, Adair LS, Pisa PT, Griffiths PL, Pettifor JM, Norris SA. 2016. Association of socioeconomic status change between infancy and adolescence, and blood pressure, in South African young adults: Birth to Twenty Cohort. BMJ Open 6:e008805.
  • Kahn K, Collinson MA, Gomez-Olive FX, Mokoena O, Twine R, Mee P, Afolabi SA, et al. 2012. Profile: Agincourt health and socio-demographic surveillance system. Int J Epidemiol 41:988–1001.
  • Karapanou O, Papadimitriou A. 2010. Determinants of menarche. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 8:115.
  • Kimani-Murage E. 2013. Exploring the paradox: double burden of malnutrition in rural South Africa. Glob Health Action 6:19249.
  • Kimani-Murage EW, Kahn K, Pettifor JM, Tollman SM, Klipstein-Grobusch K, Norris SA. 2011. Predictors of adolescent weight status and central obesity in rural South Africa. Public Health Nutr 14:1114–1122.
  • Labadarios D, Steyn N, Maunder E, MacIntryre U, Gericke G, Swart R, Huskisson J, et al. 2005. The National Food Consumption Survey (NFCS): South Africa, 1999. Public Health Nutr 8:533–543.
  • Leenstra T, Petersen LT, Kariuki SK, Oloo AJ, Kager PA, ter Kuile FO. 2005. Prevalence and severity of malnutrition and age at menarche; cross-sectional studies in adolescent schoolgirls in western Kenya. Eur J Clin Nutr 59:41–48.
  • Leibbrandt M, Woolard I, Finn A, Argent J. 2010. Trends in South African income distribution and poverty since the fall of apartheid. Paris: OECD. No. 101.
  • Lohman T, Roche A, Martorell R. 1988. Anthropometric standardization reference manual. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Books.
  • Lundeen EA, Norris SA, Adair LS, Richter LM, Stein AD. 2016b. Sex differences in obesity incidence: 20-year prospective cohort in South Africa. Paediatr Obes 11:75–80.
  • Lundeen EA, Norris SA, Martorell R, Suchdev PS, Mehta NK, Richter LM, Stein AD. 2016a. Early Life Growth Predicts Pubertal Development in South African Adolescents. J Nutr 146:622–629.
  • Maddah M. 2009. Risk factors for overweight in urban and rural school young adult women in Iran: skipping breakfast and early menarche. Int J Cardiol 136:235–238.
  • Malina R. 2004. Secular trends in growth, maturation and physical performance: a review. Anthropol Rev 67:3–31.
  • Mamabolo R, Alberts M, Steyn N, Delemarre-van de Waal H, Levitt N. 2005. Prevalence and determinants of stunting and overweight in 3-year-old black South African children residing in the Central Region of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Public Health Nutr 8:501–508.
  • Maredza M, Bertram MY, Gomez-Olive XF, Tollman SM. 2016. Burden of stroke attributable to selected lifestyle risk factors in rural South Africa. BMC Public Health 16:143.
  • McDonald J, Eng S, Dina O, Schooling C, Terry M. 2016. Infection and pubertal timing: a systematic review. J Dev Orig Health Dis 7:636–651.
  • McIntyre MH, Kacerosky PM. 2011. Age and size at maturity in women: a norm of reaction? Am J Hum Biol 23:305–312.
  • McIntyre MH. 2011. Adult stature, body proportions and age at menarche in the United States National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES) III. Ann Hum Biol 38:716–720.
  • Mears RR. 1997. Improving economic development in greater Soweto: the role of local government. Africa Insight 27:178–187.
  • Mukuddem-Petersen J, Kruger HS. 2004. Association between stunting and overweight among 10-15-y-old children in the North West Province of South Africa: the THUSA BANA study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 28:842–851.
  • NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. 2016. A century of trends in adult human height. Elife 5:e13410.
  • Nnyepi MS, Gwisai N, Lekgoa M, Seru T. 2015. Evidence of nutrition transition in Southern Africa. Proc Nutr Soc 74:478–486.
  • Norris S, Wrottesley S, Said-Mohamed R, Micklesfield L. 2014. Africa in transition: growth trends in children and implications for nutrition. Ann Nutr Metab 64:8–13.
  • Ong KK, Emmett P, Northstone K, Golding J, Rogers I, Ness AR, Wells JC, Dunger DB. 2009. Infancy weight gain predicts childhood body fat and age at menarche in girls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94:1527–1532.
  • Onland-Moret NC, Peeters PH, van Gils CH, Clavel-Chapelon F, Key T, Tjonneland A, Trichopoulou A, et al. 2005. Age at menarche in relation to adult height: the EPIC study. Am J Epidemiol 162:623–632.
  • Osuch JR, Karmaus W, Hoekman P, Mudd L, Zhang J, Haan P, Mikucki D. 2010. Association of age at menarche with adult leg length and trunk height: speculations in relation to breast cancer risk. Ann Hum Biol 37:76–85.
  • Pasquet P, Biyong AM, Rikong-Adie H, Befidi-Mengue R, Garba MT, Froment A. 1999. Age at menarche and urbanization in Cameroon: current status and secular trends. Ann Hum Biol 26:89–97.
  • Pomeroy E, Stock J, Stanojevic S, Miranda J, Cole T, Wells J. 2014. Stunting, adiposity, and the individual-level “dual burden” among urban lowland and rural highland Peruvian children. Am J Hum Biol 26:481–490.
  • Pradeilles R, Emily R, Norris SA, Griffiths PL. 2014. Urban South African adolescents’ perceptions of their neighborhood socio-economic environments: the birth to twenty plus cohort study. Child Youth Environ 24:173–200.
  • Prentice P, Viner RM. 2013. Pubertal timing and adult obesity and cardiometabolic risk in women and men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Obes (Lond) 37:1036–1043.
  • Ray S, Mishra SK, Roy AG, Das BM. 2010. Menstrual characteristics: a study of the adolescents of rural and urban West Bengal, India. Ann Hum Biol 37:668–681.
  • Richter L, Norris S, Pettifor J, Yach D, Cameron N. 2007. Cohort Profile: Mandela’s children: the 1990 Birth to Twenty study in South Africa. Int J Epidemiol 36:504–511.
  • Said-Mohamed R, Micklesfield LK, Pettifor JM, Norris SA. 2015. Has the prevalence of stunting in South African children changed in 40 years? A systematic review. BMC Public Health 15:534.
  • Salgin B, Norris SA, Prentice P, Pettifor JM, Richter LM, Ong KK, Dunger DB. 2005. Even transient rapid infancy weight gain is associated with higher BMI in young adults and earlier menarche. Int J Obes (Lond) 39:939–944.
  • Saloojee H, De Maayer T, Garenne ML, Kahn K. 2007. What’s new? Investigating risk factors for severe childhood malnutrition in a high HIV prevalence South African setting. Scand J Public Health 35:96–106.
  • Sartorius B, Kahn K, Vounatsou P, Collinson M, Tollman S. 2010. Young and vulnerable: spatial-temporal trends and risk factors for infant mortality in rural South Africa (Agincourt), 1992–2007. BMC Public Health 10:645.
  • Schooling CM, Jiang CQ, Lam TH, Zhang WS, Adab P, Cheng KK, Leung GM. 2010. Leg length and age of puberty among men and women from a developing population: the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort study. Am J Hum Biol 22:683–687.
  • Shisana O, Labadarios D, Rehle T, Simbayi L, Zuma K, Dhansay A, Reddy P. 2014. South African National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (SANHANES-1): 2014 Edition. Cape Town: HSRC Press.
  • Sohn K. 2014. Age and size at maturity in Indonesian women: a norm of reaction? Am J Hum Biol 26:713–715.
  • Stats SA. 2012. Statistics South Africa (2012) Census 2011. Census in brief. [Online]. Statistics South Africa: Pretoria. Available online at: http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf (accessed November 5, 2016).
  • Stats SA. 2016a. Mid-year population estimates 2016. Available online at: http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022016.pdf (accessed November 5, 2016).
  • Stats SA. 2016b. Regional economic growth. Available online at: http://www.statssa.gov.za/economic_growth/16%20Regional%20estimates.pdf (accessed Septembre 19, 2017).
  • Stein AD, Lundeen EA, Martorell R, Suchdev PS, Mehta NK, Richter LM, Norris SA. 2016. Pubertal development and prepubertal height and weight jointly predict young adult height and body mass index in a prospective study in South Africa. J Nutr 146:1394–1401.
  • Steyn NP, Nel JH, Parker W, Ayah R, Mbithe D. 2012. Urbanisation and the nutrition transition: a comparison of diet and weight status of South African and Kenyan women. Scand J Public Health 40:229–238.
  • Symington EA, Gericke GJ, Nel JH, Labadarios D. 2015. The relationship between stunting and overweight among children from South Africa: Secondary analysis of the National Food Consumption Survey–Fortification Baseline I. S Afr Med J 106:65–69.
  • Tibazarwa K, Ntyintyane L, Sliwa K, Gerntholtz T, Carrington M, Wilkinson D, Stewart S. 2009. A time bomb of cardiovascular risk factors in South Africa: results from the Heart of Soweto Study “Heart Awareness Days”. Int J Cardiol 132:233–239.
  • Timaeus IM. 2012. Stunting and obesity in childhood: a reassessment using longitudinal data from South Africa. Int J Epidemiol 41:764–772.
  • Turok I. 2012. Urbanisation and development in South Africa: economic imperatives, spatial distortions and strategic responses. London: International Institute for Environment and Development. N°8.
  • Vorster HH, Kruger A, Margetts BM. 2011. The nutrition transition in Africa: can it be steered into a more positive direction? Nutrients 3:429–441.
  • Wilson DA, Derraik JG, Rowe DL, Hofman PL, Cutfield WS. 2015. Earlier menarche is associated with lower insulin sensitivity and increased adiposity in young adult women. PLoS One 10:e0128427.
  • Yermachenko A, Dvornyk V. 2014. Nongenetic determinants of age at menarche: a systematic review. Biomed Res Int 2014:371583.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.