628
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Balancing unity and diversity? Shifting state policies and the curricular portrayal of China’s minority nationalities

平衡“一体”与“多元”? 国家政策转向和课程对中国少数民族的刻画

&

References

  • Baranovitch, N. 2010. “Others No More: The Changing Representation of Non-Han Peoples in Chinese History Textbooks, 1951–2003.” The Journal of Asian Studies 69 (1): 85–122. doi:10.1017/S0021911809991598
  • Barfield, T. 1989. The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China. Cambridge: Mass.: Basil Blackwell.
  • Bass, C. 2005. “Learning to Love the Motherland: Educating Tibetans in China.” Journal of Moral Education 34 (4): 433–449. doi:10.1080/03057240500410194.
  • Bulag, U. E. 2002. The Mongols at China’s Edge: History and The Politics of National Unity. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  • Bulag, U. E. forthcoming. “Retrotopia and the Minority Race to the Chinese Nation.” Comparative Education 60: 1.
  • Chen, S. C. 2023. “The Culturalisation of Politics in Contemporary Chinese Citizenship Education.” Comparative Education 60: 1. doi:10.1080/03050068.2023.2209396.
  • Chow, K. 1997. “Imagining Boundaries of Blood: Zhang Binglin and the Invention of the Han 'Race' in Modern China.” In The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, edited by Dikötter Frank, 34–52. London: Hurst & Company.
  • Chu, Y. 2017. “Visualizing Minority: Images of Ethnic Minority Groups in Chinese Elementary Social Studies Textbooks.” The Journal of Social Studies Research 42: 135–147. doi:10.1016/j.jssr.2017.05.005.
  • Chu, Y. 2018. “Constructing minzu: The Representation of minzu and Zhonghua Minzu in Chinese Elementary Textbooks.” Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 39 (6): 941–953. doi:10.1080/01596306.2017.1310715.
  • CPC News. 2014. Xi Jinping: Adhere to rule Xinjiang following the law, to unite and stabilise Xinjiang, to develop Xinjiang in the long term, and unite the people of all ethnic groups to build a socialist Xinjiang (习近平:坚持依法治疆团结稳疆长期建疆 团结各族人民建设社会主义新疆). Accessed on 1 December 2019. http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2014/0530/c64094-25083518.html.
  • Crossley, P. K. 1999. Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial. California: University of California Press.
  • Dikötter, F. 1992. The Discourse of Race in Modern China. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
  • Duara, P. 1995. Rescuing History from the Nation: Questioning Narratives of Modern China. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Dwyer, A. 2005. The Xinjiang Conflict: Uyghur Identity, Language Policy and Political Discourse. [Policy Studies No. 15]. Washington DC: East-West Center. 37–41.
  • Esherick, J. W. 2006. “How the Qing Became China.” In Empire to Nation: Historical Perspectives on the Making of the Modern World, edited by Joseph W. Esherick, Hasan Kayali, and Eric Van Young, 229–259. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  • Feyel, J. 2015. “Representations of Uyghurs in Chinese History Textbooks.” In Language, Education and Uyghur Identity in Urban Xinjiang, edited by Joanne Smith Finley, and Xiaowei Zang, 114–131. New York: Routledge.
  • Gao, F. 2016. “Paradox of Multiculturalism: Invisibility of ‘Koreanness’ in Chinese Language Curriculum.” Asian Ethnicity 17 (3): 467–479. doi:10.1080/14631369.2015.1090373.
  • GOV. 2008. Outline for Propaganda and Education in Ethnic Policy of the CCP and the State (党和国家民族政策宣传教育提纲). Accessed on 1 December 2019. http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2008-11/05/content_1140340.htm.
  • GOV. 2009a. Opinions on Further Developing Minzu Tuanjie Educational Activities (关于深入开展民族团结宣传教教育活动的意见).
  • GOV. 2009b. Several Opinions on Further Prosperity and Development of Ethnic Minority Culture (国务院关于进一步繁荣发展少数民族文化事业的若干意见). Accessed on 1 December 2019. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2009-07/23/content_5614.htm.
  • GOV. 2014a. The Central Ethnic Work Conference and the State Council’s Sixth National Conference on National Unity and Progress was held(中央民族工作会议暨国务院第六次全国民族团结进步表彰大会举行). Accessed on 1 December 2019. http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2014-09/29/content_2758816.htm.
  • GOV. 2014b. Opinions on strengthening and improving ethnic work in the new situation (关于加强和改进新形势下民族工作的意见). Accessed on 1 December 2019. http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2014/1222/c64387-26254961.html.
  • GOV. 2015. Decision of the State Council on Accelerating the Development of Ethnic Education (国务院关于加快发展民族教育的决定). Accessed on 1 December 2019. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2015-08/17/content_10097.htm.
  • Greitens, S. C., M. Lee, and E. Yazici. 2020. “Counterterrorism and Preventive Repression: China's Changing Strategy in Xinjiang.” International Security 44 (3): 9047. doi:10.1162/isec_a_00368.
  • Grose, T. 2012. “Uyghur Language Textbooks: Competing Images of a Multi-Ethnic China.” Asian Studies Review 36 (3): 369–389. doi:10.1080/10357823.2012.711809.
  • Ho, P. T. 1998. “In Defense of Sinicization: A Rebuttal of Evelyn Rawski’s ‘Reenvisioning the Qing’.” The Journal of Asian Studies 57 (1): 123–155. doi:10.2307/2659026.
  • Hu, J. 2009. Speech at the Fifth National Conference of the State Council on National Unity and Progress (胡锦涛在国务院第五次民族团结进步表彰大会讲话). Accessed on 1 December 2019. http://www.gov.cn/ldhd/2009-09/29/content_1429912.htm.
  • Leibold, J. 2007. Reconfiguring Chinese Nationalism: How the Qing Frontier and its Indigenes Became Chinese. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Leibold, J. 2013. Ethnic Policy in China: Is Reform Inevitable? [Policy Studies. No. 68]. Washington DC: East-West Center.
  • Leibold, J. 2021. The Not-so Model Minority: Xi Jinping’s Mongolian Crackdown. China Leadership Monitor. Accessed on 8 October 2022. https://www.prcleader.org/leibold-1.
  • Leibold, J., and T. Dorje. 2023. “Learning to be Chinese: Colonial-Style Boarding Schools on the Tibetan Plateau.” Comparative Education 60: 1.
  • Lin, C., and L. Jackson. 2022. “Just Singing and Dancing: Official Representations of Ethnic Minority Cultures in China.” International Journal of Multicultural Education 24, Ahead-of-print. doi:10.18251/ijme.v24i3.3007.
  • Liu, Q., et al. 2022. “Celebrating Culture and Neglecting Language: Representation of Ethnic Minorities in Chinese Primary School Textbooks (1976–2021).” Journal of Curriculum Studies 54 (5): 687–711. doi:10.1080/00220272.2022.2045361.
  • Lyu, Z. 2021. “Reconfiguring China: An Analysis of History Textbooks in the Republic of China (1912–1949).” Asia Pacific Journal of Education. Ahead-of-print. doi:10.1080/02188791.2021.1902275.
  • MOE. 2009. Notice on Organising Minzu Tuanjie Education Activities in Schools (关于在学校开展民族团结教育活动的通知). Accessed on 1 December 2019. http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xxgk/gk_gbgg/moe_0/moe_2642/moe_2800/tnull_52932.html.
  • MOE. 2017a. Liu Yandong Stresses at the First Plenary Session of the National Textbook Committee: Take the Development of National Textbook as a Strategic and Fundamental Project (刘延东在国家教材委员会第一次全体会议上强调: 把国家教材建设作为战略性 基础性工程抓紧抓实抓好). Accessed on 1 December 2019. http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/s6052/moe_838/201707/t20170706_308786.html.
  • MOE. 2017b. What’s new about the new unified textbook of the three subjects? (统编三科新教材到底新在哪儿). Accessed on 1 December 2019. http://edu.people.com.cn/n1/2017/0829/c1053-29500728.html.
  • PEP. 1992a. Chinese History, Volume 1 (中国历史, 上册). Beijing: People’s Education Press.
  • PEP. 1992b. Chinese History, Volume 2 (中国历史, 下册). Beijing: People’s Education Press.
  • PEP. 2001a. Chinese History, Volume 1 (中国历史, 上册). Beijing: People’s Education Press.
  • PEP. 2001b. Chinese History, Volume 2 (中国历史, 下册). Beijing: People’s Education Press.
  • PEP. 2017a. Chinese History, Volume 1 (中国历史, 上册). Beijing: People’s Education Press.
  • PEP. 2017b. Chinese History, Volume 2 (中国历史, 下册). Beijing: People’s Education Press.
  • Qu, L. 1981. “On the Integration of Ethnic Groups in the Spring and Autumn Period (论春秋时期各族的融合).” Study and Exploration (学习与探索) 1: 126–137.
  • Qu, L. 1995. “On the Historical Development and Features of the Historiography of the Wei, Jin, North and South Dynasties, Sui and Tang Periods(论魏晋南北朝隋唐时期的历史发展与史学特点).” The Academic Journal of Hebei Normal College (河北师院学报) 4: 21–29.
  • Qu, L. 2005a. “The Tradition of Historical and Cultural Identifications in Chinese History (中国历史上历史文化认同的传统).” Hebei Academic Journal (河北学刊) 25 (3): 71–74.
  • Qu, L. 2005b. Offering sacrifice to Emperor Yan and Political Culture (炎帝祭祀与政治文化). Conference Proceeding of ‘International Symposium of Yan Emperor and National Rejuvenation’ (炎帝与民族复兴国际研讨会) held in Baoji, Shaanxi Province.
  • Qu, L. 2008a. “Early Views on Ethnic Minorities and Ethnic Minority History in Chinese Historiography (中国史学上的早期民族观和民族史观).” Study and Exploration (学习与探索) 175 (2): 203–207.
  • Qu, L. 2008b. “On the Historiography of Ethnic Minorities in the Wei, Jin, Sui and Tang Dynasties (Part 2)(论魏晋隋唐间的少数民族史学[下]).” Hebei Academic Journal (河北学刊) 28 (4): 81–89.
  • Qu, L. 2008c. “On the Historiography of Ethnic Minorities in the Wei, Jin, Sui and Tang Dynasties (Part 1)(论魏晋隋唐间的少数民族史学[上]).” Hebei Academic Journal (河北学刊) 28 (3): 67–78.
  • Qu, L. 2009. “New Achievements in the Study of Dynastic History and History of Ethnic Minorities: Preface to the ‘Study of the History of Liao, Jin and Yuan’ (断代史学与民族史学研究的新成果——《辽金元史学研究》).” Journal of Langfang Normal University (Social Sciences Edition) (廊坊师范学院学报[社会科学版]) 25 (5): 121.
  • Qu, L. 2013. “Chinese Historiography: A Common Spiritual Home for the Chinese Nation (中国史学:中华民族共有的精神家园).” Journal of Historiography (史学史研究) 150 (2): 1–4.
  • Qu, L. 2022. “On the History of the Formation and Development of the Chinese Nation-Race (论中华民族形成和发展的历史).” Journal of Beijing Normal University (Social Sciences) (北京师范大学学报[社会科学版) 290 (2): 29–53.
  • Roberts, S. R. 2020. The War on the Uyghurs: China’s Campaign against Xinjiang’s Muslims. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Sautman, B. 2010. “Scaling Back Minority Rights: The Debate About China’s Ethnic Policies.” Stanford Journal of International Law 46: 51–120.
  • Tibet. 2010. Tibet Work Conference (西藏工作座谈会). Accessed on 1 December 2019. https://baike.baidu.com/item/第五次西藏工作座谈会/7924068.
  • Tibet. 2015. Xi Jinping’ talk at the Six Tibet Work Conference (第六次西藏工作座谈会). Accessed on 1 December 2019. https://www.xizang.gov.cn/xwzx_406/ztzl_416/cxzt/xzzzqrmzffzyjzx/zxdt/xzzzqrmzffzyjzx_398/201901/t20190117_51662.html.
  • Tibet Education Network. 2016. Director of the Department of Ethnic Minority Education, Ministry of Education explains in detail the 6th National Conference on Ethnic Education (教育部民族司司长详解第六次全国民族教育工作会议). Accessed on 1 December 2019. http://www.teducn.com/chinese/news/jiaoyu/2016-07-06/235.html.
  • Tobin, D. 2020. Securing China's Northwest Frontier: Identity and Insecurity in Xinjiang. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Vickers, E. 2006. “Defining the Boundaries of ‘Chineseness’: Tibet, Mongolia, Taiwan, and Hong Kong in Mainland History Textbooks.” In What Shall We Tell the Children? International Perspectives on School History Textbooks, edited by Stuart J. Foster, and Keith A. Crawford, 25–48. Greenwich: Information Age Publishing.
  • Vickers, E. 2021. “Smothering Diversity: Patriotism in China’s School Curriculum Under Xi Jinping.” Journal of Genocide Research 24 (2): 158–170. doi:10.1080/14623528.2021.1968142.
  • Vickers, E. 2023. “The Motherland’s Suffocating Embrace: Schooling and Public Discourse on Hong Kong Identity Under the National Security Law.” Comparative Education 60: 1. doi:10.1080/03050068.2023.2212351.
  • Vickers, E., and P. Morris. 2022. “Accelerating Hong Kong’s Reeducation: ‘mainlandisation’, Securitisation and the 2020 National Security Law.” Comparative Education 58 (2): 187–205. doi:10.1080/03050068.2022.2046878.
  • Wang, G. 1991. The Chineseness of China: Selected Essays. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Wang, H. 2000. Reforms and Practices of History Textbooks (历史教材的改革与实践). Bejing: People’s Education Press.
  • Wen, R. 2016. “The Ideas, Features and Use Suggestions of the Ministry-Edition Chinese Language Textbooks (“部编本”语文教材的编写理念、特色与使用建议).” Curriculum, Teaching Material and Method (课程教材教法) 35 (11): 3–11. doi:10.19877/j.cnki.kcjcjf.2016.11.002
  • Xinhua. 2014. Xi Jinping’s inspection in Xinjiang: Minzu tuanjie is the cornerstone of development and progress (习近平新疆考察纪实:民族团结是发展进步的基石). Accessed on 1 December 2019. http://www.xinhuanet.com//politics/2014-05/03/c_1110509757.htm.
  • Xinjiang. 2009. Regulations on Minzu Tuanjie Education of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (新疆维吾尔自治区民族团结教育条例). Urumqi: People’s Press (Xinjiang).
  • Xinjiang. 2010. Xinjiang Work Conference (新疆工作座谈会). Accessed on 1 December 2019. https://baike.baidu.com/item/中央新疆工作座谈会/8695541.
  • Yan, F. 2020. “‘Education for Inclusion or Exclusion: The Representation of Minority Ethnic Groups in Chinese Mainstream Textbooks’.” In Knowledge, Policy and Practice: The Struggle for Social Justice in Education, edited by Andrew Brown, and Emma Wisby, 39–63. London: UCL Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv13xpshq.11
  • Yan, F., and E. Vickers. 2019. “Portraying “Minorities” in Chinese History Textbooks of the 1990s and 2000s: The Advance and Retreat of Ethnocultural Inclusivity.” Asia Pacific Journal of Education 39 (2): 190–208. doi:10.1080/02188791.2019.1621800.
  • Yuan, G. 2009. Speech at the teleconference on the in-depth propaganda and education campaign on minzu tuanjie. (在深入开展民族团结宣传教育活动电视电话会议上的发言). http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_zzjg/moe_187/moe_410/moe_526/tnull_51294.html.
  • Zarrow, P. 2012. After Empire: The Conceptual Transformation of the Chinese State, 1885–1924. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Zenz, A. 2019. “‘Thoroughly Reforming Them Towards a Healthy Heart Attitude: China’s Political re-Education Campaign in Xinjiang’.” Central Asian Survey. Informa UK Limited 38 (1): 102–128. ISSN 0263-4937. doi:10.1080/02634937.2018.1507997
  • Zenz, A., and J. Leibold. 2017. “Xinjiang’s Rapidly Evolving Security State.” China Brief Volume 17: 4. https://jamestown.org/program/xinjiangs-rapidly-evolving-securitystate/
  • Zhang, Q., and Y. Cuo. 2021. “A Multimodal Approach to Attitudes Towards Tibet in Chinese Language Textbooks.” Asian Ethnicity 23 (4): 741–776. doi:10.1080/14631369.2021.1976059.
  • Zhao, T., and S. K. Tok. 2021. “From Academic Discourse to Political Decisions? The Case of the Xinjiang Ethnic Unity Education Textbook Reform.” China Quarterly 245: 165–185. doi:10.1017/S0305741020000119.
  • ZQB. 2015. Hu Jintao presided over a meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee to study and deploy measures to further strengthen ethnic work and accelerate the development of ethnic minorities and ethnic areas (胡锦涛主持召开中共中央政治局会议研究部署,进一步加强民族工作加快少数民族和民族地区发展). Accessed on 1 December 2019. http://zqb.cyol.com/content/2005-06/01/content_1124248.htm.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.