References

• Asahi Shimbun. 1945. ‘Tenno-sei ni kansuru sekai no koe’ [Voice of the world about the emperor system], November 5: 1.
   Google Scholar
• Bello, Walden. 1998. “American Imperialism in the Asia-Pacific.” Peace Review 10 (3): 367–373.
   Google Scholar
• Busch, Noel F. 1946. “A Report on Japan.” Life December 2: 105–127.
   Google Scholar
• Conteh-Morgan, Earl. 1990. American Foreign Aid and Global Power Projection: The Geopolitics of Resource Allocation. Dartmouth: Aldershot.
   Google Scholar
• Cowen, Robert. 2000. “Comparing Futures or Comparing Pasts?” Comparative Education 36 (3): 333–342.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowen, Robert. 2006. “Acting Comparatively upon the Educational World: Puzzles and Possibilities.” Oxford Review of Education 32 (5): 561–573.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowen, Robert. 2009a. “Reflections on Comparative Education: Telling Tales in Honor of Andreas Kazamias.” European Education 50: 201–215.
   Google Scholar
• Cowen, Robert. 2009b. “The Transfer, Translation and Transformation of Educational Processes: And their Shape-Shifting?” Comparative Education 45 (3): 315–327.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crossley, Michael, and Leon Tikly. 2004. “Postcolonial Perspectives and Comparative and International Research in Education: A Critical Introduction.” Comparative Education 40 (2): 147–156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crossley, Michael, and Keith Watson. 2009. “Comparative and International Education: Policy Transfer, Context Sensitivity and Professional Development.” Oxford Review of Education 35 (5): 633–649.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• David, Saul. 2020. Crucible of Hell: The Heroism and Tragedy of Okinawa, 1945. New York: Hachette Books.
   Google Scholar
• Dobbins, James, John G. McGinn, Keith Crane, Seth G. Jones, Rollie Lal, Andrew Rathmell, Rachel Swanger, and Anga Timilsina. 2003. America's Role in Nation-Building: From Germany to Iraq. Arlington: RAND Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Dower, John W. 2011. Cultures of War: Pearl Harbor/Hiroshima/9–11/Iraq. New York: W. W. Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Editorial Committee of the Reminiscences of GARIOA Study 1951–1952, eds. 1990. The Reminiscences of GARIOA Study 1951–1951. Tokyo: Colins.
   Google Scholar
• Eiko, Asato. 2003. “Okinawan Identity and Resistance to Militarization and Maldevelopment.” In Islands of Discontent: Okinawan Responses to Japanese and American Power, edited by Laura Hein, and Mark Selden, 228–242. Lanham: Roman & Littlefield Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson, Niall. 2006. The War of the World: History’s Age of Hatred. London: Allen Lane.
   Google Scholar
• Fisch, Arnold G., Jr. 1987. Military Government in the Ryukyu Islands, 1945–1950. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
   Google Scholar
• Gekkan Okinawa, Sha, ed. 1983. Laws and Regulations during the U.S. Administration of Okinawa, 1945–1972 Book (III). Naha: Ikemiya Shokai.
   Google Scholar
• GHQ/SCAP. ‘Fact Sheet No. 48’, 23 August 1951 (GHQ/SCAP Records, RG 331, Box 5485, Folder 20: ‘GARIOA – National Leaders, Aug. 1950 – Oct. 1951’).
   Google Scholar
• GHQ/SCAP. ‘GARIOA Student Orientation’, June 1951 (GHQ/SCAP Records, RG 331, Box 5484, Folder 22: ‘GARIOA Student Orientation, June 1951’).
   Google Scholar
• GHQ/SCAP. ‘GARIOA Students Program Statistics’, undated (GHQ/SCAP Records, RG331, Box 5484, Folder 1: ‘GARIOA Student Program Statistics, June 1949 – Sept. 1951’).
   Google Scholar
• GHQ/SCAP. ‘Interviewer’s Guide’, undated (GHQ/SCAP Records, RG 331, Box 5483, Folder 49: ‘GARIOA Students – Interviewer’s Guide, Nov. 1950 – ?’).
   Google Scholar
• Goodenow, Ronald K. 2018. “The Foundations of American Imperial Education.” Revista Española de Educación Comparada 31: 87–110.
   Google Scholar
• Goodenow, Ronald K., and Robert Cowen. 1986. “The American School of Education and the Third World in the Twentieth Century: Teachers College and Africa, 1920–1950.” History of Education 15 (4): 271–289.
   Google Scholar
• Hardt, Michael, and Antonio Negri. 2001. Empire. London: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, David. 2005. The New Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hein, Laura, and Mark Selden. 2003. “Culture, Power, and Identity in Contemporary Okinawa.” In Islands of Discontent: Okinawan Responses to Japanese and American Power, edited by Laura Hein, and Mark Selden, 1–35. Lanham: Roman & Littlefield Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Hook, Glenn D. 2015. “The American Eagle in Okinawa: The Politics of Contested Memory and the Unfinished War.” Japan Forum 27 (3): 299–320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Justice, Benjamin. 2009. “Education at the End of a Gun: The Origins of American Imperial Education in the Philippines.” In American Post-Conflict Educational Reform: From the Spanish-American War to Iraq, edited by Noah Sobe, 19–52. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Kaminuma, Hachiro. 1962. Sengo Okinawa kyoiku sho-shi [History of Post-war Education in Okinawa]. Tokyo: Nanpodoho Engokai.
   Google Scholar
• Lundestad, Geir. 2005. The United States and Western Europe Since 1945: From ‘Empire’ by Invitation to Transatlantic Drift. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• McLauchlan, Alastair. 2014. “War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity on Okinawa: Guilt on Both Sides.” Journal of Military Ethics 13 (4): 363–380.
   Google Scholar
• Mizoguchi, So. 2019. America senryo-ki no Okinawa koto-kyouiku [Higher Education in Okinawa during American Occupation]. Tokyo: Yoshida Shoten.
   Google Scholar
• The Moot. 1939–1942. ‘The Moot Papers’ (Special Collection Archives of the Institute of Education, University College London).
   Google Scholar
• Morris-Suzuki, Tessa. 1998. Re-inventing Japan: Time, Space, Nation. New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Naseem, M. Ayaz. 2009. “Allah, America, and the Army.” In American Post-Conflict Educational Reform: From the Spanish-American War to Iraq, edited by Noah Sobe, 207–228. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen, Phuong-Mai, Julian G. Elliott, Cees Terlouw, and Albert Pilot. 2009. “Neocolonialism in Education: Cooperative Learning in an Asian Context.” Comparative Education 45 (1): 109–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okinawa Alumni Association of GARIOA-Fulbright. 2008. The Footsteps of GARIOA Students. Naha: Naha Shuppansha.
   Google Scholar
• Okinawa Prefectural Library, Record Editorial Section. 2002. Okinawaken-shi shiryo 14: Ryukyu-retto no gunsei 1945–1950 [History of Okinawa Prefecture Record 14: The Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands 1945–1950]. Naha: Okinawa Prefectural Education Board.
   Google Scholar
• OPNAV. 1944. Civil Affairs Handbook Ryukyu (Loochoo) Islands: OPNAV 13–31. (National Archives and Records Administration, RG 407 Records of the Adjutant General's Office: Box 2129, Folder 6).
   Google Scholar
• OPPMM. 2001. Okinawa Kenritsu Heiwa Kinen Shiryokan Sogo-annai [General Guide to Okinawa Prefectural Peace Memorial Museum]. Itoman: OPPMM.
   Google Scholar
• Osgood, Kenneth. 2008. Total Cold War: Eisenhower's Secret Propaganda Battle at Home and Abroad. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
   Google Scholar
• Pilger, John. 2002. The New Rulers of the World. London: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Puri, Samir. 2020. The Great Imperial Hangover: How Empires Have Shaped the World. London: Atlantic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Raymond, Allen. 1949. “Neglected Okinawa Getting Buildup as Pacific Gibraltar.” The Washington Post, 6 November.
   Google Scholar
• Ryukyu Shimpo, ed. 2014. Descent into Hell: Civilian Memories of the Battle of Okinawa. Portland: Merwin Asia.
   Google Scholar
• Shibata, Masako. 2005. Japan and Germany Under the U.S. Occupation: A Comparative Analysis of Post-war Education Reform. Lanham: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Shibata, Masako. 2021. “‘Contested Memory of Okinawa’s Colonial and War Past: History Teaching in and beyond Formal Education.’.” Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 1–15. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2020.1868973.
   Google Scholar
• Shurei no Hikari Henshubu. 1959. Shurei no hikari [Lights of Shurei gates]. Naha: The United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands.
   Google Scholar
• Sloan, Bill. 2007. The Ultimate Battle: Okinawa 1945: The Last Epic Struggle of World War II. New York: Simon & Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Tikly, Leon. 2004. “Education and the New Imperialism.” Comparative Education 40 (2): 173–198.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuchiya, Yuka. 2015. “‘Bunka reisen to ryugaku orientation eiga’ [The Cultural Cold War and Study-abroad Orientation Films].” Ehime Hogakukai Zasshi 42 (1): 75–100.
   Google Scholar
• USCAR. ‘Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands (Jul 1969-Jun 1970) Vol. 18’ (Records of the United States Occupation Headquarters, World War II, Box 287, Folder 2).
   Google Scholar
• USCAR. ‘Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands (July 1970-June 1971) Vol. 19’ (Records of the United States Occupation Headquarters, World War II, Box 288 of HCRI-AO, Folder 2).
   Google Scholar
• USCAR. ‘Public Information Report Files, FY 1966: Education Portion of Facts Book and Civil Affairs Report’, September 24, 1965 (USCAR Records, the Health, Education and Welfare Department: Records Concerning General Education. 1965–1971, Box 200, Folder 5).
   Google Scholar
• USCAR. ‘The Ryukyuan Scholarship Program’, 28 August 1969 (USCAR Records, the Health, Education and Welfare Department: Public Education Administrative Files 1969, Box 56, Folder 11).
   Google Scholar
• USCAR. ‘University of Hawaii Medical Training Program’, undated (USCAR Records, the Health, Education and Welfare Department: Public Education Administrative Files 1969, Box 56, Folder 11).
   Google Scholar
• YPMM (Yaeyama Peace Memorial Museum). ‘Guide to Yaeyama Peace Memorial Museum’, https://www.pref.okinawa.jp/yaeyama-peace-museum/toukannituite/leaflet_eng.pdf.
   Google Scholar