234
Views
26
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Childhood victimisation as a predictor of muscle dysmorphia in adult male bodybuilders

&
Pages 105-115 | Received 18 Nov 2010, Accepted 15 Aug 2011, Published online: 30 Sep 2011

References

  • Aina , Y. , & Susman , J.L. 2006 . Understanding comorbidity with depression and anxiety disorders . The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association , 106 5 Suppl. 2 , 9 – 14 .
  • Blouin , A.G. and Goldfield , G.S. 1995 . Body image and steroid use in male bodybuilders . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 18 ( 2 ) : 159 – 165 .
  • Bond , L. , Carlin , J.B. , Thomas , L. , Rubin , K. and Patton , G. 2001 . Does bullying cause emotional problems? A prospective study of young teenagers . British Medical Journal , 323 ( 7311 ) : 480 – 484 .
  • Breseman , B.C. 2004 . Weight-related teasing: Relationship to body image, self-esteem, and relative body size of adult females . Ohio State University. Retrieved from http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1086180186
  • Chaney , M. 2008 . Muscle dysmorphia, self-esteem, and loneliness among gay and bisexual men . International Journal of Men's Health , 7 ( 2 ) : 157 – 170 .
  • Choi , P.Y.L. , Pope , H.G. Jr ., Olivardia , R ., & Cash , T.F. 2002 . Muscle dysmorphia: A new syndrome in weightlifters . British Journal of Sports Medicine , 36 5 , 375 – 376 ; discussion 377 .
  • Clark , L.A. and Watson , D. 1991 . Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 100 ( 3 ) : 316 – 336 .
  • Craig , W.M. 1998 . The relationship among bullying, victimization, depression, anxiety, and aggression in elementary school children . Personality and Individual Differences , 24 ( 1 ) : 123 – 130 .
  • Didie , E.R. , Tortolani , C.C. , Pope , C.G. , Menard , W. , Fay , C. and Phillips , K.A. 2006 . Childhood abuse and neglect in body dysmorphic disorder . Child Abuse & Neglect: The International Journal , 30 ( 10 ) : 1105 – 1115 .
  • Dill , E.J. , Vernberg , E.M. , Fonagy , P. , Twemlow , S.W. and Gamm , B.K. 2004 . Negative affect in victimized children: The roles of social withdrawal, peer rejection, and attitudes toward bullying . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 32 ( 2 ) : 159 – 173 .
  • Gibb , B.E. , Chelminski , I. and Zimmerman , M. 2007 . Childhood emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and diagnoses of depressive and anxiety disorders in adult psychiatric outpatients . Depression and Anxiety , 24 ( 4 ) : 256 – 263 .
  • Griffin , R.S. and Gross , A.M. 2004 . Childhood bullying: Current empirical findings and future directions for research . Aggression and Violent Behavior , 9 ( 4 ) : 379 – 400 .
  • Henry , J.D. and Crawford , J.R. 2005 . The short-form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21): Construct validity and normative data in a large non-clinical sample . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 44 ( 2 ) : 227 – 239 .
  • Hildebrandt , T. , Schlundt , D. , Langenbucher , J. and Chung , T. 2006 . Presence of muscle dysmorphia symptomology among male weightlifters . Comprehensive Psychiatry , 47 ( 2 ) : 127 – 135 .
  • Hirschfeld , R.M.A. 2001 . The comorbidity of major depression and anxiety disorders: Recognition and management in primary care . Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 3 ( 6 ) : 244 – 254 .
  • Kanayama , G. , Pope , H.G. , Cohane , G. and Hudson , J.I. 2003 . Risk factors for anabolic-androgenic steroid use among weightlifters: A case-control study . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 71 ( 1 ) : 77 – 86 .
  • Klomek , A.B. , Sourander , A. , Kumpulainen , K. , Piha , J. , Tamminen , T. , Moilanen , I. , Almqvist , F. and Gould , M.S. 2008 . Childhood bullying as a risk for later depression and suicidal ideation among Finnish males . Journal of Affective Disorders , 109 ( 1–2 ) : 47 – 55 .
  • Ledley , D.R. , Storch , E.A. , Coles , M.E. , Heimberg , R.G. , Moser , J. and Bravata , E.A. 2006 . The relationship between childhood teasing and later interpersonal functioning . Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment , 28 ( 1 ) : 33 – 40 .
  • Lunde , C. , Frisén , A. and Hwang , C.P. 2006 . Is peer victimization related to body esteem in 10-year-old girls and boys? . Body Image , 3 ( 1 ) : 25 – 33 .
  • MacKinnon , D. 2008 . Introduction to statistical mediation analysis (multivariate applications) , 1st edn , New York, London, NY : Routledge Academic .
  • Maida , D. and Armstrong , S. 2005 . The classification of muscle dysmorphia . International Journal of Men's Health , 4 ( 1 ) : 73 – 91 .
  • Mancini , C. , Van Ameringen , M. and MacMillan , H. 1995 . Relationship of childhood sexual and physical abuse to anxiety disorders . The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 183 ( 5 ) : 309 – 314 .
  • Mayville , S.B. , Williamson , D.A. , White , M.A. , Netemeyer , R.G. and Drab , D.L. 2002 . Development of the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale . Assessment , 9 ( 4 ) : 351 – 360 .
  • McCabe , R.E. , Antony , M.M. , Summerfeldt , L.J. , Liss , A. and Swinson , R.P. 2003 . Preliminary examination of the relationship between anxiety disorders in adults and self-reported history of teasing or bullying experiences . Cognitive Behaviour Therapy , 32 ( 4 ) : 187 – 193 .
  • McCreary , D.R. and Sasse , D.K. 2000 . An exploration of the drive for muscularity in adolescent boys and girls . Journal of American College Health , 48 ( 6 ) : 297 – 304 .
  • Mora-Merchan , J. 2006 . Copying strategies: Mediators of long-term effects in victims of bullying? . Annuary of Clinical and Health Psychology , 2 : 15 – 25 .
  • Nansel , T.R. , Overpeck , M. , Pilla , R.S. , Ruan , W.J. , Simons-Morton , B. and Scheidt , P. 2001 . Bullying behaviors among US youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment . JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association , 285 ( 16 ) : 2094 – 2100 .
  • Neziroglu , F. , Khemlani-Patel , S. and Yaryura-Tobias , J.A. 2006 . Rates of abuse in body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive–compulsive disorder . Body Image , 3 ( 2 ) : 189 – 193 .
  • Olivardia , R. , Pope , H.G. Jr ., & Hudson , J.I. 2000 . Muscle dysmorphia in male weightlifters: A case-control study . The American Journal of Psychiatry , 157 8 , 1291 – 1296 .
  • Olweus , D. 1993 . Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do , Cambridge, MA : Blackwell, Wiley-Blackwell .
  • Pasman , L. and Thompson , J.K. 1988 . Body image and eating disturbance in obligatory runners, obligatory weightlifters, and sedentary individuals . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 7 ( 6 ) : 759 – 769 .
  • Phillips , K.A. , Pinto , A. and Jain , S. 2004 . Self-esteem in body dysmorphic disorder . Body Image , 1 ( 4 ) : 385 – 390 .
  • Pope , H.G. Jr ., Gruber , A.J. , Choi , P. , Olivardia , R. , & Phillips , K.A. 1997 . Muscle dysmorphia. An underrecognized form of body dysmorphic disorder . Psychosomatics , 38 6 , 548 – 557 .
  • Pope , H.G. Jr ., Katz , D.L. , & Hudson , J.I. 1993 . Anorexia nervosa and “reverse anorexia” among 108 male bodybuilders . Comprehensive Psychiatry , 34 6 , 406 – 409 .
  • Preacher , K.J. and Hayes , A.F. 2008 . Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models . Behavior Research Methods , 40 ( 3 ) : 879 – 891 .
  • Reid , K. 1983 . Retrospection and persistent school absenteeism . Educational Research , 25 ( 2 ) : 110 – 115 .
  • Roth , D.A. , Coles , M.E. and Heimberg , R.G. 2002 . The relationship between memories for childhood teasing and anxiety and depression in adulthood . Journal of Anxiety Disorders , 16 ( 2 ) : 149 – 164 .
  • Sachs-Ericsson , N. , Verona , E. , Joiner , T. and Preacher , K.J. 2006 . Parental verbal abuse and the mediating role of self-criticism in adult internalizing disorders . Journal of Affective Disorders , 93 ( 1–3 ) : 71 – 78 .
  • Schäfer , M. , Korn , S. , Smith , P.K. , Hunter , S.C. , Mora-Merchán , J.A. , Singer , M.M. and Meulen , K. 2004 . Lonely in the crowd: Recollections of bullying . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 22 ( 3 ) : 379 – 394 .
  • Shelton , S. and Liljequist , L. 2002 . Characteristics and behaviors associated with body image in male domestic violence offenders . Eating Behaviors , 3 ( 3 ) : 217 – 227 .
  • Skarberg , K. and Engstrom , I. 2007 . Troubled social background of male anabolic-androgenic steroid abusers in treatment . Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy , 2 : 20
  • Springer , K.W. , Sheridan , J. , Kuo , D. and Carnes , M. 2007 . Long-term physical and mental health consequences of childhood physical abuse: Results from a large population-based sample of men and women . Child Abuse & Neglect , 31 ( 5 ) : 517 – 530 .
  • Stice , E. , Hayward , C. , Cameron , R.P. , Killen , J.D. and Taylor , C.B. 2000 . Body-image and eating disturbances predict onset of depression among female adolescents: A longitudinal study . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 109 ( 3 ) : 438 – 444 .
  • Sweetingham , R. and Waller , G. 2008 . Childhood experiences of being bullied and teased in the eating disorders . European Eating Disorders Review: The Journal of the Eating Disorders Association , 16 ( 5 ) : 401 – 407 .
  • Turner , H.A. and Butler , M.J. 2003 . Direct and indirect Effects of Childhood Adversity on Depressive Symptoms in Young Adults . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 32 ( 2 ) : 89 – 103 .
  • Underwood , M.K. 2003 . Social aggression among girls , New York : Guilford Press .
  • Veale , D. 2004 . Body dysmorphic disorder . Postgraduate Medical Journal , 80 ( 940 ) : 67 – 71 .
  • Vincent , M.A. and McCabe , M.P. 2000 . Gender differences among adolescents in family, and peer influences on body dissatisfaction, weight loss, and binge eating behaviors . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 29 ( 2 ) : 205 – 221 .
  • Wolke , D. and Sapouna , M. 2008 . Big men feeling small: Childhood bullying experience, muscle dysmorphia and other mental health problems in bodybuilders . Psychology of Sport and Exercise , 9 ( 5 ) : 595 – 604 .
  • Woods , S. and Wolke , D. 2004 . Direct and relational bullying among primary school children and academic achievement . Journal of School Psychology , 42 ( 2 ) : 135 – 155 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.