References
- BAUMGARTNER, R. N., HEYMSFIELD, S. B., and ROCHE, A. F., 1995, Human body composition and the epidemiology of chronic disease. Obesity Research, 3, 73–95.
- CHO, S. D., MUELLER, W. H., MEININGER, J. C., LIEHR, P., and CHAN, W., 2001, Blood pressure and sexual maturity in adolescents: the Heartfelt Study. American Journal of Human Biology, 13, 227–234.
- CHUMLEA, W. C., and Guo, S. S., 2000, Assessment and prevalence of obesity. Application of new methods to a major problem. Endocrine, 13, 135–142.
- CLARYS, J. P., MARTIN, A. D., MARFELL-JONES, M. J., JANSSENS, V., CABOOR, D., and DRINKWATER, D. T., 1999, Human body composition: a review of adult dissection data. American Journal of Human Biology, 11,167–174.
- DAI, S., LABARTHE, D. R., GRUNBAUM, J. A., HARRIST, R. B., and MUELLER, W. H., 2002, Longitudinal analysis of changes in indices of obesity from age 8 years to age 18 years, Project HeartBeat! American Journal of Epidemiology, 156, 720–729.
- DIETZ, W. H., and ROBINSON, T. N., 1998, Use of the body mass index (BMI) as a measure of overweight in children and adolescents. Journal of Pediatrics, 132, 191–193.
- FREEDMAN, D. S., SERDULA, M. K., SRINIYASAN, S. R., and BERENSON, G. S., 1999, Relation of circum-ferences and skinfold thicknesses to lipid and insulin concentrations in children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69, 308–317.
- GERBER, L. M., and STERN, P. M., 1999, Relationship of body size and body mass to blood pressures: sex-specific and developmental influences. Human Biology, 71, 505–528.
- GUO, S. S., KHOURY, P. R., SPECKER, B., HEUSI, J., CHUMLEA, W. C., SIERYOGEL, R. M., and MORRISON, J. A., 1993, Prediction of fat-free mass in Black and White pre-adolescent and adolescent girls from anthropometry and impedance. American Journal of Human Biology, 5, 735–745.
- HOUTKOOPER, L. B., GOING, S. B., LOHMAN, T. G., ROCHE, A. F., and VAN LOAN, M., 1992, Bioelectrical impedance estimation of fat-free body mass in children and youth: a cross-validation study. Journal of Applied Physiology, 72, 366–373.
- JULIUS, S., MAJAHALME, S., NESBITT, S., GRANT, E., KACIROTI, N., OMBAO, H., VRIZ, O., VALENTINI, M. C., AMERENA, J., and GLEIBERMAN, L., 2002, A 'gender blind' relationship of lean body mass and blood pressure in the Tecumseh Study. American Journal of Hypertension, 15, 258–263.
- KIMM, S. Y. S., BARTON, B. A., OBARZANEK, E., MCMAHON, R. P., SABRY, Z. I., WACLAWIW, M. A., SCHREIBER, G. B., MORRISON, J. A., SIMILO, S., and DANIELS, S. R., 2001, Racial divergence in adiposity during adolescence: the NHLBI Growth and Health Study. Pediatrics, 107, e34.
- KUMANYIKA, S., JEFFREY, R. W., MORABIA, A., RITENBAUGH, C., and ANTIPATIS, V. J., 2002, Obesity prevention: the case for action. International Journal of Obesity, 26, 425–436.
- LOHMAN, T. G., ROCHE, A. F., and MARTORELL, R. (eds) 1988, Anthropornetric Standardization Reference Manual (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Books).
- MAFFEIS, C., PIETROBELLI, A., GREZZANI, A., PROVERA, S., and TATO, L., 2001, Waist circumference and cardiovascular risk factors in prepubertal children. Obesity Research, 9, 179–187.
- MALINA, R. M., and BOUCHARD, C., 1991, Growth, Maturation and Physical Activity (Champaign IL: Human Kinetics Books).
- MEININGER, J. C., LIEHR, P., MUELLER, W. H., CHAN, W., and CHANDLER, P. S., 1998, Predictors of ambulatory blood pressure: identification of high-risk adolescents. Advances in Nursing Science, 20, 50–64.
- MEININGER, J. C., LIEHR, P., MUELLER, W. H., CHAN, W., SMITH, G. L., and PORTMAN, R. J., 1999, Stress-induced alterations of blood pressures and 24 h ambulatory blood pressure in adolescents. Blood Press Monitoring, 4, 115–120.
- MORRISON, J. A., Guo, S. S., SPECKER, B., CHUMLEA, W. C., YANOVSKI, S. Z., and YANOVSKI, J. A., 2001a, Assessing the body composition of 6-17 year old Black and White girls in field studies. American Journal of Human Biology, 13, 249–254.
- MORRISON, J. A., BARTON, B. A., OBARZANEK, E., CRAWFORD, P. B., Guo, S. S., and SCHREIBER, G. B., 2001b, Racial differences in the sums of skinfolds and percentage body fat estimated from impe-dance in Black and White girls, 9 to 19 years of age: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study. Obesity Research, 9, 297–305.
- MUELLER, W. H., CHO, S. D., MEININGER, J. C., LIEHR, P., and CHAN, W., 2001a, Strategies for Com-bining and scaling sexual maturity indicators: the Heartfelt Study. Annals of Human Biology, 28, 422–430.
- MUELLER, W. H., GRUNBAUM, J. A., and LABARTHE, D. R., 2001b, Anger expression body fat, and blood pressure in adolescents: Project HeartBeat! American Journal of Human Biology, 13, 531–538.
- TAYLOR, R. W., JONES, I. E., WILLIAMS, S. M., and GOULDING, A., 2000, Evaluation of waist circum-ference, waist-to-hip ratio, and the conicity index as screening tools for high trunk fat mass, as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, in children aged 3-19 y. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72, 490–495.
- WESTSTRATE, J. A., DEURENBERG, P., and VAN TINTERN, H., 1989, Indices of body fat distribution and adiposity in Dutch children from birth to 18 years of age. Journal of Obesity, 13, 465–477.
- WILLIAMS, D. P., GOING, S. B., LOHMAN, T. G., HARSHA, D. W., SRINIVASAN, S. R., WEBBER, L. S., and BERENSON, G. S., 1992, Body fatness and risk for elevated blood pressure, total cholesterol, and serum lipoprotein ratios in children and adolescents. American Journal of Public Health, 82, 358–363.
- YANOVSKI, J. A., YANOVSKI, S. Z., FILMER, K. M., HUBBARD, V. S., AVILA, N., LEWIS, B., REYNOLDS, J. C., and FLOOD, M., 1996, Differences in body composition of Black and White girls. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 64, 833–839.