305
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Papers

Complete and on-time routine childhood immunisation: determinants and association with severe morbidity in urban informal settlements, Nairobi, Kenya

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, & show all
Pages 132-141 | Received 28 Aug 2019, Accepted 06 Jan 2020, Published online: 20 May 2020

References

  • Aaby P, Andersen A, Ravn H, Zaman K. 2017. Co-administration of BCG and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccinations may reduce infant mortality more than the WHO-schedule of BCG first and then DTP. A re-analysis of demographic surveillance data from rural Bangladesh. EBioMedicine. 22:173–180.
  • Aaby P, Martins CL, Garly ML, Bale C, Andersen A, Rodrigues A, Ravn H, et al. 2010. Non-specific effects of standard measles vaccine at 4.5 and 9 months of age on childhood mortality: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 341(2):c6495–c6495.
  • Aaby P, Benn CS, Nielsen J, Ravn H. 2009. Sex-differential non-specific effects of BCG and DTP in Cebu, The Philippines. Int J Epidemiol. 38(1):320–323.
  • Aaby P, Jensen H, Rodrigues A, Garly ML, Benn CS, Lisse IM, Simondon F. 2004. Divergent female-male mortality ratios associated with different routine vaccinations among female-male twin pairs. Int J Epidemiol. 33(2):367–373.
  • Aaby P, Ravn H, Roth A, Rodrigues A, Lisse IM, Diness BR, Lausch KR, et al. 2012. Early diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccination associated with higher female mortality and no difference in male mortality in a cohort of low birthweight children: an observational study within a randomised trial. Arch Dis Child. 97(8):685–691.
  • Aaby P, Ibrahim SA, Libman MD, Jensen H. 2006. The sequence of vaccinations and increased female mortality after high-titre measles vaccine: trials from rural Sudan and Kinshasa. Vaccine. 24(15):2764–2771.
  • Aaby P, Biai S, Veirum JE, Sodemann M, Lisse I, Garly ML, Ravn H, Benn CS, Rodrigues A. 2007. DTP with or after measles vaccination is associated with increased in-hospital mortality in Guinea-Bissau. Vaccine. 25(7):1265–1269.
  • Agergaard J, Nante E, Poulstrup G, Nielsen J, Flanagan KL, Ostergaard L, Benn CS, Aaby P. 2011. Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine administered simultaneously with measles vaccine is associated with increased morbidity and poor growth in girls. A randomised trial from Guinea-Bissau. Vaccine. 29(3):487–500.
  • Anderson RM. 1992. The concept of herd immunity and the design of community-based immunization programmes. Vaccine. 10(13):928–935.
  • Atwell JE, Van Otterloo J, Zipprich J, Winter K, Harriman K, Salmon DA, Halsey NA, Omer SB. 2013. Nonmedical vaccine exemptions and pertussis in California, 2010. Pediatrics. 132(4):624–630.
  • Beguy D, Elung’ata P, Mberu B, Oduor C, Wamukoya M, Nganyi B, Ezeh A. 2015. Health & demographic surveillance system profile: the Nairobi urban health and demographic surveillance system (NUHDSS). Int J Epidemiol. 44(2):462–471.
  • Benn CS, Aaby P. 2012. Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccination administered after measles vaccine: increased female mortality? Pediatr Infect Dis J. 31(10):1–1097.
  • Benn CS, Aaby P, Nielsen J, Binka FN, Ross DA. 2009. Does vitamin A supplementation interact with routine vaccinations? An analysis of the Ghana vitamin A supplementation trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 90(3):629–639.
  • Biering-Sørensen S, Aaby P, Lund N, Monteiro I, Jensen KJ, Eriksen HB, Schaltz-Buchholzer F, et al. 2017. Early BCG-Denmark and neonatal mortality among infants weighing & lt; 2500 g: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 65(7):1183–1190.
  • Borus PK. 2004. Missed opportunities and inappropriately given vaccines reduce immunisation coverage in facilities that serve slum areas of Nairobi. E Af Med J. 81(3):124–129.
  • Clark A, Sanderson C. 2009. Timing of children’s vaccinations in 45 low-income and middle-income countries: an analysis of survey data. Lancet. 373(9674):1543–1549.
  • Deddens JA, Petersen MR. 2008. Approaches for estimating prevalence ratios. Occup Environ Med. 65(7):486–501.
  • Egondi T, Oyolola M, Mutua MK, Elung’ata P. 2015. Determinants of immunization inequality among urban poor children: evidence from Nairobi’s informal settlements. Int J Equity Health. 14(1):24.
  • Emina J, Beguy D, Zulu EM, Ezeh AC, Muindi K, Elung’ata P, Otsola JK, et al. 2011. Monitoring of health and demographic outcomes in poor urban settlements: evidence from the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System. J Urban Health. 88(S2):200–218.
  • Ettarh RR, Mutua MK, Kyobutungi C. 2012. Ethnicity and delay in measles vaccination in a Nairobi slum. TropMedHealth. 40(2):59–62.
  • Fenner F. 1993. Smallpox: emergence, global spread, and eradication. Hist Philos Life Sci. 15(3):397–420.
  • Fisher LD, Lin DY. 1999. Time-dependent covariates in the Cox proportional-hazards regression model. Annu Rev Public Health. 20(1):145–157.
  • Fotso JC, Madise N, Baschieri A, Cleland J, Zulu E, Mutua MK, Essendi H. 2012. Child growth in urban deprived settings: does household poverty status matter? At which stage of child development? Health & Place. 18(2):375–384.
  • Gibson DG, Ochieng B, Kagucia EW, Obor D, Odhiambo F, O’Brien KL, Feikin DR. 2015. Individual level determinants for not receiving immunization, receiving immunization with delay, and being severely underimmunized among rural western Kenyan children. Vaccine. 33(48):6778–6785.
  • Global Polio Eradication Initiative. 2013. Polio eradication and endgame strategic plan (2013–2018). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, Global Polio Eradication Initiative; p. 2013.
  • Herliana P, Douiri A. 2017. Determinants of immunisation coverage of children aged 12–59 months in Indonesia: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 7(12):e015790.
  • Higgins JPT, Soares-Weiser K, López-López JA, Kakourou A, Chaplin K, Christensen H, Martin NK, et al. 2016. Association of BCG, DTP, and measles containing vaccines with childhood mortality: systematic review. BMJ. 355:i5170.
  • Hirve S, Bavdekar A, Juvekar S, Benn CS, Nielsen J, Aaby P. 2012. Non-specific and sex-differential effects of vaccinations on child survival in rural western India. Vaccine. 30(50):7300–7308.
  • Hornshøj L, Benn C, Fernandes M, Rodrigues A, Aaby P, Fisker A. 2012. Vaccination coverage and out-of-sequence vaccinations in rural Guinea-Bissau: an observational cohort study. BMJ Open. 2(6):e001509.
  • Kabir Z, Aaby P. 2005. Non-specific effect of measles vaccination on all-cause child mortality: revisited. Indian Pediatr. 42(6):541–544.
  • Kelly PJ, Lim LL. 2000. Survival analysis for recurrent event data: an application to childhood infectious diseases. Statist Med. 19(1):13–33.
  • Kimani-Murage EW, Madise NJ, Fotso JC, Kyobutungi C, Mutua MK, Gitau TM, Yatich N. 2011. Patterns and determinants of breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices in urban informal settlements. Nairobi Kenya. BMC Public Health. 11(1):396.
  • Laxminarayan R, Chow J, Shahid-Salles SA. 2006. Intervention cost-effectiveness: overview of main messages. In: Jamison DT, Breman JG, editors. Disease control priorities in developing countries. Washington (DC): World Bank Publications.
  • Lund N, Andersen A, Hansen ASK, Jepsen FS, Barbosa A, Biering-Sørensen S, Rodrigues A, et al. 2015. The effect of oral polio vaccine at birth on infant mortality: a randomized trial. Clin Infect Dis. 61(10):1504–1511.
  • Mberu BU, Ciera JM, Elungata P, Ezeh AC. 2014. Patterns and Determinants of Poverty Transitions among Poor Urban Households in Nairobi, Kenya. African Development Review. 26(1):172–185.
  • Moisi JC, Kabuka J, Mitingi D, Levine OS, Scott JA. 2010. Spatial and socio-demographic predictors of time-to-immunization in a rural area in Kenya: is equity attainable? Vaccine. 28(35):5725–5730.
  • Mutua MK, Kimani-Murage E, Ettarh RR. 2011. Childhood vaccination in informal urban settlements in Nairobi, Kenya: who gets vaccinated? BMC Public Health. 11(1):6.
  • Ndiritu M, Cowgill KD, Ismail A, Chiphatsi S, Kamau T, Fegan G, Feikin DR, et al. 2006. Immunization coverage and risk factors for failure to immunize within the Expanded Programme on Immunization in Kenya after introduction of new Haemophilus influenzae type b and hepatitis b virus antigens. BMC Public Health. 6(1):132.
  • Rahman M, Obaida-Nasrin S. 2010. Factors affecting acceptance of complete immunization coverage of children under five years in rural Bangladesh. Salud Pública Méx. 52(2):134–140.
  • Rainey JJ, Watkins M, Ryman TK, Sandhu P, Bo A, Banerjee K. 2011. Reasons related to non-vaccination and under-vaccination of children in low and middle income countries: findings from a systematic review of the published literature, 1999-2009. Vaccine. 29(46):8215–8221.
  • Roth A, Gustafson P, Nhaga A, Djana Q, Poulsen A, Garly ML, Jensen H, et al. 2005. BCG vaccination scar associated with better childhood survival in Guinea-Bissau. Int J Epidemiol. 34(3):540–547.
  • Sankoh O, Welaga P, Debpuur C, Zandoh C, Gyaase S, Poma MA, Mutua MK, et al. 2014. The non-specific effects of vaccines and other childhood interventions: the contribution of INDEPTH Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems. Int J Epidemiol. 43(3):645–653.
  • Schoeps A, Ouedraogo N, Kagone M, Sie A, Muller O, Becher H. 2013. Socio-demographic determinants of timely adherence to BCG, Penta3, measles, and complete vaccination schedule in Burkina Faso. Vaccine. 32(1):96–102.
  • Sugerman DE, Barskey AE, Delea MG, Ortega-Sanchez IR, Bi D, Ralston KJ, Rota PA, et al. 2010. Measles outbreak in a highly vaccinated population, San Diego, 2008: role of the intentionally undervaccinated. Pediatrics. 125(4):747–755.
  • Therneau TM, Hamilton SA. 1997. rhDNase as an example of recurrent event analysis. Statist Med. 16(18):2029–2047.
  • Thompson ML, Myers JE, Kriebel D. 1998. Prevalence odds ratio or prevalence ratio in the analysis of cross sectional data: what is to be done? Occup Environ Med. 55(4):272–277.
  • United Nations Open Working Group. 2014. Proposal for sustainable development goals. New York (NY): UN General Assembly.
  • Veirum JE, Sodemann M, Biai S, Jakobsen M, Garly ML, Hedegaard K, Jensen H, et al. 2005. Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis and measles vaccinations associated with divergent effects on female and male mortality at the paediatric ward in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau. Vaccine. 23(9):1197–1204.
  • Welaga P, Nielsen J, Adjuik M, Debpuur C, Ross DA, Ravn H, Benn CS, Aaby P. 2012. Non-specific effects of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis and measles vaccinations? An analysis of surveillance data from Navrongo, Ghana. Trop Med Int Health. 17(12):1492–1505.
  • WHO and UNICEF. 2008. Global immunization data. 22 January 2018. Available from: http://www.who.int/immunization/newsroom/Global_Immunization_Data.pdf
  • WHO and UNICEF. 2011. Expanding immunization coverage. 10 May 2018. Available from: http://www.unicef.org/immunization/index_coverage.html
  • WHO. 2014a. Global immunization data. 14 January 2018. Available from: http://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/global_immunization_data.pdf
  • WHO. 2014b. Weekly epidemiological record. Meeting of the strategic advisory group of experts on immunization. 23 May 2018. Available from: http://www.who.int/wer/2014/wer8921/en/
  • WHO. 2016. Global polio eradication initiative. 20 May 2018. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs114/en/

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.