Morphology and performance of world championship triathletes

References

• ACKLAND, T. R., 1994, Techniques in the measurement and assessment of body composition. In Exercise and Obesity, edited by A. P. Hill and M. L. Wahlquist (London: Smith and Gordon), pp. 165–166.
   Google Scholar
• ACKLAND, T. R., BLANKSBY, B. A., LANDERS, G., and SMITH, D., 1998, Anthropometric profiles of elite triathletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 1, 53–56.
   Google Scholar
• ATWATER, A. E., 1990, Gender differences in running. In Biomechanics of Distance Running, edited by P. R. Cavanagh (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers), pp. 321–362.
   Google Scholar
• BLOOMFIELD, J., and SIGERSETH, P.O., 1965, Anatomical and physiological differences between sprint and middle distance swimmers at the university level. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 5, 76–81.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CARTER, J. E. L., and ACKLAND, T. R., (eds), 1994, Kinanthropometry in Aquatic Sports; a study of world class athletes (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publications Inc.).
   Google Scholar
• CARTER, J., and HEATH, B., 1990, Somatotyping — Development and Applications (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
   Google Scholar
• DENENGEL, D FLYNN, M COSTILL, D., and KIRW IN, J., 1989, Determinants of success during triathlon competition. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 60, 234–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DE VITO, G., BERNARDI, M SPROIERO, E., and FIGURA, F 1995, Decrease in endurance performance during Olympic triathlon. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 16, 24–28.
   Google Scholar
• DRINKWATER, D. T., and Ross, W. D., 1980, The anthropometric fractionation of body mass. In Kinanthropometry II, edited by M. Ostyn, G. Beunen and J. Simons (Baltimore: University Park Press).
   Google Scholar
• FARIA, I., 1992, Energy expenditure, aerodynamics and medical problems in cycling. Sports Medicine, 14, 43–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FLYNN, M. G., COSTILL, D. L., KIRWIN, J. P., MITCHELL, J. B., HOURNARD, J. A., FINK, W. J., BELTZ, J. D., and D'AcQuisTo, L. J., 1990, Fat storage in athletes: Metabolic and hormonal response to swimming and running. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 11, 433–440.
   Google Scholar
• FOLEY, J. P., BIRD, S. R., and WHITE, J. A., 1989, Anthropometric comparisons of cyclists from different events. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 23, 30–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GUEZENNEC, C. Y., VALUER, J. M. BIGARD, A. X., and DUREY, A., 1996, Increase in energy cost of running at the end of triathlon. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 73, 440–445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAY, J. G., 1993, The Biomechanics of Sports Technique 4th edn (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall) pp. 181–189, 353.
   Google Scholar
• HOLLY, R. G., BARNARD, R. J., ROSENITHAL, M APPLEGATE, E., and PRITIKIN, N., 1986, Triathlete characterisation and response to prolonged strenuous competition. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 18, 123–127.
   Google Scholar
• HUE, O., LEGALLAIS, D CHOLLET, D BOUSSANA, A., and PREFAUT, C., 1998, The influence of prior cycling on the biomechanical and cardiorespiratory response profiles during running in triathletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 77, 98–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KERR, D . A., and ROSS, W. D ., 1994, An anthropometric method for a five-way fractionation of human body mass. Unpublished, Simon Fraser University, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• KHORT, W., MORGAN, D ., BATES, B., and SKINNER, J. S., 1987, Physiological response of triathletes to maximal swimming, cycling and running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 19, 51–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KHORT, W., O'CONNOR, J. S., and SKINNER, J. S., 1989, Longitudinal assessment of responses by triath-letes to swimming, cycling and running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 21, 569–575.
   Google Scholar
• LAURENSO NN. M .,FuLcHER, K. Y, and K ORKIN, P., 1993, Physiological characteristics of elite and club level female triathletes during running. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 14, 455–459.
   Google Scholar
• LEAKE, C .N ., and CARTER, J. E. L., 1991, Comparisons of body compositions and somatotypes of trained female triathletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 9, 125–135.
   Google Scholar
• LEHENAFF, D., HAUSSWIRTH, C., DREANO, P., and SAVONEN, K., 1998, The impact of bike-riding in a drafting position on the subsequent run performance during the triathlon. II Congres International De Triathlon De L'Insep (Conception et realisation: Insep-publications).
   Google Scholar
• NORTON, K., and OLD S, T., (eds), 1996, Anthropometrica (Sydney, Australia: University of New South Wales Press), pp 27–75, 409.
   Google Scholar
• OLDS, T. S., NORTON, K. I., LOWE, E. L. A., OLIVE, S., REAY, F., and LY, S., 1995, Modelling road cycling performance. Journal of Applied Physiology, 78, 1596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 'TooLE, M . L, D OUGLAS, E., HILLER, B .,CROSBY,L. O., and D OUGLAS, P. S., 1987, The ultraen durance triathlete: a physiological profile. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 19, 45–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'TooLE, M. L., DOUGLAS, P. S., and HILLER, W. B. D., 1989, Lactate, oxygen uptake and cycling performance in triathletes. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 10, 413–418.
   Google Scholar
• Ross, W. D., and KERR, D. A., 1991, Fraccionament de la massa corporal: un nou methode per utilitzar en nutricio clinica i medicina esportiva. APUNTS, 18, 175–187.
   Google Scholar
• Ross, W. D., and MARFELL-JONES, M., 1991, Kinanthropometry. In Physiological Testing of the High Performance Athlete, 2nd edn, edited by J. D. MacDougall, H. A. Wenger and H. J. Green (Champaign, IL; Human Kinetics Books), pp. 223–308.
   Google Scholar
• Ross, W. D., and WARD, R., 1986, Scaling anthropometric data for size and proportionality. In Kinanthropetry III, Proceedings of the VIII Commonwealth and International Conference on Sport, Physical Education, Dance, Recreation and Health, edited by T. Reily, J. Watkins and R. Borms (New York: E. & F.N. Spon), pp. 85–91.
   Google Scholar
• ROWBOTTOM, D. G., KEAST, D., GARcIA-WEBB, P., and MORTON, A. R., 1997, Training adaptation and biological changes among well-trained male triathletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29, 1233–1239.
   Google Scholar
• SCHNEIDER, D. A., LAcRouc, K. A., ATKINSON, G. R TROPED, P. J., and POLLACK, J., 1990, Ventilatory threshold and maximal oxygen uptake during cycling and running in triathletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 22, 257–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SLEIVERT, G. G., and ROWLAND S, D. S., 1996, Physical and physiological factors associated with success in triathlon. Sports Medicine, 22, 8–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SLEIVERT, G. G., and WENGER, H. A., 1993, Physiological predictors of short course triathlon perform-ance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 25, 871–876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SPSS for Windows Release 8.0.0 (1997), SPSS Inc.
   Google Scholar
• TITTLE, K., and WUTSCHERK, H., 1988, Anatomical and anthropometric fundamentals of endurance. In Endurance in Sport, the Encyclopedia of Sports Medicine, edited by R. J. Shephard and P. O. A strand (Blackwell Scientific Publications), pp. 35–45.
   Google Scholar
• WILMORE, J., and BROWN, C., 1974, Physiological profiles of women distance runners. Medicine and Science in Sports, 6, 178–181.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ZINKGRAF, S. A., JONES, C. J., WARREN, B ., and KREBS, P. S., 1986, An empirical investigation of triathlon performance. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 26, 350–356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar