Irritable bowel syndrome and the gut microbiota

References

• Abadi ATB. 2017. Fecal microbiota transplantation against irritable bowel syndrome? Rigorous randomized clinical trials are required. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 8(4):208–209.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Afdhal N, Piggott C, Long A, O’Donoghue D. 1986. Carbohydrate handling by colonic flora—is it pathogenic in the irritable bowel syndrome? Irish Journal of Medical Science. 155(6):197–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agrawal A, Houghton LA, Reilly B, Morris J, Whorwell PJ. 2009. Bloating and distension in irritable bowel syndrome: the role of gastrointestinal transit. The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 104(8):1998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aguilar CR, Buch T, Bajbouj M, Schmid R, Wantia N, Thöringer C. 2015. Fecal microbiota transplantation as a novel therapy for irritable bowel syndrome with predominant diarrhea: 002. Neurogastroenterology & Motility. 27:110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almy TP. 1951. Experimental studies on the irritable colon. The American Journal of Medicine. 10(1):60–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almy TP. 1957. What is the “irritable colon”? The American Journal of Digestive Diseases. 2(3):93–97.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alun Jones V, Wilson AJ, Hunter JO, Robinson RE. 1984. The aetiological role of antibiotic prophylaxis with hysterectomy in irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 5(1):S22–S23.
   Google Scholar
• Alvarez WC. 1949. Hysterical type of nongaseous abdominal bloating. Archives of Internal Medicine. 84(2):217–245.
   Google Scholar
• Ambrose N, Johnson M, Burdon D, Keighley M. 1985. The influence of single dose intravenous antibiotics on faecal flora and emergence of Clostridium difficile. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 15(3):319–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baird M. 1946. Chronic or recurrent diarrhœa. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 55(3):273.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balemans D, Mondelaers S, Cibert-Goton V, Stakenborg N, Aguilera-Lizarraga J, Dooley J, Liston A, Bulmer D, Berghe PV, Boeckxstaens G. 2017. Evidence for long-term sensitization of the bowel in patients with post-infectious-IBS. Scientific Reports. 7(1):13606.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Balsari A, Ceccarelli A, Dubini F, Fesce E, Poli GJM. 1982. The fecal microbial population in the irritable bowel syndrome. Microbiologica. 5(3):185–194.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barbara G, Stanghellini V, Berti-Ceroni C, De Giorgio R, Salvioli B, Corradi F, Cremon C, Corinaldesi R. 2000. Role of antibiotic therapy on long-term germ excretion in faeces and digestive symptoms after salmonella infection. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 14(9):1127–1131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbara G, Stanghellini V, Brandi G, Cremon C, Di Nardo G, De Giorgio R, Corinaldesi R. 2005. Interactions between commensal bacteria and gut sensorimotor function in health and disease. The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 100(11):2560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bargen JA. 1950. Psychosomatic relationships in the digestive system. Gastroenterology. 15(4):581–591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barmeyer C, Schumann M, Meyer T, Zielinski C, Zuberbier T, Siegmund B, Schulzke J-D, Daum S, Ullrich R. 2017. Long-term response to gluten-free diet as evidence for non-celiac wheat sensitivity in one third of patients with diarrhea-dominant and mixed-type irritable bowel syndrome. International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 32(1):29–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett JS, Gearry RB, Muir JG, Irving PM, Rose R, Rosella O, Haines M, Shepherd SJ, Gibson PR. 2010. Dietary poorly absorbed, short-chain carbohydrates increase delivery of water and fermentable substrates to the proximal colon. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 31(8):874–882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayliss CE, Houston AP, Jones VA, Hishon S, Hunter JO. 1984. Microbiological studies on food intolerance. Proceedings of the Nutritional Society. Oxon: CAB Iinternational.
   Google Scholar
• Beck C, Necheles H. 1961. Beneficial effects of administration of Lactobacillus acidophilus in diarrheal and other intestinal disorders. The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 35:522–530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bercik P, Denou E, Collins J, Jackson W, Lu J, Jury J, Deng Y, Blennerhassett P, Macri J, McCoy KD. 2011. The intestinal microbiota affect central levels of brain-derived neurotropic factor and behavior in mice. Gastroenterology. 141(2):599–609.e593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bijkerk C, Muris J, Knottnerus J, Hoes A, De Wit NJ. 2004. Systematic review: the role of different types of fibre in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 19(3):245–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonaz B, Bazin T, Pellissier S. 2018. The vagus nerve at the interface of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 12:49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borody TJ, George L, Andrews P, Brandl S, Noonan S, Cole P, Hyland L, Morgan A, Maysey J, Moore-Jones D. 1989. Bowel-flora alteration: a potential cure for inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome? Medical Journal of Australia. 150(10):604–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borycka-Kiciak K, Banasiewicz T, Rydzewska G. 2017. Butyric acid – a well-known molecule revisited. Gastroenterology Review. 12(2):83–89.
   Google Scholar
• Bravo JA, Forsythe P, Chew MV, Escaravage E, Savignac HM, Dinan TG, Bienenstock J, Cryan JF. 2011. Ingestion of lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108(38):16050–16055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buono JL, Carson RT, Flores NM. 2017. Health-related quality of life, work productivity, and indirect costs among patients with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 15(1):35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burnstock G. 2016. Purinergic mechanisms and pain. Advances in Pharmacology. 75:91–137.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Caenepeel P, Janssens J, Vantrappen G, Eyssen H, Coremans G. 1989. Interdigestive myoelectric complex in germ-free rats. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 34(8):1180–1184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldarella MP, Serra J, Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. 2002. Prokinetic effects in patients with intestinal gas retention. Gastroenterology. 122(7):1748–1755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camilleri M. 2012. Peripheral mechanisms in irritable bowel syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine. 367(17):1626–1635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll IM, Ringel-Kulka T, Keku TO, Chang Y-H, Packey CD, Sartor RB, Ringel Y. 2011. Molecular analysis of the luminal- and mucosal-associated intestinal microbiota in diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Neuroregulation and Motility. 301(5):799–807.
   Google Scholar
• Carroll IM, Ringel-Kulka T, Siddle JP, Ringel Y. 2012. Alterations in composition and diversity of the intestinal microbiota in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterology & Motility. 24(6):521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choung RS, Murray JA. 2019. The role for food allergies in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome: understanding mechanisms of intestinal mucosal responses against food antigens. Gastroenterology. 157(1):15–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins SM. 2002. A case for an immunological basis for irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 122(7):2078–2080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins SM. 2014. A role for the gut microbiota in IBS. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 11:497–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corinaldesi R, Barbara G, De Giorgio R, Stanghellini V. 1999. Irritable bowel syndrome and enteric flora. Gastroenterol Int. 12(Suppl. 2):38–39.
   Google Scholar
• Deiteren A, Camilleri M, Burton D, McKinzie S, Rao A, Zinsmeister AR. 2010. Effect of meal ingestion on ileocolonic and colonic transit in health and irritable bowel syndrome. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 55(2):384–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Palma G, Lynch MD, Lu J, Dang VT, Deng Y, Jury J, Umeh G, Miranda PM, Pastor MP, et al. 2017. Transplantation of fecal microbiota from patients with irritable bowel syndrome alters gut function and behavior in recipient mice. Science Translational Medicine. 9(379):eaaf6397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Distrutti E, Monaldi L, Ricci P, Fiorucci S. 2016. Gut microbiota role in irritable bowel syndrome: new therapeutic strategies. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 22(7):2219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drossman DA. 2016. Functional gastrointestinal disorders: history, pathophysiology, clinical features, and Rome IV. Gastroenterology. 150(6):1262–1279.e1262.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duan R, Zhu S, Wang B, Duan L. 2019. Alterations of gut microbiota in patients with irritable bowel syndrome based on 16S rRNA-targeted sequencing: a systematic review. Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology. 10(2):e00012.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dunlop SP, Coleman NS, Blackshaw E, Perkins AC, Singh G, Marsden CA, Spiller RC. 2005. Abnormalities of 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 3(4):349–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Salhy M. 2012. Irritable bowel syndrome: diagnosis and pathogenesis. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 18(37):5151–5163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Salhy M, Gilja OH. 2017. Abnormalities in ileal stem, neurogenin 3, and enteroendocrine cells in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. BMC Gastroenterology. 17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Salhy M, Hausken T, Hatlebakk JG. 2019. Increasing the dose and/or repeating faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) increases the response in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Nutrients. 11(6):1415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Salhy M, Ostgaard H, Gundersen D, Hatlebakk JG, Hausken T. 2012. The role of diet in the pathogenesis and management of irritable bowel syndrome (review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 29:723–731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Salhy M, Seim I, Chopin L, Gundersen D, Hatlebakk JG, Hausken T. 2012. Irritable bowel syndrome: the role of gut neuroendocrine peptides. Frontiers in Bioscience. E4:2683–2700.
   Google Scholar
• Elsenbruch S, Rosenberger C, Enck P, Forsting M, Schedlowski M, Gizewski ER. 2010. Affective disturbances modulate the neural processing of visceral pain stimuli in irritable bowel syndrome: an fMRI study. Gut. 59:489–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farah D, Calder I, Benson L, MacKenzie J. 1985. Specific food intolerance: its place as a cause of gastrointestinal symptoms. Gut. 26(2):164–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farup PG, Rudi K, Hestad K. 2016. Faceal short-chain fatty acids – a diagnostic biomarker for irritable bowel syndrome?. BMC Gastroenterology. 16(51). doi:10.1186/s12876-016-0446z.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Floch MH. 2005. Use of diet and probiotic therapy in the irritable bowel syndrome: analysis of the literature. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 39(5):S243–S246.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Florens MV, Van Wanrooy S, Dooley J, Aguilera-Lizarraga J, Vanbrabant W, Wouters MM, Van Oudenhove L, Peetermans WE, Liston A, Boeckxstaens GE. 2019. Prospective study evaluating immune-mediated mechanisms and predisposing factors underlying persistent postinfectious abdominal complaints. Neurogastroenterology & Motility. 31(4):e13542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford AC, Harris LA, Lacy BE, Quigley EMM, Moayyedi P. 2018. Systematic review with metaanalysis: the efficacy of prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics and antibiotics in irritable bowel syndrome. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 48:1044–1060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford AC, Talley NJ, Spiegel BM, Foxx-Orenstein AE, Schiller L, Quigley EM, Moayyedi P. 2008. Effect of fibre, antispasmodics, and peppermint oil in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 337:a2313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritscher-Ravens A, Schuppan D, Ellrichmann M, Schoch S, Röcken C, Brasch J, Bethge J, Böttner M, Klose J, Milla PJ. 2014. Confocal endomicroscopy shows food-associated changes in the intestinal mucosa of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 147(5):1012–1020.e1014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gershon MD. 2013. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) in the gastrointestinal tract. Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity. 20(1):14–21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghoshal U, Shukla R, Srivastava D, Ghoshal UC. 2016. Irritable bowel syndrome, particularly the constipation-predominant form, involves an increase in Methanobrevibacter smithii, which is associated with higher methane production. Gut and Liver. 10(6):932–938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goehler LE, Lyte M, Gaykema RP. 2007. Infection-induced viscerosensory signals from the gut enhance anxiety: implications for psychoneuroimmunology. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 21(6):721–726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldin BR, Gorbach SL. 1984. Alterations of the intestinal microflora by diet, oral antibiotics, and Lactobacillus: decreased production of free amines from aromatic nitro compounds, azo dyes, and glucuronides. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 73(3):689–695.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gunawardene AR, Corfe BM, Staton CA. 2011. Classification and functions of enteroendocrine cells of the lower gastrointestinal tract. International Journal of Experimental Pathology. 92:219–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafsson BE, Maunsbach AB. 1971. Ultrastructure of the enlarged cecum in germfree rats. Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie. 120(4):555–578.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gwee KA, Graham JC, McKendrick MW, Collins SM, Marshall JS, Walters SJ, Read NW. 1996. Psychometric scores and persistence of irritable bowel after infectious diarrhoea. The Lancet. 347(8995):150–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heijtz RD, Wang S, Anuar F, Qian Y, Björkholm B, Samuelsson A, Hibberd ML, Forssberg H, Pettersson S. 2011. Normal gut microbiota modulates brain development and behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108(7):3047–3052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heizer WD, Southern S, McGovern S. 2009. The role of diet in symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome in adults: a narrative review. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 109(7):1204–1214.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holvoet T, Joossens M, Jerina B, Christiaens E, Heyerick L, Verhasselt B, De Vos M, Hindryckx P, Raes J, De Looze DJG. 2018. 617-fecal microbiota transplantation in irritable bowel syndrome with predominant abdominal bloating: results from a double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Gastroenterology. 154(6):S-130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooper LV, Wong MH, Thelin A, Hansson L, Falk PG, Gordon JI. 2001. Molecular analysis of commensal host-microbial relationships in the intestine. Science. 291(5505):881–884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotel ACP, Cordoba A. 2001. Health and nutritional properties of probiotics in food including powder milk with live lactic acid bacteria. Prevention. 5(1):1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Hurst AF, Barber HW. 1943. Medical diseases of war. London: E. Arnold & Co.
   Google Scholar
• Husebye E, Hellström PM, Sundler F, Chen J, Midtvedt T. 2001. Influence of microbial species on small intestinal myoelectric activity and transit in germ-free rats. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 280(3):G368–G380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang L, Low K, Khoshini R, Melmed GY, Sahakian A, Makhani M, Pokkunuri V, Pimentel M. 2010. Evaluating breath methane as a diagnostic test for constipation-predominant IBS. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 55(2):398–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Icenhour A, Witt ST, Elsenbruch S, Lowen M, Engström M, Tillisch K, Mayer EA, Walter S. 2017. Brain functional connectivity is associated with visceral sensitivity in women with irritable bowel syndrome. NeuroImage: Clinical. 15:449–457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob C, Yang P-C, Darmoul D, Amadesi S, Saito T, Cottrell GS, Coelho A-M, Singh P, Grady EF, Perdue M. 2005. Mast cell tryptase controls paracellular permeability of the intestine role of protease-activated receptor 2 and β-arrestins. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280(36):31936–31948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson AJ, Vangay P, Al-Ghalith GA, Hillmann BM, Ward TL, Shields-Cutler RR, Kim AD, Shmagel AK, Syed AN, Students PMC. 2019. Daily sampling reveals personalized diet-microbiome associations in humans. Cell Host & Microbe. 25(6):789–802.e785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan SM, Kieder ED. 1929. The irritable colon. Journal of the American Medical Association. 93(8):592–595.
   Google Scholar
• Jun D-W, Less O-Y, Yoon H-J, Lee S-H, Lee H-L, Choi H-S, Yoon B-C, Lee M-H, Lee D-H, Cho S-H. 2006. Food intolerance and skin prick test in treated and untreated irritable bowel syndrome. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 12(15):2382–2387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerckhoffs AP, Samsom M, van der Rest ME, de Vogel J, Knol J, Ben-Amor K, Akkermans LM. 2009. Lower Bifidobacteria counts in both duodenal mucosa-associated and fecal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome patients. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 15(23):2887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King T, Elia M, Hunter J. 1998. Abnormal colonic fermentation in irritable bowel syndrome. The Lancet. 352(9135):1187–1189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirwan W, Smith A. 1977. Colonic propulsion in diverticular disease, idiopathic constipation, and the irritable colon syndrome. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 12(3):331–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krogsgaard LR, Engsbro AL, Bytzer P. 2018. Antibiotics: a risk factor for irritable bowel syndrome in a population-based cohort. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 53(9):1027–1030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen N, Olsen GJ, Maidak BL, McCaughey MJ, Overbeek R, Macke TJ, Marsh TL, Woese CR. 1993. The ribosomal database project. Nucleic Acids Research. 21(13):3021–3023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lashermes A, Barbier J, Sion B, Gelot A, Barnich N, Ardid D, Carvalho FA. 2018. Adherent-Invasive E. coli enhances colonic hypersensitivity and P2X receptors expression during post-infectious period. Gut Microbes. 9(1):26–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledochowski M, Widner B, Bair H, Probst T, Fuchs D. 2000. Fructose-and sorbitol-reduced diet improves mood and gastrointestinal disturbances in fructose malabsorbers. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 35(10):1048–1052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lessof M, Wraith D, Merrett T, Merrett J, Buisseret P. 1980. Food allergy and intolerance in 100 patients—local and systemic effects. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine. 49(3):259–271.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu H-N, Wu H, Chen Y-Z, Chen Y-J, Shen X-Z, Liu T-T. 2017. Altered molecular signature of intestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome patients compared with healthy controls: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Digestive and Liver Disease. 49(4):331–337.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovell RM, Ford AC. 2012. Global prevalence of and risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome: a meta-analysis. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 10:712–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luczynski P, Whelan SO, O’Sullivan C, Clarke G, Shanahan F, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. 2016. Adult microbiota-deficient mice have distinct dendritic morphological changes: differential effects in the amygdala and hippocampus. European Journal of Neuroscience. 44(9):2654–2666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyte M, Li W, Opitz N, Gaykema RP, Goehler LE. 2006. Induction of anxiety-like behavior in mice during the initial stages of infection with the agent of murine colonic hyperplasia Citrobacter rodentium. Physiology & Behavior. 89(3):350–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma TY, Iwamoto GK, Hoa NT, Akotia V, Pedram A, Boivin MA, Said HM. 2004. TNF-α-induced increase in intestinal epithelial tight junction permeability requires NF-κB activation. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 286(3):G367–G376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma X, Li S, Tian J, Jiang G, Wen H, Wang T, Fang J, Zhan W, Xu Y. 2015. Altered brain spontaneous activity and connectivity network in irritable bowel sybdrome patients: a resting-state fMRI study. Clinical Neurophysiology. 126:1190–1197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madsen JL, Linnet J, Rumessen JJ. 2006. Effect of nonabsorbed amounts of a fructose–sorbitol mixture on small intestinal transit in healthy volunteers. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 51(1):147–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maharshak N, Ringel Y, Katibian D, Lundqvist A, Sartor RB, Carroll IM, Ringel-Kulka T. 2018. Fecal and mucosa-associated intestinal mucosa in patients with diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 63(7):1890–1899.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Major G, Pritchard S, Murray K, Alappadan JP, Hoad CL, Marciani L, Gowland P, Spiller R. 2017. Colon hypersensitivity to distension, rather than excessive gas production, produces carbohydrate-related symptoms in individuals with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 152(1):124–133.e122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malagelada C, Nieto A, Mendez S, Accarino A, Santos J, Malagelada JR, Azpiroz F. 2017. Effect of prucalopride on intestinal gas tolerance in patients with functional bowel disorders and constipation. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 32(8):1457–1462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malinen E, Rinttilä T, Kajander K, Mättö J, Kassinen A, Krogius L, Saarela M, Korpela R, Palva A. 2005. Analysis of the fecal microbiota of irritable bowel syndrome patients and healthy controls with real-time PCR. The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 100(2):373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manousos O, Truelove S, Lumsden K. 1967. Transit times of food in patients with diverticulosis or irritable colon syndrome and normal subjects. British Medical Journal. 3(5568):760.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mawe G, Coates M, Moses PL. 2006. Intestinal serotonin signalling in irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 23(8):1067–1076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May CL, Kaestner KH. 2010. Gut endocrine cell development. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 323:70–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer EAR, Helen E. 1990. Role of visceral afferent mechanisms in functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology. 99:1688–1704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzawi T, El-Sahy M, Lied G, Gilja O, Hatlebakk J, Hausken T. 2016. Effect of fecal transplantation on the symptoms and duodenal endocrine cells in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. UEG J. 4:677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzawi T, Hausken T, Gundersen D, El-Salhy M. 2013. Effects of dietary guidance on the symptoms, quality of life and habitual dietary intake of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Molecular Medicine Reports. 8(3):845–852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendall MA, Kumar D. 1998. Antibiotic use, childhood affluence and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 10(1):59–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mertz H, Morgan V, Tanner G, Pickens D, Price R, Shyr Y, Kessler R. 2000. Regional cerebral activiation in irritable bowel syndrome and control subjects with painful and nonpainful rectal distension. Gastroenterology. 118(5):842–848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metchnikoff E. 1907. The prolongation of life: optimistic studies. Mitchell PC, translator. New York: GP Putnam’s Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Midenfjord I, Polster A, Sjövall H, Törnblom H, Simrén M. 2019. Anxiety and depression in irritable bowel syndrome: exploring the interaction with other symptoms and pathophysiology using multivariate analyses. Neurogastroenterology & Motility. 31:e13619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizuno S, Masaoka T, Naganuma M, Kishimoto T, Kitazawa M, Kurokawa S, Nakashima M, Takeshita K, Suda W, Mimura M. 2017. Bifidobacterium-rich fecal donor may be a positive predictor for successful fecal microbiota transplantation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Digestion. 96(1):29–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mujagic Z, Jonkers D, Ludidi S, Keszthelyi D, Hesselink M, Weerts Z, Kievit R, Althof J, Leue C, Kruimel JW, et al. 2017. Biomarkers for visceral hypersensitivity in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 29(12):e13137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naliboff B, Derbyshire SWG, Munakata J, Berman S, Mandelkern M, Chang L, Mayer E. 2001. Cerebral activation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and control subjects during rectosigmoid stimulation. Psychosomatic Medicine. 63(3):365–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanayakkara WS, Skidmore PM, O’Brien L, Wilkinson TJ, Gearry RB. 2016. Efficacy of the low FODMAP diet for treating irritable bowel syndrome: the evidence to date. Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology. 9:131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niedzielin K, Kordecki H, Birkenfeld B. 2001. A controlled, double-blind, randomized study on the efficacy of Lactobacillus plantarum 299V in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 13(10):1143–1147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niv E, Naftali T, Hallak R, Vaisman N. 2005. The efficacy of Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 in the treatment of patients with irritable bowel syndrome—a double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study. Clinical Nutrition. 24(6):925–931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Mahony L, McCarthy J, Kelly P, Hurley G, Luo F, Chen K, O’Sullivan GC, Kiely B, Collins JK, Shanahan F. 2005. Lactobacillus and bifidobacterium in irritable bowel syndrome: symptom responses and relationship to cytokine profiles. Gastroenterology. 128(3):541–551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong DK, Mitchell SB, Barrett JS, Shepherd SJ, Irving PM, Biesiekierski JR, Smith S, Gibson PR, Muir JG. 2010. Manipulation of dietary short chain carbohydrates alters the pattern of gas production and genesis of symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 25(8):1366–1373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osler W, McCrae T. 1892. The principles and practice of medicine. 1st ed. New York: D. Appleton & Co.695.
   Google Scholar
• O’Sullivan M, O’Morain C. 2000. Bacterial supplementation in the irritable bowel syndrome. A randomised doubleblind placebo-controlled crossover study. Digestive and Liver Disease. 32(4):294–301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker CH, Naliboff BD, Shih W, Presson AP, Videlock EJ, Mayer EA, Chang L. 2019. Negative events during adulthood are associated with symptom severity and altered stress response in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 17:2245–2252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pata C, Erdal ME, Derici E, Yazar A, Kanık A, Ulu O. 2002. Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism in irritable bowel syndrome. The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 97(7):1780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piche T, Barbara G, Aubert P, Des Varannes SB, Dainese R, Nano J-L, Cremon C, Stanghellini V, De Giorgio R, Galmiche JP. 2009. Impaired intestinal barrier integrity in the colon of patients with irritable bowel syndrome: involvement of soluble mediators. Gut. 58(2):196–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pimentel M, Chow EJ, Lin HC. 2000. Eradication of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 95(12):3503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pimentel M, Park S, Mirocha J, Kane SV, Kong Y. 2006. The effect of a nonabsorbed oral antibiotic (rifaximin) on the symptoms of the irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 145(8):557–563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto-Sanchez MI, Hall GB, Ghajar K, Nardelli A, Bolino C, Lau JT, Martin F-P, Cominetti O, Welsh C, Rieder A. 2017. Probiotic Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 reduces depression scores and alters brain activity: a pilot study in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 153(2):448–459.e448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pozuelo M, Panda S, Santiago A, Mendez S, Accarino A, Santos J, Guarner F, Azpiroz F, Manichanh C. 2015. Reduction of butyrate- and methane- producing microorganisms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Scientific Reports. 5. doi:10.1038/srep12693(2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Principi N, Cozzali R, Farinelli E, Brusaferro A, Esposito S. 2018. Gut dysbiosis and irritable bowel syndrome: the potential role of probiotics. J Infect. 76(2):111–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pryde SE, Duncan SH, Hold GL, Stewart CS, Flint HJ. 2002. The microbiology of butyrate formation in the human colon. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 217(2):133–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pusceddu MM, Murray K, Gareau MG. 2018. Targeting the microbiota, from Irritable bowel syndrome to mood disorders: focus on probiotics and prebiotics. Curr Pathobiol Rep. 6:1–13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Quigley E. 2018. The gut-brain axis and the microbiome: clues to pathophysiology and opportunities for novel management strategies in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Journal of Clinical Medicine. 7(1):6. doi:10.3390/jcm7010006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rej A, Avery A, Ford AC, Holdoway A, Kurien M, McKenzie Y, Thompson J, Trott N, Whelan K, Williams MJ, et al. 2018. Clinical application of dietary therapies in irritable bowel syndrome. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 27(3):307–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren YJ, Zhang L, Bai T, Yu HL, Li Y, Qian W, Jin S, Xiong ZF, Wang H, Hou XH. 2017. Transfer of CD11c+ lamina propria mononuclear phagocytes from post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome causes mucosal barrier dysfunction and visceral hypersensitivity in recipient mice. International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 39(6):1555–1563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rettger LF, Cheplin HA. 1921. A treatise on the transformation of the intestinal flora: with special reference to the implantation of bacillus acidophilus. Vol. 13. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rhee SH, Keates AC, Moyer MP, Pothoulakis C. 2004. MEK is a key modulator for TLR5-induced interleukin-8 and MIP3α gene expression in non-transformed human colonic epithelial cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279(24):25179–25188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ringel-Kulka T, Choi CH, Temas D, Kim A, Maier DM, Scott KP, Galanka JA, Ringel Y. 2015. Altered colonic bacterial fermentation as a potential pathophysiological factor in irritable bowel syndrome. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 110(9):1339–1346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchie J. 1973. Pain from distension of the pelvic colon by inflating a balloon in the irritable colon syndrome. Gut. 14(2):125–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi M, Aggio R, Staudacher HM, Lomer MC, Lindsay JO, Irving P, Probert C, Whelan K. 2018. Volatile organic compounds in feces associate with response to dietary intervention in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 16(3):385–391.e381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothschild D, Weissbrod O, Barkan E, Kurilshikov A, Korem T, Zeevi D, Costea PI, Godneva A, Kalka IN, Bar N, et al. 2018. Environment dominates over host genetics in shaping human gut microbiota. Nature. 555:210–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rousseaux C, Thuru X, Gelot A, Barnich N, Neut C, Dubuquoy L, Dubuquoy C, Merour E, Geboes K, Chamaillard M. 2007. Lactobacillus acidophilus modulates intestinal pain and induces opioid and cannabinoid receptors. Nature Medicine. 13(1):35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryle JA. 1928. An address on chronic spasmodic affections of the colon and the diseases which they stimulate. The Lancet. 212(5492):1115–1119.
   Google Scholar
• Saggioro A. 2004. Probiotics in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 38:S104–S106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez B, Delgado S, Blanco-Míguez A, Lourenço A, Gueimonde M, Margolles A. 2017. Probiotics, gut microbiota, and their influence on host health and disease. Mol Nutr Food Res. 61(1):1600240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selye H. 1950. The physiology and pathology of exposure to stress. 6th ed. Montreal: Acta, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Shapiro J, Bernica J, Hernaez R. 2019. Risk of bias analysis of systematic reviews of probiotics for treatment of Irritable bowel syndrome. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 17(4):784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sikander A, Rana SV, Prasad KK. 2009. Role of serotonin in gastrointestinal motility and irritable bowel syndrome. Clinica Chimica Acta. 403(1-2):47–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman DHS, Munakata JA, Ennes H, Mandelkern MA, Hoh CK, Mayer EA. 1997. Regional Cerebral activity in normal and Pathological perception of visceral pain. Gastroenterology. 112(1):64–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simrén M, Castedal M, Svedlund J, Abrahamsson H, Bjõrnsson E. 2000. Abnormal propagation pattern of duodenal pressure waves in the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 45(11):2151–2161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinn DH, Song JH, Kim HJ, Lee JH, Son HJ, Chang DK, Kim Y-H, Kim JJ, Rhee JC, Rhee P-L. 2008. Therapeutic effect of lactobacillus acidophilus-SDC 2012, 2013 in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 53(10):2714–2718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skodje GI, Sarna VK, Minelle IH, Rolfsen KL, Muir JG, Gibson PR, Veierød MB, Henriksen C, Lundin KE. 2018. Fructan, rather than gluten, induces symptoms in patients with self-reported non-celiac gluten sensitivity. Gastroenterology. 154(3):529–539.e522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snape Jr WJ, Carlson GM, Matarazzo SA, Cohen S. 1977. Evidence that abnormal Myoelectrical activity produces colonic motor dysfunction in the irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 72(3):383–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soret R, Chevalier J, De Coppet P, Poupeau G, Derkinderen P, Segain JP, Neunlist M. 2010. Short-chain fatty acids regulate the enteric neurons and control gastrointestinal motiliy in rats. Gastroenterology. 138(5):1772–1782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sperber AD, Dumitrascu D, Fukudo S, Gerson C, Ghoshal UC, Gwee KA, Hungin APS, Kang J-Y, Minhu C, Schmulson M. 2017. The global prevalence of IBS in adults remains elusive due to the heterogeneity of studies: a Rome Foundation working team literature review. Gut. 66(6):1075–1082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiller R, Lam C. 2012. An update on post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome: role of genetics, immune activation, serotonin and altered microbiome. Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility. 18(3):258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staudacher HM, Lomer MC, Anderson JL, Barrett JS, Muir JG, Irving PM, Whelan K. 2012. Fermentable carbohydrate restriction reduces luminal bifidobacteria and gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. The Journal of Nutrition. 142(8):1510–1518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staudacher HM, Lomer M, Louis P. 2016. 1133 the low FODMAP diet reduces symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome compared with placebo diet and the microbiota alterations may be prevented by probiotic co-administration: a 2×2 factorial randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 150(4):S230. doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(16)30842-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staudacher HM, Whelan K. 2017. The low FODMAP diet: recent advances in understanding its mechanisms and efficacy in IBS. Gut. 66(8):1517–1527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart G. 1950. Post-dysenteric colitis. British Medical Journal. 1(4650):405.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suau A, Bonnet R, Sutren M, Godon J-J, Gibson GR, Collins MD, Doré J. 1999. Direct analysis of genes encoding 16S rRNA from complex communities reveals many novel molecular species within the human gut. Appl Environ Microbiol. 65(11):4799–4807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundin J, Öhman L, Simrén M. 2017. Understanding the gut microbiota in inflammatory and functional gastrointestinal diseases. Psychosom Med. 79(8):857–867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tack J, Drossman D. 2017. What’s new in Rome IV? Neurogastroenterology & Motility. 29:e13053.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor I, Darby C, Hammond P, Basu P. 1978. Is there a myoelectrical abnormality in the irritable colon syndrome? Gut. 19:391–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson WG. 1974. The irritable colon. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 111(11):1236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Törnblom H, Lindberg G, Nyberg B, Veress B. 2002. Full-thickness biopsy of the jejunum reveals inflammation and enteric neuropathy in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 123(6):1972–1979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triantafyllou K, Chang C, Pimentel M. 2014. Methanogens, methane and gastrointestinal motility. Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility. 20(1):31–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uribe A, Alam M, Johansson O, Midtvedt T, Theodorsson E. 1994. Microflora modulates endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal mucosa of the rat. Gastroenterology. 107(5):1259–1269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valdez-Morales EE, Overington J, Guerrero-Alba R, Ochoa-Cortes F, Ibeakanma CO, Spreadbury I, Bunnett NW, Beyak M, Vanner SJ. 2013. Sensitization of peripheral sensory nerves by mediators from colonic biopsies of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome patients: a role for PAR2. The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 108(10):1634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdu EF, Bercik P, Verma-Gandhu M, Huang X-X, Blennerhassett P, Jackson W, Mao Y, Wang L, Rochat F, Collins SM. 2006. Specific probiotic therapy attenuates antibiotic induced visceral hypersensitivity in mice. Gut. 55(2):182–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrees MD, Pricolo VE, Potenti FM, Cao W. 2002. Abnormal motility in patients with ulcerative colitis: the role of inflammatory cytokines. Archives of Surgery. 137(4):439–446.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wade PR, Chen J, Jaffe B, Kassem IS, Blakely RD, Gershon MD. 1996. Localization and function of a 5-HT transporter in crypt epithelia of the gastrointestinal tract. The Journal of Neuroscience. 16(7):2352–2364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H-B, Wang P-Y, Wang X, Wan Y-L, Liu Y-C. 2012. Butyrate enhances intestinal epithelial barrier function via Up-regulation of tight junction protein claudin-1 transcription. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 57:3126–3135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wannemuehler M, Kiyono H, Babb J, Michalek S, McGhee J. 1982. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) regulation of the immune response: LPS converts germfree mice to sensitivity to oral tolerance induction. The Journal of Immunology. 129(3):959–965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White BV, Jones CM. 1940. Mucous colitis: a delineation of the syndrome with certain observations on its mechanism and on the role of emotional tension as a precipitating factor. Annals of Internal Medicine. 14(5):854–872.
   Google Scholar
• White D, Savas L, Daci K, Elserag R, Graham D, Fitzgerald S, Smith SL, Tan G, El-Serag H. 2010. Trauma history and risk of the irritable bowel syndrome in women veterans. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 32(4):551–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehead WE, Holtkotter B, Enck P, Hoelzl R, Holmes KD, Anthony J, Shabsin HS, Schuster MM. 1990. Tolerance for rectosigmoid distention in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 98(5):1187–1192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whorton J. 2000. Civilisation and the colon: constipation as the “disease of diseases”. BMJ. 321(7276):1586–1589.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams CL, Villar RG, Peterson JM, Burks TF. 1988. Stress-induced changes in intestinal transit in the rat: a model for irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 94(3):611–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong M, Inserra A, Lewis M, Mastronardi CA, Leong L, Choo J, Kentish S, Xie P, Morrison M, Wesselingh S. 2016. Inflammasome signaling affects anxiety-and depressive-like behavior and gut microbiome composition. Molecular Psychiatry. 21(6):797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wouters MM, Balemans D, Van Wanrooy S, Dooley J, Cibert-Goton V, Alpizar YA, Valdez-Morales EE, Nasser Y, Van Veldhoven PP, Vanbrabant W. 2016. Histamine receptor H1–mediated sensitization of TRPV1 mediates visceral hypersensitivity and symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 150(4):875–887.e879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou S-Y, Gillilland M, Wu X, Leelasinjaroen P, Zhang G, Zhou H, Ye B, Lu Y, Owyang C. 2018. FODMAP diet modulates visceral nociception by lipopolysaccharide-mediated intestinal inflammation and barrier dysfunction. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 128(1):267–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou Q, Zhang B, Verne GN. 2009. Intestinal membrane permeability and hypersensitivity in the irritable bowel syndrome. Pain. 146(1-2):41–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhuang X, Xiong L, Li L, Li M, Chen M. 2017. Alterations of gut microbiota in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 32(1):28–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar