Deadly foreign terrorism and the rank-ordered tournament for foreign press attention: implications for counterterrorism

References

• Abrahms, Max. (2007) Why Democracies Make Superior Counterterrorists. Security Studies, 16(2):223–253. doi:10.1080/09636410701399424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asal, Victor, and Aaron M. Hoffman. (2016) Media Effects: Do Terrorist Organizations Launch Foreign Attacks in Response to Levels of Press Freedom or Press Attention? Conflict Management and Peace Science, 33(4):381–399. doi:10.1177/0738894215579622.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball, James. (2015) GCHQ Captured Emails of Journalists from Top International Media. The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Barak, Aharon. (2002) Forward: A Judge on Judging: The Role of A Supreme Court in A Democracy. Harvard Law Journal 116(16):19–162.
   Google Scholar
• Baum, Matthew A., and Tim Groeling. (2008) New Media and the Polarization of American Political Discourse. Political Communication, 25(4):345–365. doi:10.1080/10584600802426965.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, Sam R., K. Chad Clay, Amanda Murdie, and James Piazza. (2014) Opening Yourself Up: The Role of External and Internal Transparency in Terrorism Attacks. Political Research Quarterly, 67(3):603–614. doi:10.1177/1065912914527798.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackwell, Matthew, Stefano Maria Iacus, Gary King, and Giuseppe Porro. (2009) Cem: Coarsened Exact Matching in Stata. Stata Journal 9(4):524–546.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloom, Mia M. (2004) Palestinian Suicide Bombing: Public Support, Market Share, and Outbidding. Political Science Quarterly, 119(1):61–88. doi:10.2307/20202305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloom, Mia. (2005) Dying to Kill: The Allure of Suicide Terrorism. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Boghardt, Thomas. (2009) Soviet Bloc Intelligence and its Aids Disinformation Campaign. Studies in Intelligence, 53(4):1–24.
   Google Scholar
• Boyd-Barrett, Oliver, and Terhi Rantanen. (1998) Globalization of News. London, UK: SAGE Publications Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Braithwaite, Alex, and Quan Li. (2007) Transnational Terrorism Hot Spots: Identification and Impact Evaluation. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 24(4):281–296. doi:10.1080/07388940701643623.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruno, Greg. (2011) State Sponsors: Iran. Backgrounder. New York: Council on Foreign Relations. Available at https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/state-sponsors-iran. (Accessed October 4, 2018)
   Google Scholar
• Bueno de Mesquita, Ethan. (2005) The Quality of Terror. American Journal of Political Science, 49(3):515–530. doi:10.1111/ajps.2005.49.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, David B. (2016) Provocation and the Strategy of Terrorist and Guerrilla Attacks. International Organization, 70(1):133–173. doi:10.1017/S0020818315000351.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chenoweth, Erica. (2010) Democratic Competition and Terrorist Activity. Journal of Politics, 72(1):16–30. doi:10.1017/S0022381609990442.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, Seung-Whan. (2010) Fighting Terrorism through the Rule of Law? Journal of Conflict Resolution, 54(6):940–966. doi:10.1177/0022002710371666.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colaresi, Michael. (2012) A Boom with Review: How Retrospective Oversight Increases the Foreign Policy Ability of Democracies. American Journal of Political Science, 56(3):671–689. doi:10.1111/ajps.2012.56.issue-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conrad, Justin. (2011) Interstate Rivalry and Terrorism. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 55(4):529–555. doi:10.1177/0022002710393916.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conrad, Justin, and Kevin Greene. (2015) Competition, Differentiation, and the Severity of Terrorist Attacks. The Journal of Politics, 77(2):546–561. doi:10.1086/680262.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotter, Colleen. (2010) News Talk: Investigating the Language of Journalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Davies, Dave. (2017) FBI Profiler Says Linguistic Work Was Pivotal in Capture of Unabomber. Fresh Air. National Public Radio. 22 August. Available at https://www.npr.org/2017/08/22/545122205/fbi-profiler-says-linguistic-work-was-pivotal-in-capture-ofunabomber
   Google Scholar
• Dechenaux, Emmanuel, Dan Kovenock, and Roman M. Sheremeta. (2015) A Survey of Experimental Research on Contests, All-Pay Auctions and Tournaments. Experimental Economics, 18(4):609–669. doi:10.1007/s10683-014-9421-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dell’Orto, Giovanna. (2015) AP Foreign Correspondents in Action: World War II to the Present. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Delli Carpini, Michael X., and Bruce A. Williams. (1987) Television and Terrorism: Patterns of Presentation and Occurrence, 1969 to 1980. The Western Political Quarterly, 40(1):45–64. doi:10.2307/448552.
   Google Scholar
• Findley, Michael G., James A. Piazza, and Joseph K. Young. (2012) Games Rivals Play: Terrorism in International Rivalries. The Journal of Politics, 74(1):235–248. doi:10.1017/S0022381611001551.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster, Dennis M. (2017) Inter Arma Silent Leges? Democracy, Domestic Terrorism, and Diversion. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 61(7):1371–1400. doi:10.1177/0022002715613842.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaibulloev, Khusrav, James A. Piazza, and Todd Sandler. (2017) Regime Types and Terrorism. International Organization, 71(3):491–522. doi:10.1017/S0020818317000169
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galtung, Johan, and Mari Holmboe Ruge. (1965) The Structure of Foreign News. Journal of Peace Research, 2(1):64–90. doi:10.1177/002234336500200104.
   Google Scholar
• Gans, Herbert J. (1979) Deciding What’s News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time. New York, NY: Parthenon Books.
   Google Scholar
• Gelpi, Christopher, and Nazli Avdan. (2018) Democracies at Risk? A Forecasting Analysis of Regime Type and the Risk of Terrorist Attack. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 35(1):3–17. doi:10.1177/0738894215608998
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilgartner, Stephen, and Charles L. Bosk. (1988) The Rise and Fall of Social Problems: A Public Arenas Model. The American Journal of Sociology, 94(1):53–78. doi:10.1086/228951.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman, Aaron M., Crystal Shelton, and Erik Cleven. (2013) Press Freedom, Publicity, and the Cross-National Incidence of Transnational Terrorism. Political Research Quarterly, 66(4):896–909. doi:10.1177/1065912913478840.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman, Aaron M., Dwaine H. A. Jengelley, Natasha T. Duncan, Melissa Buehler, and Meredith L. Rees. (2010) How Does the Business of News Influence Terrorism Coverage? Evidence from the Washington Post and USA Today. Terrorism and Political Violence, 22(4):559–580. doi:10.1080/09546553.2010.493778.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman, Bruce. (1998) Inside Terrorism. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jetter, Michael. (2014) Terrorism and the Media. IZA Discussion Paper No. 8497. Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
   Google Scholar
• Karlekar, Karin Deutsch, and Jennifer Dunham. (2014) Freedom of the Press 2014. In Secondary Freedom of the Press 2014 (2nd ed, pp. 1–28). Washington, DC: Reprint.
   Google Scholar
• King, Gary, Jennifer Pan, and Margaret E. Roberts. (2013) How Censorship in China Allows Government Criticism but Silences Collective Expression. American Political Science Review, 107(2):326–343. doi:10.1017/S0003055413000014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, Gary, and Will Lowe. (2003) An Automated Information Extraction Tool for International Conflict Data with Performance as Good as Human Coders: A Rare Events Evaluation Design. International Organization, 57(3):617–642. doi:10.1017/S0020818303573064.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, Gary, and Will Lowe. (2016) “10 Million International Dyadic Events.” V5. Harvard Dataverse. Available at: https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtmlpersistentId=hdl:1902.1/FYXLAWZRIA
   Google Scholar
• Klein, James P., Gary Goertz, and Paul F. Diehl. (2006) The New Rivalry Dataset: Procedures and Patterns. Journal of Peace Research, 43(3):331–348. doi:10.1177/0022343306063935.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konrad, Kai A. (2009) Strategy and Dynamics in Contests. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Krueger, Alan B. (2007) What Makes a Terrorist: Economics and the Roots of Terrorism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kurrild-Klitgaard, Peter, Mogens K. Justesen, and Robert Klemmensen. (2006) The Political Economy of Freedom, Democracy and Transnational Terrorism. Public Choice, 128(1/2):289–315. doi:10.1007/s11127-006-9055-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazear, Edward P., and Sherwin Rosen. (1979) Rank-Order Tournaments as Optimum Labor Contracts. Cambridge, Mass., USA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Chia-yi. (2013) Democracy, Civil Liberties, and Hostage-Taking Terrorism. Journal of Peace Research, 50(2):235–248. doi:10.1177/0022343312465424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leuven, Edwin, Hessel Oosterbeek, Joep Sonnemans, and Bas van der Klaauw. (2011) Incentives versus Sorting in Tournaments: Evidence from a Field Experiment. Journal of Labor Economics, 29(3):637–658. doi:10.1086/659345.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Quan. (2005) Does Democracy Promote or Reduce Transnational Terrorist Incidents? Journal of Conflict Resolution, 49(2):278–297. doi:10.1177/0022002704272830.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, Monty G., Keith Jaggers, and Ted Robert Gurr. (2010) Polity IV Data Series Version 2010. College Park, MD: University of Maryland. Retrieved from http://systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Mickolus, Edward, and Susan L. Simmons. (2005) Terrorism, 2002–2004: A Chronology (Praeger Security International) (Vol. 3). Santa Barbara: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Neumayer, Eric, and Thomas Plümper. (2009) International Terrorism and the Clash of Civilizations. British Journal of Political Science, 39(4):711–734. doi:10.1017/S0007123409000751.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver, Pamela E., and Daniel J. Meyers. (1999) How Events Enter the Public Sphere: Conflict, Location, and Sponsorship in Local Newspaper Coverage of Public Events. American Journal of Sociology, 105(1):38–87. doi:10.1086/210267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborne, Jason W. (2014) Best Practices in Logistic Regression. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Plümper, Thomas, and Eric Neumayer. (2010) The Friend of My Enemy Is My Enemy: International Alliances and International Terrorism. European Journal of Political Research, 49(1):75–96. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.2009.01885.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poast, Paul. (2010) (Mis)Using Dyadic Data to Analyze Multilateral Events. Political Analysis, 18(4):403–425. doi:10.1093/pan/mpq024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rider, Toby J. (2016) Embracing the Limitations of Modeling Choices: Dyadic Design, Theory, and Simplifying Assumptions. International Studies Quarterly Online. Available at https://www.isanet.org/Publications/ISQ/Posts/ID/5193/Embracingthe-limitations-of-modeling-choices-dyadic-design-theory-andsimplifying-assumptions. ( Accessed October 3, 2018)
   Google Scholar
• Rios, V., and J. Rivera. (forthcoming) Media Effects on Public Displays of Brutality: The Case of Mexico’s Drug War. Politics, Groups and Identities, 7(1).
   Google Scholar
• Rohner, Dominic, and Bruno D. Frey. (2007) Blood and Ink! the Common-Interest Game between Terrorists and the Media. Public Choice, 133(1–2):129–145. doi:10.1007/s11127-007-9182-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savun, Burcu, and Brian J. Phillips. (2009) Democracy, Foreign Policy, and Terrorism. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 53(6):878–904. doi:10.1177/0022002709342978.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scalia, Antonin. (2014) Glosip V. Gross. Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit. Available at https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/576/14-7955/.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, Friedrich, Tilman Brück, and Daniel Meierrieks. (2015) The Economics of Counterterrorism: A Survey. Journal of Economic Surveys, 29(1):131–157. doi:10.1111/joes.2015.29.issue-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, John L. (2001) Media Congestion Limits Media Terrorism. Defence and Peace Economics, 12(3):215–227. doi:10.1080/10430710108404985.
   Google Scholar
• Serote, Victor Jeffrey. (2016) How does Reuters Gather News? Available at https://reuters.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/215713703-How-does-Reuters-gather-news-. ( Accessed October 3, 2018)
   Google Scholar
• Shapiro, Jacob N., and David A. Siegel. (2010) Is This Paper Dangerous? Balancing Secrecy and Openness in Counterterrorism. Security Studies, 19(1):66–98. doi:10.1080/09636410903546483.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soroka, Stuart N. (2014) Negativity in Democratic Politics: Causes and Consequences. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Walsh, James I., and James A. Piazza. (2010) Why Respecting Physical Integrity Rights Reduces Terrorism. Comparative Political Studies, 43(5):551–577. doi:10.1177/0010414009356176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watchdog, Zambian. (2017). State House Trying to Bribe International Media Journalists. Available at https://www.zambiawatchdog.com/state-house-trying-to-bribe-international-media-journalists/comment-page-1/. ( Accessed October 3, 2018)
   Google Scholar
• Weidmann, Nils B. (2016) A Closer Look at Reporting Bias in Conflict Event Data. American Journal of Political Science, 60(1):206–218. doi:10.1111/ajps.12196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weimann, Gabriel, and Conrad Winn. (1994) The Theater of Terror: Mass Media and International Terrorism. New York, NY: Longman.
   Google Scholar
• Whitten-Woodring, Jennifer, and Patrick James. (2012) Fourth Estate or Mouthpiece? A Formal Model of Media, Protest, and Government Repression. Political Communication, 29(2):113–136. doi:10.1080/10584609.2012.671232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, Matthew C., and James A. Piazza. (2013) Autocracies and Terrorism. American Journal of Political Science, 57(4):941–955. doi:10.1111/ajps.12028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, H. Denis. (2000) Systemic Determinants of International News Coverage: A Comparison of 38 Countries. Journal of Communication, 50(2):110–130. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02844.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, Joseph K., and Michael G. Findley. (2011) Promise and Pitfalls of Terrorism Research. International Studies Review, 13(3):411–431. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2486.2011.01015.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar