References
- Ainley, Kirsten. (2011) The International Criminal Court on Trial. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 24(3):309–333. doi:10.1080/09557571.2011.558051.
- Akhavan, Payam. (2001) Beyond Impunity: Can International Criminal Justice Prevent Future Atrocities? The American Journal of International Law 95(1):7–31. doi:10.2307/2642034.
- Akhavan, Payam. (2009) Are International Criminal Tribunals a Disincentive to Peace?: Reconciling Judicial Romanticism with Political Realism. Human Rights Quarterly 31(3):624–654. doi:10.1353/hrq.0.0096.
- Azam, Jean-Paul, and Anke Hoeffler. (2002) Violence against Civilians in Civil Wars: Looting or Terror? Journal of Peace Research 39(4):461–485.
- Bass, Gary Jonathan. (2001) Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Baum, Matthew A., and Yuri M. Zhukov. (2013) Filtering Revolution: Reporting Bias in International Newspaper Coverage of the Libyan Civil War. Working Paper.
- Bilefsky, Dan, and Mark Landler. (2011) U.N. Approves Airstrikes against Libya. The New York Times, March 17, sec. World/Africa. Available at http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/18/world/africa/18nations.html?hp.
- Burke-White, William W. (2008) Proactive Complementarity: The International Criminal Court and National Courts in the Rome System of International Justice. Harvard International Law Journal 49:53.
- Chalfin, Aaron, and Justin McCrary. (2014) Criminal Deterrence: A Review of the Literature. Available at http://docplayer.net/4891494-Criminal-deterrence-a-review-of-the-literature.html.
- Cronin-Furman, Kate. (2013) Managing Expectations: International Criminal Trials and the Prospects for Deterrence of Mass Atrocity. International Journal of Transitional Justice 7(3). doi:10.1093/ijtj/ijt016.
- Davenport, Christian. (2013) State Repression and Political Order. Domestic Political Violence and Civil War 1(1):1–23. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.101405.143216.
- Eck, Kristine, and Lisa Hultman. (2007) One-Sided Violence against Civilians in War: Insights from New Fatality Data. Journal of Peace Research 44(2):233–246.
- Ellis, Mark, and Richard Goldstone, eds. (2008) The International Criminal Court: Challenges to Achieving Justice and Accountability in the 21st Century. New York: IDEBATE Press.
- Fahim, Kareem, and David D. Kirkpatrick. (2011) Qaddafi’s Forces Hit Back at Rebels. New York Times, February 28
- Gerner, Deborah J., Philip A. Schrodt, Rajaa Abu-Jabr, and Ömür Yilmaz. (2002) Conflict and Mediation Event Observations (CAMEO): A New Event Data Framework for the Analysis of Foreign Policy Interactions. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, New Orleans, LA, March.
- Gilligan, Michael J. (2006) Is Enforcement Necessary for Effectiveness? A Model of the International Criminal Regime. International Organization 60(4):935–967. doi:10.1017/S0020818306060310.
- Goemans, Hein Erich. (2000) War and Punishment: The Causes of War Termination and the First World War. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Goldstein, Joshua S. (1992) A Conflict-Cooperation Scale for WEIS Events Data. Journal of Conflict Resolution 36(2):369–385. doi:10.1177/0022002792036002007.
- Goldstein, Joshua S., and Jon C. Pevehouse. (1997) Reciprocity, Bullying, and International Cooperation: Time-Series Analysis of the Bosnian Conflict. American Political Science Review 91(3):515–529.
- Goodliffe, Jay, Darren Hawkins, Christine Horne, and Daniel L. Nielson. (2012) Dependence Networks and the International Criminal Court. International Studies Quarterly 56:131–147. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2478.2011.00703.x
- Gray, Sadie. (2011) Saif Gaddafi Negotiating Surrender on War Crimes Charges. The Times, UK, October 28, sec. Middle East.
- Grono, Nick, and International Crisis Group. (2012) The Deterrent Effect of the ICC on the Commission of International Crimes by Government Leaders. Available at http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/publication-type/speeches/2012/grono-the-deterrent-effect-of-the-icc.aspx.
- Hafner-Burton, Emilie. (2008) Sticks and Stones: Naming and Shaming the Human Rights Enforcement Problem. International Organization 62(4):689–716.
- Hillebrecht, Courtney and Scott Straus. (Forthcoming) Who Pursues the Perpetrators? State Cooperation with the ICC. Human Rights Quarterly 39(1).
- Hultman, Lisa. (2010) Keeping Peace or Spurring Violence? Unintended Effects of Peace Operations on Violence against Civilians. Civil Wars 12(1–2):29–46.
- Huntington, Samuel P. (1991) The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
- International Criminal Court. (2011a) ICC at a Glance. Available at http://212.159.242.180/Menus/ICC/About+the+Court/ICC+at+a+glance/.
- International Criminal Court. (2011b) Frequently Asked Questions. Available at http://212.159.242.180/Menus/ICC/About+the+Court/Frequently+asked+Questions/.
- Interview with Mr. Philippe Kirsch, President and Chief Judge of the ICC. 2005 Interview by Citizens for Global Solutions. Available at http://www.globalresearch.ca/living-up-to-the-legacy-of-nuremberg/1479.
- Jo, Hyeran, and Beth Simmons. (2014) Can the International Criminal Court Deter Atrocity? Available at http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/workshop/papers/Jo_Simmons_ICC_deterrence_18Dec_2014.pdf.
- Kalyvas, Stathis N. (2006) The Logic of Violence in Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Kalyvas, Stathis N., Ian Shapiro, and Tarek Masoud. (2008) Order, Conflict, and Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Kelley, Judith. (2007) Who Keeps International Commitments and Why? The International Criminal Court and Bilateral Nonsurrender Agreements. American Political Science Review 101(3):573–588.
- Kim, Hunjoon, and Kathyrn Sikkink. (2010) Explaining the Deterrence Effect of Human Rights Prosecutions for Transitional Countries. International Studies Quarterly 54(4):939–963.
- Kleffner, Jann K. (2003) The Impact of Complementarity on National Implementation of Substantive International Criminal Law. Journal of International Criminal Justice 1(1):86–113. doi:10.1093/jicj/1.1.86.
- Krain, Matthew. (2012) J’accuse! Does Naming and Shaming Perpetrators Reduce the Severity of Genocides or Politicides. International Studies Quarterly 56(3):547–589.
- Kritz, Neil J., and Nelson Mandela, eds. (1995) Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracries Reckon with Former Regimes. Washington, DC: United States Institute for Peace.
- LaFranchi, Howard. (2011) Libya’s Qaddafi Charged with War Crimes: A Help or Hindrance to NATO? Christian Science Monitor, June 27. Available at http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Foreign-Policy/2011/0627/Libya-s-Qaddafi-charged-with-war-crimes-a-help-or-hindrance-to-NATO.
- Levi, Margaret. (2013) Domestic Political Violence and Civil War: An Introduction. Domestic Political Violence and Civil War 1(1). doi:10.1146/annurev.violence.010813.100001.
- Lutz, Ellen L., and Kathryn Sikkink. (2000) International Human Rights Law and Practice in Latin America. International Organization 54(3):633–659. doi:10.1162/002081800551235.
- Meernik, James. (2005) Justice and Peace? How the International Criminal Tribunal Affects Societal Peace in Bosnia. Journal of Peace Research 42(3): 271–289. doi:10.1177/0022343305052012.
- Mitchell, Sara McLaughlin, and Emilia Justyna Powell. (2011) Domestic Law Goes Global: Legal Traditions and International Courts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Murdie, Amanda, and David Davis. (2011) Shaming and Blaming: Using Events Data to Assess the Impact of Human Rights INGOs. International Studies Quarterly 56(1):1–16.
- Neumayer, Eric. (2009) A New Moral Hazard? Military Intervention, Peacekeeping and Ratification of the International Criminal Court. Journal of Peace Research 46(5):659–670. doi:10.1177/0022343309339246.
- Nouwen, Sarah M. H. (2014) Complementarity in the Line of Fire: The Catalysing Effect of the International Criminal Court in Uganda and Sudan. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Ochieng, Lilian, and Simon Jennings. (2014) ICC Secures Budget Increase. Available at http://iwpr.net/report-news/icc-secures-budget-increase.
- Olsen, Tricia D., Leigh A. Payne, and Andrew G. Reiter. (2010) Transitional Justice in Balance: Comparing Processes, Weighing Efficacy. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.
- Orentlicher, Diane. (1991) Settling Accounts: The Duty to Prosecute Human Rights Violations of a Prior Regime. Yale Law Journal 100(8):2537–2615.
- Osiel, Mark. (2000) Why Prosecute? Critics of Punishment for Mass Atrocity. Human Rights Quarterly 22(1):118–147. doi:10.1353/hrq.2000.0013.
- Peskin, Victor. (2009) Caution and Confrontation in the International Criminal Court’s Pursuit of Accountability in Uganda and Sudan. Human Rights Quarterly 31(3):655–691.
- Raleigh, Clionadh, Andrew Linke, Håvard Hegre, and Joakim Karlsen. (2010) Introducing ACLED: An Armed Conflict Location and Event Dataset Special Data Feature. Journal of Peace Research 47(5):651–660. doi:10.1177/0022343310378914.
- Reuters. (2011) Qaddafi Son Saif Al-Islam, Intelligence Chief ‘Want to Surrender’ to ICC. Available at http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/10/26/173899.html.
- Roht-Arriaza, Naomi. (2006) The Pinochet Effect: Transnational Justice in the Age of Human Rights. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Roht-Arriaza, Naomi, and Javier Mariezcurrena, eds. (2006) Transitional Justice in the Twenty-First Century: Beyond Truth versus Justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Schabas, William. (2007) An Introduction to the International Criminal Court. Third Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Schrodt, Philip A., Ömür Yilmaz, and Center for International Political Analysis: Institute for Policy and Social Research, University of Kansas. (2007) CAMEO: Conflict and Mediation Event Observations Codebook. Available at http://data.gdeltproject.org/documentation/CAMEO.Manual.1.1b3.pdf.
- Seybolt, Taylor B., Jay D. Aronson, and Baruch Fischhoff, eds. (2013) Counting Civilian Casualties: An Introduction to Recording and Estimating Nonmilitary Deaths in Conflict. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Sikkink, Kathryn. (2011) The Justice Cascade: How Human Rights Prosecutions Are Changing World Politics. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
- Sikkink, Kathryn, and Carrie Booth Walling. (2007) The Impact of Human Rights Trials in Latin America. Journal of Peace Research 44(4):427–445. doi:10.1177/0022343307078953.
- Simmons, Beth A., and Allison Danner. (2010) Credible Commitments and the International Criminal Court. International Organization 64(2):225–256. doi:10.1017/S0020818310000044.
- Snyder, Jack and Leslie Vinjamuri. (2004) Trials and Errors: Principles and Pragmatism in Strategies of International Justice. International Security 28(3):5–44.
- Stahn, Carsten. (2012) Libya, the International Criminal Court and Complementarity: A Test for “Shared Responsibility.” Journal of International Criminal Justice 10(2):325–349. doi:10.1093/jicj/mqs016.
- Subotic, Jelena. (2011) Expanding the Scope of Post-Conflict Justice: Individual, State and Societal Responsibility for Mass Atrocity. Journal of Peace Research 48(2):157–169. doi:10.1177/0022343310394696.
- Sullivan, Christopher Michael. (2012) Blood in the Village: A Local-Level Investigation of State Massacres. Conflict Management and Peace Science 29(4):373–396. doi:10.1177/0738894212449087.
- The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga. (2014) International Criminal Court, Trial Chamber II. Available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/drc/katanga
- The Prosecutor v. Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui. (2012) International Criminal Court Trial Chamber II. Available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/drc/ngudjolo
- The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo (Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo). (2012) International Criminal Court. Available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/drc/lubanga
- The Prosecutor v. Uhurua Muigai Kenyatta, Confirmation of Charges (Situation in Kenya). (2012) International Criminal Court. Available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/kenya/kenyatta
- The Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, Confirmation of Charges (Situation in Kenya). (2012) International Criminal Court. Available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/kenya/rutosang
- UN Human Rights Council. (2011a) Report of the Human Rights Council on Its Fifteenth Special Session. A/HRC/S-15/1. Available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/15session/HRC-S-15-1_AUV.pdf
- UN Human Rights Council. (2011b) Report of the International Commission of Inquiry to Investigate All Alleged Violations of International Human Rights Law in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. Advance Unedited Version A/HRC/17/44. United Nations. Available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/17session/A.HRC.17.44_AUV.pdf.
- UN News Center. (2011a) UN Rights Council Recommends Suspending Libya, Orders Inquiry into Abuses. Available at http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=37626&Cr=Libya&Cr1.
- UN News Center. (2011b) Libyan Government Forces and Opposition Committed War Crimes—UN Panel. Available at http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=38578&Cr=libya&Cr1.
- United Nations Security Council. (2011a) United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970 (2011). S/Res/1970 (2011). Available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/2B57BBA2-07D9-4C35-B45E-EED275080E87/0/N1124558.pdf.
- United Nations Security Council. (2011b) United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973. S/RES/1973 (2011). http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/1973(2011).
- Weschler, Lawrence. (1990) A Miracle, a Universe: Settling Accounts with Torturers. New York: Pantheon.
- Willis, Amy, and Matthew Holehouse. (2011) Libya Live: Gaddafi’s Last Stand; Live Coverage of Events in Libya as Gaddafi’s Son and Heir Apparent Saif as-Islam Reappears on the Streets of Tripoli after Previous Claims by the ICC That He Had Been Detained. The Telegraph, August 23. Available at http://www.lexisnexis.com.leo.lib.unomaha.edu/hottopics/lnacademic/?
- Wood, Reed M. (2010) Rebel Capability and Strategic Violence against Civilians. Journal of Peace Research 47(5):601–614.
- Yates, Pamela. (2009) The Reckoning: The Battle for the International Criminal Court. PBS. Available at http://www.pbs.org/pov/reckoning/.