53
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Psychological and Physical Health of Police Officers Retired Recently from the Royal Ulster Constabulary

, , &
Pages 1-27 | Published online: 13 Nov 2012

References

  • APA . 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 4th , Washington , D.C : American Psychiatric Association .
  • Bossé , R. , Spiro , A. and Kressin , N.R. 1996 . “ The psychology of retirement ” . In Handbook of the clinical psychology of ageing , Edited by: Woods , R.T. Chichester : Wiley .
  • Brewer , J.D. and Magee , K. 1991 . Inside the RUC: Routine policing in a divided society , Oxford : Clarendon Press .
  • Cairns , E. and Wilson , R. 1984 . The impact of political violence on mild psychiatric morbidity in Northern Ireland . British Journal of Psychiatry , 145 : 631 – 635 .
  • Cairns , E. and Wilson , R. 1989 . Coping with political violence in Northern Ireland . Social Science and Medicine , 28 : 621 – 624 .
  • Carlier , I.V.E. , Lamberts , R.D. and Gersons-Berthold , P.R. 1997 . Risk factors for posttraumatic stress symptomatology in police officers: A prospective analysis . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 185 : 498 – 506 .
  • Cassiday , K.L. and Lyons , J.A. 1992 . Recall of traumatic memories following cerebral vascular accident . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 5 : 627 – 631 .
  • DeLongis , A. , Coyne , J.C. , Dakof , G. , Folkman , S. and Lazarus , R.S. 1982 . Relationship of daily hassles, uplifts, and major life events to health status . Health Psychology , 1 : 119 – 136 .
  • DHSS . 1999 . Preliminary Report on the Northern Ireland Survey of Health and Social Well-Being , Information Analysis Unit, NI Department of Health and Social Security .
  • Falsetti , S.A. , Resick , P.A. , Resick , H.S. and Kilpatrick , D. Post-traumatic stress disorder: The assessment of frequency and severity of symptoms in clinical and non-clinical samples . Paper presented at the 26th Annual Convention of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy . Boston , USA .
  • Foa , E.B. , Riggs , D.S. , Dancu , C.V. and Rothbaum , B.O. 1993 . Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 6 : 459 – 473 .
  • Foa , E.B. , Steketee , G. and Rothbaum , B.O. 1989 . Behavioural / cognitive conceptualizations of post-traumatic stress disorder . Behaviour Therapy , 20 : 155 – 176 .
  • Frankfort-Nachmias , C. and Nachmias , D. 1992 . Research methods in the social sciences , 4th , London : Edward Arnold .
  • Fusilier , M.R. , Ganster , D.C. and Mayes , B.T. 1987 . Effects of social support, role stress, and locus of control on health . Journal of Management , 13 : 517 – 528 .
  • Goldberg , D. 1978 . Manual of the General Health Questionnaire , Windsor : NFER .
  • Henderson , S. , Byrne , D.G. and Duncan-Jones , P. 1981 . Neurosis and the social environment , Sydney : Academic Press .
  • Hierholzer , R. , Munsoon , J. , Peabody , C. and Rosenberg , J. 1992 . Clinical presentation of PTSD in World War II combat veterans . Hospital and Community Psychiatry , 43 : 816 – 820 .
  • Holahan , C.K. , Holahan , C.J. and Belk , S.S. 1984 . Adjustment in ageing: The roles of life stress, hassles, and self-efficacy . Health Psychology , 3 : 315 – 328 .
  • Janoff-Bulman , R. 1985 . “ The aftermath of victimization: Rebuilding shattered assumptions ” . In Trauma and its wake , Edited by: Figley , C.R. New York : Brunner/Mazel .
  • Kanner , A.D. , Coyne , J.C. , Schaefer , C. and Lazarus , R.S. 1981 . Comparison of two modes of stress measurement: Daily hassles and uplifts versus major life events . Journal of Behavioral Medicine , 4 : 1 – 39 .
  • Karasek , R.A. 1979 . Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign . Administrative Science Quarterly , 24 : 285 – 308 .
  • Kasl , S.V. 1980 . “ The impact of retirement ” . In Current concerns in occupational stress , Edited by: Cooper , C.L. and Payne , R. London : Wiley .
  • Kaup , B.A. , Ruskin , P.E. and Nyman , G. 1994 . Significant life events and PTSD in elderly World War II veterans . American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 2 : 239 – 243 .
  • Kopel , H. and Friedman , M. 1997 . Posttraumatic symptoms in South African police exposed to violence . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 10 : 307 – 317 .
  • Laczko , F. and Phillipson , C. 1991 . Changing work role and retirement , Milton Keynes : Open University .
  • Lichtenberg , P.A. , Swensen , C.H. and Skehan , M.W. 1986 . Further investigation of the role of personality, lifestyle and arthritic severity in predicting pain . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 30 : 327 – 337 .
  • Macleod , A.D. 1994 . The reactivation of post-traumatic stress disorder in later life . Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry , 28 : 625 – 634 .
  • Marmar , C.R. , Weiss , D.S. , Metzler , T.J. , Ronfeldt , H.M. and Foreman , C. 1996 . Stress responses of emergency services personnel to the Loma Prieta earthquake, interstate 880 freeway collapse and control traumatic incidents . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 9 : 63 – 85 .
  • McCubbin , H.I. and Patterson , J.M. 1983 . “ Family transitions: Adaptation to stress ” . In Stress and the family. Volume I: Coping with normative transition , Edited by: McCubbin , H.I. and Figley , C.R. New York : Brunner/Mazel .
  • McGee , H.M. 1987 . Social support, hopelessness, and coping in a surgical context , University of Dublin . Unpublished Doctoral Thesis
  • Midanik , L.T. , Soghikian , K. , Ransom , L.J. and Tekawa , I.S. 1995 . The effect of retirement on health and health behaviors: The Kaiser Permanente Retirement Study . Journals of Gerontology Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 50B : S59 – S61 .
  • Mitchell-Gibbs , S. and Joseph , S. 1996 . “ Occupational trauma in the British police ” . In Psychological perspectives on police culture and organisation , Edited by: Clark , N.K. and Stephenson , G.N. Vol. 25 , British Psychological Society: Division of Criminological & Legal Psychology .
  • Monroe , S.M. 1983 . Major and minor life events as predictors of psychological distress: Further issues and findings . Journal of Behavioral Medicine , 6 : 189 – 205 .
  • Moos , R.H. and Moos , B.S. 1986 . Family Environment Scale , 2nd , Palo Alto : Consulting Psychologists Press .
  • Orford , J. and Keddie , A. 1986 . Gender differences in the function and effects of moderate and excessive drinking . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 24 : 265 – 279 .
  • Orth-Gomer , K. and Unden , A-L. 1987 . The measurement of social support in population surveys . Social Science and Medicine , 24 : 83 – 94 .
  • Paterson , M.C. 1990 . The social and psychological adaptation of individuals and their families to short-term but prolonged disability , Queens University of Belfast . Unpublished Doctoral Thesis
  • Pearlin , L.I. and Turner , H.A. 1987 . “ The family as a context of the stress process ” . In Stress and health: Issues in research methodology , Edited by: Kasl , S.V. and Cooper , C.L. Chichester : Wiley .
  • Reitzes , D.C. , Mutran , E.J. and Fernandez , M.E. 1996a . Does retirement hurt wellbeing? Factors influencing self-esteem and depression among retirees and workers . Gerontologist , 36 : 649 – 656 .
  • Reitzes , D.C. , Mutran , E.J. and Fernandez , M.E. 1996b . Preretirement influences on postretirement self-esteem . Journals of Gerontology Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 51B : S242 – S249 .
  • RUC . 1998 . Security statistics , Royal Ulster Constabulary: Central Statistics Unit .
  • Ryder , C. 1989 . The RUC: A force under fire , London : Methuen .
  • Safford , F. 1995 . Ageing stressors for holocaust survivors and their families . Journal of Gerontological Social Work , 24 : 131 – 153 .
  • SSI . 1998 . Living with the trauma of the ‘troubles’: Summary report on a developmental project to examine and promote the further development of services to meet the social and psychological needs of individuals affected by civil unrest in Northern Ireland , DHSS : Social Services Inspectorate .
  • Swan , G.E. , Dame , A. and Carmelli , D. 1991 . Involuntary retirement, Type A behavior, and current functioning in elderly men: 27-year follow-up of the Western Collaborative Group Study . Psychology and Ageing , 6 : 384 – 391 .
  • Unden , A-L and Orth-Gomer , K. 1984 . “ Social support and health. Report No. 2. Development of a survey method to measure social support in population studies ” . In Stress Research Report No. 178, November , Stockholm : Karolinska Institute .
  • Weinberger , M. , Hiner , S.L. and Tierney , W.M. 1986 . Improving functional status in arthritis: The effect of social support . Social Science and Medicine , 23 : 899 – 904 .
  • Weinberger , M. , Hiner , S.L. and Tierney , W.M. 1987 . In support of hassles as a measure of stress in predicting health outcomes . Journal of Behavioral Medicine , 10 : 19 – 30 .
  • Weinreich , P. 1980 . Manual for identity exploration using personal constructs , Birmingham : SSRC .
  • Wilson , F.C. , Poole , A.D. and Trew , K. 1997 . Psychological distress in police officers following critical incidents . Irish Journal of Psychology , 18 : 321 – 340 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.