A new method for investigating the relationship between diet and mortality: hazard analysis using dietary isotopes

References

• Adler NE, Boyce T, Chesney MA, Cohen S, Folkman S, Kahn RL, Syme SL. 1994. Socioeconomic status and health. The challenge of the gradient. Am Psychol. 49(1):15–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler NE, Ostrove JM. 1999. Socioeconomic status and health: what we know and what we don't. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 896:3–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambrose SH. 1991. Effects of diet, climate and physiology on nitrogen isotopes abundances in terrestrial foodwebs. J Archaeol Sci. 18(3):293–317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apuleius. 2007. The golden ass. Relihan JC, translator. Indianapolis (IN): Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Arcini C, Ahlström T, Tagesson G. 2014. Variations in diet and stature: are they linked? Bioarchaeology and paleodietary Bayesian mixing models from Linköping, Sweden. Int J Osteoarchaeol. 24(4):543–556.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armit I, Shapland F, Montgomery J, Beaumont J. 2015. Difference in death? A lost Neolithic inhumation cemetery with Britain's earliest case of rickets, at Balevullin, western Scotland. Proc Prehist Soc. 81:199–214.
   Google Scholar
• Barber B, Bowsher D. editors. 2000. The eastern cemetery of Roman London: excavations 1983–1990. London: MoLAS Monograph 4.
   Google Scholar
• Beaumont J, Craig-Atkins E, Buckberry J, Haydock H, Horne P, Howcroft R, MacKenzie K, Montgomery J. 2018. Comparing apples and oranges: why infant bone collagen may not reflect dietary intake in the same way as dentine collagen. Am J Phys Anthropol. 167(3):524–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaumont J, Geber J, Powers N, Wilson A, Lee-Thorp J, Montgomery J. 2013a. Victims and survivors: stable isotopes used to identify migrants from the Great Irish Famine to 19th century London. Am J Phys Anthropol. 150(1):87–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaumont J, Gledhill A, Lee-Thorp J, Montgomery J. 2013b. Childhood diet: a closer examination of the evidence from dental tissues using stable isotope analysis of incremental human dentine. Archaeometry. 55(2):277–295.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaumont J, Montgomery J. 2016. The Great Irish Famine: identifying starvation in the tissues of victims. PLoS One. 11(8):e0160065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaumont J, Montgomery J, Buckberry J, Jay M. 2015. Infant mortality and isotopic complexity: new approaches to stress, maternal health, and weaning. Am J Phys Anthropol. 157(3):441–457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell LS, Cox G, Sealy J. 2001. Determining isotopic life history trajectories using bone density fractionation and stable isotope measurements: a new approach. Am J Phys Anthropol. 116(1):66–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentley D, Pritchard F. 1982. The Roman cemetery at St Bartholomew’s Hospital. Trans London Middlesex Archaeol Soc. 33:134–172.
   Google Scholar
• Bogaard A, Heaton THE, Poulton P, Merbach I. 2007. The impact of manuring on nitrogen isotope ratios in cereals: archaeological implications for reconstruction of diet and crop management practices. J Archaeol Sci. 34(3):335–343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonsall LA, Pickard C. 2015. Stable isotope and dental pathology evidence for diet in late Roman Winchester, England. J Archaeol Sci Rep. 2:128–140.
   Google Scholar
• Booth PM. 1997. Asthall, Oxfordshire: excavations in a Roman ‘small town’. Thames Valley Landscapes. Vol. 9. Oxford: Oxford University School of Archaeology.
   Google Scholar
• Booth P, Simmonds A, Boyle A, Clough S, Cool HEM, Poore D. 2010. The late Roman cemetery at Lankhills, Winchester: excavations 2000–2005. Oxford: Oxford Monograph No. 10.
   Google Scholar
• Bradley K. 1984. Slavery and society at Rome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Britton AJ, Helliwell RC, Fisher JM, Gibbs S. 2008. Interactive effects of nitrogen deposition and fire on plant and soil chemistry in an alpine heathland. Environ Pollut. 156(2):409–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown TA, Brown K. 2011. Biomolecular archaeology: an introduction. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Brown JE, Isaac JS, Krinke UB, Lechtenberg E, Murtaugh MA, Sharbaugh C, Splett PL, Strang J, Woolridge NH. 2013. Nutrition through the life cycle. 5th ed. USA: Cengage Learning.
   Google Scholar
• Burt NM. 2013. Stable isotope ratio analysis of breastfeeding and weaning practices of children from Medieval Fishergate House York, UK. Am J Phys Anthropol. 152(3):407–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burt NM. 2015. Individual dietary patterns during childhood: an archaeological application of a stable isotope microsampling method for tooth dentin. J Arch Sci. 53:277–290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buzon MR. 2006. Health of the non-elites at Tombos: nutritional and disease stress in New Kingdom Nubia. Am J Phys Anthropol. 130(1):26–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron AC, Roberts C. 1984. The human skeletal remains from Gambier-Parry Lodge. Gloucester: University of Bradford. Unpublished report.
   Google Scholar
• Casper RC. 1996. Carbohydrate metabolism and its regulatory hormones in anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Res. 62(1):85–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cato the Elder. 2018. De Agri Cultura. http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cato/De_Agricultura/home.html
   Google Scholar
• Chenery C, Eckardt H, Müldner G. 2011. Cosmopolitian Catterick? Isotopic evidence for population mobility on Rome’s northern frontier. J Archaeol Sci. 38(7):1525–1536.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherel Y, LeMaho Y. 1985. Fasting in king penguin. I. Hormonal and metabolic changes during breeding. Am Physiol Soc. 24942:R387–392.
   Google Scholar
• Cheung C, Schroeder H, Hedges R. 2012. Diet, social differentiation and cultural change in Roman Britain: new isotopic evidence from Gloucestershire. Archaeol Anthropol Sci. 4(1):61–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen S, Janicki-Deverts D, Chen E, Matthews KA. 2010. Childhood socioeconomic status and adult health. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1186:37–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cool HEM. 2006. Eating and drinking in Roman Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Craig OE, Bondioli L, Fattore L, Higham T, Hedges R. 2013. Evaluating marine diets through radiocarbon dating and stable isotope analysis of victims of the AD79 eruption of Vesuvius. Am J Phys Anthropol. 152(3):345–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crichton P. 1996. Were the Roman emperors Claudius and Vitellius bulimic? Int J Eat Disord. 19(2):203–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings C. 2008. Food and society in late Roman Britain: determining dietary patterns using stable isotope analysis [PhD thesis]. Oxford: University of Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Duška F, Tůma P, Mokrejs P, Kubena A, Andel M. 2007. Analysis of factors influencing nitrogen balance during acute starvation in obese subject with and without type 2 diabetes. Clin Anat. 26(5):552–558.
   Google Scholar
• Eckardt H. ed. 2010. Roman diasporas: archaeological approaches to mobility and diversity in the Roman Empire. Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series. Vo. 78.
   Google Scholar
• El-Sherpieny EA, Ibrahim SA, Bedar R. 2013. A new bivariate distribution with Gompertz marginals. Int J Basic Appl Sci. 2(4):346–355.
   Google Scholar
• Fraser RA, Bogaard A, Heaton T, Charles M, Jones G, Christensen BT, Halstead P, Merbach I, et al. 2011. Manuring and stable nitrogen isotope ratios in cereals and pulses: towards a new archaeobotantical approach to the inference of land use and dietary practices. J Archaeol Sci. 38(10):2790–2804.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller BT, Fuller JL, Sage NE, Harris DA, O'Connell TC, Hedges R. 2004. Nitrogen balance and δ15N: why you’re not what you eat during pregnancy. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 18(23):2889–2896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller BT, Fuller JL, Sage NE, Harris DA, O'Connell TC, Hedges R. 2005. Nitrogen balance and δ15N: why you’re not what you eat during nutritional stress. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 19(18):2497–2506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller BT, Molleson TI, Harris DA, Gilmour LT, Hedges R. 2006. Isotopic evidence for breastfeeding and possible adult dietary differences from Late/Sub-Roman Britain. Am J Phys Anthropol. 129(1):45–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gage TB. 1988. Mathematical hazard models of mortality: an alternative to model life tables. Am J Phys Anthropol. 76(4):429–441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galera V, Ubelaker DH, Hayek LC. 1995. Interobserver error in macroscopic methods of estimating age at death from the human skeleton. Int J Anthropol. 10.4:229–239.
   Google Scholar
• Gowland RL. 2015. Entangled lives: implications of the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis for bioarchaeology and the life course. Am J Phys Anthropol. 158(4):530–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guthrie RD. 1995. Mammalian evolution in response to the Pleistocene-Holocene transition and the break-up of the mammoth steppe: two case studies. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia. 38:1139–1154.
   Google Scholar
• Hatch KA, Crawford MA, Kunz AW, Thomsen SR, Eggett DL, Nelson ST, Roeder BL. 2006. An objective means of diagnosing anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa using 15N/14N and 13C/12C ratios in hair. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 20(22):3367–3373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heaton T. 1987. The 15N/14N ratios of plants in South Africa and Namibia: relationship to climate and coastal/saline environments. Oecologia. 74(2):236–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedges RE, Reynard LM. 2007. Nitrogen isotopes and the trophic level of humans in archaeology. J Arch Sci. 34(8):1240–1251.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemelrijk EA. 2015. Hidden lives, public personae: women and civic life in the Roman West. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Herrmann NP, Konigsberg LW. 2002. A re-examination of the age-at-death distribution of Indian Knoll. In: Vaupel JW and Hoppa RD, editors. Paleodemography: age distributions from skeletal samples. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; p 243–257.
   Google Scholar
• Hobson KA, Alisauskas RT, Clark RG. 1993. Stable-nitrogen isotope enrichment in avian tissues due to fasting and nutritional stress: implications for isotopic analyses of diet. Condor. 95(2):388–394.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman DJ. 2005. A programming language for building likelihood models. Version 2.1. Seattle: WA.
   Google Scholar
• Humphrey LT. 2014. Isotopic and trace element evidence of dietary transitions in early life. Ann Hum Biol. 41(4):348–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jay M. 2008. Iron Age diet at Glastonbury lake village: the isotopic evidence for negligible aquatic resource consumption. Oxford J Archaeol. 27(2):201–216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jay M, Richards MP. 2006. Diet in the Iron Age cemetery population at Wetwang Slack, East Yorkshire, UK: carbon and nitrogen stable isotope evidence. J Arch Sci. 33(5):653–662.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones ME. 1996. The end of Roman Britain. USA: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Joshel SR. 2010. Slavery in the Roman world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Katzenberg MA, Lovell NC. 1999. Stable isotope variation in pathological bone. Int J Osteoarchaeol. 9(5):316–324.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King CL, Millard AR, Gröcke DR, Standen VG, Arriaza BT, Halcrow SE. 2017. A comparison of using bulk and incremental isotopic analyses to establish weaning practices in the past. Star. 3(1):126–134.
   Google Scholar
• Lehn C, Lihl C, Roßmann A. 2015. Change in geographical location from Germany (Bavaria) to USA (Arizona) and its effect on H-C-N-S stable isotopes in human hair. Isotopes Environ Health Stud. 51(1):68–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locker A. 2007. In piscibus diversis: the bone evidence for fish consumption in Roman Britain. Britannia. XXXVIII:141–180.
   Google Scholar
• MacKinder A. editor. 2000. A Romano-British ritual site on Watling Street. Excavations at 165 Great Dover Street, Southwark, London, SE1. Archaeology Study Series 4. London: Museum of London Archaeology Service.
   Google Scholar
• Mattingly D. 2006. An Imperial possession. Britain in the Roman Empire 54BC-AD 409. London: Penguin Books.
   Google Scholar
• McGavin N. 1980. A Roman cemetery and trackway at Stanton Harcourt. Oxoniensia. XLV:112–123.
   Google Scholar
• McWhirr A, Viner L, Wells C. editors. 1982. Romano-British cemeteries at Cirencester. Cirencester Excavations II. England: Cirencester Excavation Committee.
   Google Scholar
• Mekota AM, Grupe G, Ufer S, Cuntz U. 2006. Serial analysis of stable nitrogen and carbon isotopes in hair: monitoring starvation and recovery phases of patients suffering from anorexia nervosa. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 20(10):1604–1610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery J, Beaumont J, Jay M, Keefe K, Gledhill AR, Cook GT, Dockrill SJ, Melton ND. 2013. Strategic and sporadic marine consumption at the onset of the Neolithic: increasing temporal resolution in the isotope evidence. Antiquity. 87(338):1060–1072.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller LD, Nusbaum TJ, Rose MR. 1995. The Gompertz equation as a predictive tool in demography. Exp Gerontol. 30(6):553–569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müldner G. 2013. Stable isotopes and diet: their contribution to Romano-British research. Antiquity. 87(335):137–149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müldner G, Britton K, Ervynck A. 2014. Inferring animal husbandry strategies in coastal zones through stable isotope analysis: new evidence from the Flemish coastal plain (Belgium, 1st–5th century AD). J Archaeol Sci. 41:322–332.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müldner G, Chenery C, Eckardt H. 2011. The ‘Headless Romans’: multi-isotope investigations of an usuaul burial ground from Roman Britain. J Archaeol Sci. 38(2):280–290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müldner G, Richards RP. 2007. Stable isotope evidence for 1500 years of human diet at the City of York, UK. Am J Phys Anthropol. 133(1):682–697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagaoka T, Hirata K, Yokota E, Matsu'ura S. 2006. Paleodemography of a medieval population in Japan: analysis of human skeletal remains from the Yuigahama‐minami site. Am J Phys Anthropol. 131(1):1–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nehlich O, Fuller BT, Jay M, Mora A, Nicholson RA, Smith CI, Richards MP. 2011. Application of sulphur isotope ratios to examine weaning patterns and freshwater fish consumption in Roman Oxfordshire, UK. Geochim Cosmochim Acta. 75(17):4963–4977.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuberger FM, Jopp E, Graw M, Püschel K, Grupe G. 2013. Signs of malnutrition and starvation- reconstruction of nutritional life histories by serial isotopic analyses of hair. Foren Sci Internat. 226(1–3):22–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connell T, Kneale CJ, Tasevska N, Kuhnle G. 2012. The diet-body offset in human nitrogen isotopic values: a controlled dietary study. Am J Phys Anthropol. 149:426–434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollard AM, Ditchfield P, McCullagh JSO, Allen TG, Gibson M, Boston C, Clough S, Marquez-Grant N, et al. 2011. These boots were made for walking’: the isotopic analysis of a C4 Roman inhumation from Gravesend, Kent, UK. Am J Phys Anthropol. 146(3):446–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powanda MC, Beisel WR. 2003. Metabolic effects of infection on protein and energy status. J Nutr. 133(1):322S–327S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell LA, Redfern RC, Millard AR. 2014. Infant feeding practices in Roman London: the isotopic evidence. In: Carroll PM, Graham, E-J, editors. Infant health and death in Roman Italy and beyond. Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series 28; p. 89–110.
   Google Scholar
• Power C, Atherton K, Strachan DP, Shepherd P, Fuller E, Davis A, Gibb I, Kumari M, Lowe G, Macfarlane GJ, et al. 2007. Life-course influences on health in British adults: effects of socio-economic position in childhood and adulthood. Int J Epidemiol. 36(3):532–539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prowse T. 2011. Diet and dental health through the life course in Roman Italy. In: Agarwal SC and Glencross BA. Social Bioarchaeology. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwells; p 410–437.
   Google Scholar
• Redfern RC. 2018. Blind to chains? The potential of bioarchaeology for identifying the enslaved of Roman Britain. Britannia. 49:251–282.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redfern RC, DeWitte S. 2011. A new approach to the study of Romanization in Britain: a regional perspective of cultural change in late Iron Age and Roman Dorset using the Siler and Gompertz-Makeham models of mortality. Am J Phys Anthropol. 144(2):269–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redfern RC, Hamlin CB, Athfield N. 2010. Temporal changes in diet: a stable isotope analysis of late Iron Age and Roman Dorset, Britain. J Archaeol Sci. 37(6):1149–1160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redfern RC, Hamlin C, Millard AR. 2012. A regional investigation of subadult dietary patterns and health in late Iron Age and Roman Dorset, England. J Archaeol Sci. 39(5):1249–1259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitsema LJ. 2013. Beyond diet reconstruction: stable isotope applications to human physiology, health, and nutrition. Am J Hum Biol. 25(4):445–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitsema LJ, McIlvaine BK. 2014. Reconciling “stress” and “health”; in physical anthropology: what can bioarchaeologists learn from the other subdisciplines? Am J Phys Anthropol. 155(2):181–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards MP, Hedges R. 1999. Stable isotope evidence for similarities in the types of marine foods used by Late Mesolithic humans at sites along the Atlantic coast of Europe. J Archaeol Sci. 26(6):717–722.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards MP, Molleson TL, Vogel JC, Hedges R. 1998. Stable isotope analysis reveals variations in human diet at the Poundbury Camp cemetery site. J Archaeol Sci. 25(12):1247–1252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards M, Montgomery J. 2012. Isotope analysis and palaeopathology: a short review and future developments. In: Buikstra JE and Roberts CA. The global history of paleopathology: pioneers and prospects. Oxford: Oxford University Press; p 718–731.
   Google Scholar
• Ridgeway V, Leary K, Sudds B, editors. 2014. Roman burials in Southwark. Excavations at 52–66 Lant Street and 56 Southwark Bridge Road, London SE1. London: Pre-Construct Archaeology Monograph 17.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts CA and Cox M. 2003. Health and disease in Britain: from Prehistory to the present day. Stroud: Sutton Publishing Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Schoeninger MJ, DeNiro MJ. 1984. Nitrogen and carbon isotopic composition of bone collagen from marine and terrestrial animals. Geochim Cosmochim Acta. 48(4):625–639.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sealy J, Armstrong R, Schrire C. 1995. Beyond lifetime averages: tracing life histories through isotopic analysis of different calcified tissues from archaeological human skeletons. Antiquity. 69(263):290–300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shouman R, Witten M. 1995. Survival estimates and sample size: what can we conclude? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 50(3):B177–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith A, Powell K, Smith A, Laws G. editors. 2010. Evolution of a farming community in the Upper Thames. Thames Valley Landscapes Monograph. Vol. 31. Oxford: Oxford Archaeology.
   Google Scholar
• Spencer R. 2010. Testing hypotheses about diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) using stable isotopes and other methods [PhD Thesis]. University of Durham: Durham.
   Google Scholar
• Stevens RE, Lightfoot E, Allen T, Hedges R. 2012. Palaeodiet at Eton College Rowing Course, Buckinghamshire: isotopic changes in human diet in the Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age and Roman periods throughout the British Isles. Archaeol Anthropol Sci. 4(3):167–184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tacitus. 1973. The annals: Agricola and the Germania. London: Penguin Books.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas A, Holbrook H, Bateman C. 2003. Later Prehistoric and Romano-British burial and settlement at Hucclecote, Gloucestershire. Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Report No. 2.
   Google Scholar
• Tiezen LL, Fagre T. 1993. Effect of diet quality and composition on the isotopic composition of respiratory CO2, bone collagen, bioapatite, and soft tissues. In: Lambert JB and Grupe G, editors. Prehistoric human bone. Archaeology at the molecular level. Berlin: Spinger-Verlag; p. 121–155.
   Google Scholar
• Tomlin R. 2011. Writing and communication. In: Allason-Jones L, editor. Artefacts in Roman Britain: their purpose and use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; p. 133–152.
   Google Scholar
• van der Merwe NJ, Vogel JC. 1978. 13C content of human collagen as a measure of prehistoric diet in Woodland North America. Nature. 276(5690):815–816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel JC, van der Merwe NJ. 1977. Isotopic evidence for early maize cultivation in New York State. Am Antiq. 42(2):238–242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadsworth ME, Kuh DJ. 1997. Childhood influences on adult health: a review of recent work from the British 1946 national birth cohort study, the MRC National Survey of Health and Development. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 11(1):2–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walrath DE, Turner P, Bruzek J. 2004. Reliability test of the visual assessment of cranial traits for sex determination. Am J Phys Anthropol. 125(2):132–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters-Rist AL, Katzenberg MA. 2010. The effect of growth on stable nitrogen isotope ratios in subadult bone collagen. Int J Osteoarchaeol. 20(2):172–191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson S. editor. 2003. An excavation in the western cemetery of Roman London: Atlantic House, City of London. Archaeology Studies Series 7. London: Museum of London Archaeology Service.
   Google Scholar
• Webb EC, Stewart A, Miller B, Tarlton J, Evershed RP. 2016. Age effects and the influence of varying proportions of terrestrial and marine dietary protein on the stable nitrogen-isotope compositions of pig bone collagen and soft tissues from a controlled feeding experiment. STAR. 2(1):54–66.
   Google Scholar
• Wheeler SM, Williams L, Beauchesne P, Dupras TL. 2013. Shattered lives and broken childhoods: evidence of physical child abuse in ancient Egypt. Internat J Paleopathol. 3(2):71–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White CD, Armelagos GJ. 1997. Osteopenia and stable isotope ratios in bone collagen of Nubian female mummies. Am J Phys Anthropol. 103(2):185–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson PR, editor. 2002. Cataractonium: Roman Catterick and its hinterland. Excavations and research, 1958–1997. CBA Research Report 128. York: Council for British Archaeology.
   Google Scholar
• Ziolko HU. 1996. Bulimia: a historical outline. Int J Eat Disord. 20(4):345–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar