Women in uniform: the opening of combat roles in state militaries

References

• Abrahamsson, Bengt. 1972. Military Professionalization. Beverly Hills: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Bian, Lin, S-J. Leslie, and Andrei Cimpian. 2017. “Gender Stereotypes about Intellectual Ability Emerge Early and Influence Children’s Interests.” Science 355 (6323):389–91. doi:10.1126/science.aah6524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binkin, Martin, and Shirley J. Bach. 1977. Women and the Military. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
   Google Scholar
• Blondin, Maryvonne. 2016. “Women in the Armed Forces: Promoting Equality, Putting an End to Gender-based Violence.” Council of Europe, June 1. https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/5836fccd4.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M., and Bradford S. Jones. 2004. Event History Modeling: A Guide for Social Scientists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Burk, James, and Evelyn Espinoza. 2012. “Race Relations within the US Military.” Annual Review of Sociology 38: 401–22. doi: 10.1146/annurev-soc-071811-145501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buznytska, Hanna. 2019. Does Women’s Political Empowerment Improve Gender Balance in Peacekeeping? A Large N Study of Troop Contributing Countries. Master’s thesis, Göteborgs Universitet.
   Google Scholar
• Canada ahead of U.S. in allowing women in combat. Associated Press, February 9. 2013. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/02/09/canada-women-in-combat/1904683/
   Google Scholar
• Caprioli, Mary. 2000. “Gendered Conflict.” Journal of Peace Research 37 (1):51–68. doi:10.1177/0022343300037001003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caprioli, Mary, and Mark A. Boyer. 2001. “Gender, Violence, and International Crisis.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 45 (4):503–18. doi:10.1177/0022002701045004005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carreiras, Helena. 1999. “The Role of Women in the Armed Forces of NATO Countries: Military Constraints and Professional Identities.” Minerva: Quarterly Report on Women and the Military, Fall-Winter.
   Google Scholar
• Carreiras, Helena. 2002. “Women in the Portuguese Armed Forces: From Visibility to Eclipse.” Current Sociology 50 (5):687–714. doi:10.1177/0011392102050005005
   Google Scholar
• Carreiras, Helena. 2006. Gender and the Military: Women in the Armed Forces of Western Democracies. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Carreiras, Helena. 2012. “Gender Relations in the Armed Forces: Does the Draft Make a Difference?” Sicherheit Und Frieden (S+ F)/Security and Peace 30 (1):19–24. doi:10.5771/0175-274x-2012-1-19
   Google Scholar
• Celis, Karen, Sarah Childs, Johanna Kantola, and Mona Lena Krook. 2014. “Constituting Women’s Interests through Representative Claims.” Politics & Gender 10 (2):149–74. doi:10.1017/S1743923X14000026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaney, Paul. 2016. “Gendered Political Space: Civil Society, Contingency Theory, and the Substantive Representation of Women.” Journal of Civil Society 12 (2):198–223. doi:10.1080/17448689.2016.1178964
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Childs, Sarah, and Mona Lena Krook. 2009. “Analysing Women’s Substantive Representation: From Critical Mass to Critical Actors.” Government and Opposition 44 (2):125–45. doi:10.1111/j.1477-7053.2009.01279.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cingranelli, David L., David L. Richards, and K. Chad Clay. 2014. “Data From: The CIRI Human Rights Dataset” (Dataset). Accessed August 19, 2020. http://www.humanrightsdata.com.
   Google Scholar
• Cordell, Kasey. 2018. “On the Front Line: Embedded with American Female Combat Soldiers in Afghanistan.” In 5280: Denver’s Mile High Magazine, November. https://www.5280.com/2018/10/embedded-with-american-female-combat-soldiers-in-afghanistan/.
   Google Scholar
• Cox, David R. 1972. “Regression Models and Life‐tables.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological) 34 (2):187–202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford, Kerry F., James H. Lebovic, and Julia M. Macdonald. 2015. ““Explaining the Variation in Gender Composition of Personnel Contributions to UN Peacekeeping Operations.”.” Armed Forces & Society 41 (2):257–81. doi:10.1177/0095327X14523416
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalton, Angela, and Victor Asal. 2011. “Is It Ideology or Desperation: Why Do Organizations Deploy Women in Violent Terrorist Attacks?” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 34 (10):802–19. doi:10.1080/1057610X.2011.604833
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeGroot, Gerard J. 2001. “A Few Good Women: Gender Stereotypes, the Military and Peacekeeping.” International Peacekeeping 8 (2):23–38. doi:10.1080/13533310108413893
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diehl, Paul F., Gary Goertz, and Yahve Gallegos. 2019. “Peace Data: Concept, Measurement, Patterns, and Research Agenda.”Conflict Management and Peace Science, Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/0738894219870288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dovi, Suzanne. 2007. “Theorizing Women’s Representation in the United States.” Politics & Gender 3 (3):297–319.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elshtain, Jean, and Sheila Tobias, eds. 1990. Women, Militarism, and War: Essays in History, Politics, and Social Theory. Savage, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Elshtain, Jean Bethke. 1987. Women and War. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Enloe, Cynthia. 1980. “Women—The Reserve Army of Army Labor.” Review of Radical Political Economics 12 (2):42–52. doi:10.1177/048661348001200206
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enloe, Cynthia. 1988. “‘Beyond ‘Rambo’: Women and the Varieties of Militarized Masculinity.” In Women and the Military System, Eva Isaksson. edited by St. Martin's Press , New York. 71–93.
   Google Scholar
• Enloe, Cynthia. 1990. Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fitriani, Randolf G.S. Cooper, and Ron Matthews. 2016. “Women in Ground Close Combat.” The RUSI Journal 161(1):14–24. doi:10.1080/03071847.2016.1152117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman, Nancy Loring, and Richard Stites. 1982. “Great Britain and the World Wars.” In Female Soldiers—combatants or Noncombatants, edited by Nancy Loring Goldman, 21–46. Westport: Greenwood Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein, Joshua S. 2001. War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Henshaw, Alexis Leanna. 2016a. “Where Women Rebel: Patterns of Women’s Participation in Armed Rebel Groups 1990–2008.” International Feminist Journal of Politics 18 (1):39–60. doi:10.1080/14616742.2015.1007729
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henshaw, Alexis Leanna. 2016b. “Why Women Rebel: Greed, Grievance, and Women in Armed Rebel Groups.” Journal of Global Security Studies 1 (3):204–19. doi:10.1093/jogss/ogw008
   Google Scholar
• Holm, Jeanne. 1992. Women in the Military: An Unfinished Revolution. Novato: Presidio Press.
   Google Scholar
• Htun, Mala, and S. Laurel Weldon. 2012. “The Civic Origins of Progressive Policy Change: Combating Violence against Women in Global Perspective, 1975–2005.” American Political Science Review 106 (3):548–69. doi:10.1017/S0003055412000226
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber, Laura, and Sabrina Karim. 2018. “The Internationalization of Security Sector Gender Reforms in Post-conflict Countries.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 35 (3):263–79. doi:10.1177/0738894217696228
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, Bradford S., and Regina P. Branton. 2005. “Beyond Logit and Probit: Cox Duration Models of Single, Repeating, and Competing Events for State Policy Adoption.” State Politics & Policy Quarterly 5 (4):420–43. doi:10.1177/153244000500500406
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, Daniel M., Stuart A. Bremer, and J. David Singer. 1996. “Militarized Interstate Disputes, 1816–1992: Rationale, Coding Rules, and Empirical Patterns.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 15 (2):163–213. doi:10.1177/073889429601500203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karim, Sabrina, and Kyle Beardsley. 2013. “Female Peacekeepers and Gender Balancing: Token Gestures or Informed Policymaking?” International Interactions 39 (4):461–88. doi:10.1080/03050629.2013.805131
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karim, Sabrina, and Daniel Hill. 2018. The Study of Gender and Women in Cross-National Political Science Research: Rethinking Concepts and Measurement. Working paper. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University.
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy-Pipe, Caroline. 2000. Women and the Military. The Journal of Strategic Studies 23 (4):32–50. doi:10.1080/01402390008437811
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon, Insook. 2000. “A Feminist Exploration of Military Conscription: The Gendering of the Connections between Nationalism, Militarism and Citizenship in South Korea.” International Feminist Journal of Politics 3 (1):26–54. doi:10.1080/713767489
   Google Scholar
• Levy, Yagil. 2011. Competition and Exclusion: Explaining Anti-Feminist Religious Rhetoric in the Israeli Defense Forces. Working paper. Ra'anana: The Open University of Israel.
   Google Scholar
• Lindberg, Staffan I. 2016. “Ordinal Versions of V-Dem’s Indices: When Interval Measures are Not Useful for Classification, Description, and Sequencing Analysis Purposes.” Geopolitics, History, and International Relations 8 (2):76–111.
   Google Scholar
• Macdonald, Sharon. 1987. “Drawing the Lines—Gender, Peace and War: An Introduction.” In Images of Women in Peace and War, edited by Sharon Macdonald, Pat Holden, and Shirley Ardener, 1–26. London: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• MacKenzie, Megan. 2012. “Let Women Fight: Ending the US Military’s Female Combat Ban.” Foreign Affairs 91 (6):32–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKenzie, Megan. 2015. Beyond the Band of Brothers: The US Military and the Myth that Women Can’t Fight. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall, Monty, Ted Robert Gurr, and Keith Jaggers. 2019. Data From: Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-2018 (Dataset). Center for Systemic Peace, Accessed August 19, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Matthews, Michael D., Morten G. Ender, Janice H. Laurence, and David E. Rohall. 2009. “Role of Group Affiliation and Gender on Attitudes toward Women in the Military.” Military Psychology 21 (2):241–51. doi:10.1080/08995600902768750
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKelvey, Tara. 2007. One of the Guys: Women as Aggressors and Torturers. Emeryville: Seal Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, Brenda L. 1991. “African American Women in the US Military.” Armed Forces & Society 17 (3):363–84. doi:10.1177/0095327X9101700303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obradovic, Lana. 2014. Gender Integration in NATO Military Forces: Cross-national Analysis. Farnham: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Palmer, Glenn, Vito D’Orazio, Michael Kenwick, and Matthew Lane. 2015. “The MID4 Dataset, 2002–2010: Procedures, Coding Rules and Description.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 32 (2):222–42. doi:10.1177/0738894214559680
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Percy, Sarah. 2019. “What Makes a Norm Robust: The Norm against Female Combat.” Journal of Global Security Studies 4 (1):123–38. doi:10.1093/jogss/ogy044
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pindyck, Shira E. 2019. “Innovation and Inclusion in the Armed Forces.” In Draft Dissertation Chapter, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania 1 - 40.
   Google Scholar
• Quester, George H. 1977. “Women in Combat.” International Security, 1(4): 80–91.
   Google Scholar
• Robbins, Joyce, and Uri Ben-Eliezer. 2000. “New Roles or 'New Times'? Gender Inequality and Militarism in Israel’s Nation-in-arms.” Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State; Society 7 (3):309–42. doi:10.1093/sp/7.3.309
   Google Scholar
• Sarkees, Meredith Reid, and Frank Whelon Wayman. 2010. Resort to War: A Data Guide to Inter-state, Extra-state, Intra-state, and Non-state Wars, 1816-2007. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sasson-Levy, Orna. 2003. “Feminism and Military Gender Practices: Israeli Women Soldiers in “Masculine” Roles.” Sociological Inquiry 73 (3):440–65. doi:10.1111/1475-682X.00064
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, Dorothy, and Carl J. Schneider. 1991. Into the Breach: American Women Overseas in World War I. New York: Viking Press.
   Google Scholar
• Segal, Mady Wechsler. 1995. “Women’s Military Roles Cross-nationally: Past, Present, and Future.” Gender & Society 9 (6):757–75. doi:10.1177/089124395009006008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seitz, Barbara, Linda Lobao, and Ellen Treadway. 1993. “No Going Back: Women’s Participation in the Nicaraguan Revolution and in Post-Revolutionary Movements.” Women and the Use of Military Force, edited , edited by Ruth Howes and Michael R. Stevenson, 167-84. Boulder: L. Rienner Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Simon, Rita James, ed. 2001. Women in the Military. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Sjoberg, Laura. 2007. “Agency, Militarized Femininity and Enemy Others: Observations from the War in Iraq.” International Feminist Journal of Politics 9 (1):82–101. doi:10.1080/14616740601066408
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, R. Claire. 2003. “The Citizen-soldier Tradition and Gender Integration of the US Military.” Armed Forces & Society 29 (2):185–204. doi:10.1177/0095327X0302900203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley, Sandra Carson, and Mady Wechsler Segal. 1988. “Military Women in NATO: An Update.” Armed Forces & Society 14 (4):559–85. doi:10.1177/0095327X8801400405
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundström, Aksel, Pamela Paxton, Yi-Ting Wang, and Staffan I. Lindberg. 2017. “Women’s Political Empowerment: A New Global Index, 1900–2012.” World Development 94(C): 321–35. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.01.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, Jakana L., and Kanisha D. Bond. 2015. “Women’s Participation in Violent Political Organizations.” American Political Science Review 109 (3):488–506. doi:10.1017/S0003055415000313
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, Jakana L., and Reed M. Wood. 2018. “The Social Origins of Female Combatants.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 35 (3):215–32. doi:10.1177/0738894217695524
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toronto, Nathan W. 2014. Data From: Military Recruitment Data Set” (Dataset). Accessed August 19, 2020. http://www.nathantoronto.com/academicresearch.
   Google Scholar
• Torres-Reyna, Oscar, and Robert Y. Shapiro. 2002. “Trends: Women and Sexual Orientation in the Military.” The Public Opinion Quarterly 66 (4):618–32. doi:10.1086/343865
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treadwell, Mattie E. 1954. The Women’s Army Corps. Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army.
   Google Scholar
• van Creveld, Martin. 2000. “The Great Illusion: Women in the Military.” Millennium 29 (2):429–42. doi:10.1177/03058298000290021101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wängnerud, Lena. 2009. “Women in Parliaments: Descriptive and Substantive Representation.” Annual Review of Political Science 12: 51–69. doi: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.053106.123839.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winslow, Donna, and Jason Dunn. 2002. “Women in the Canadian Forces: Between Legal and Social Integration.” Current Sociology 50 (5):641–67. doi:10.1177/0011392102050005003
   Google Scholar
• Wood, Reed M., and Jakana L. Thomas. 2017. “Women on the Frontline: Rebel Group Ideology and Women’s Participation in Violent Rebellion.” Journal of Peace Research 54 (1):31–46. doi:10.1177/0022343316675025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, Lauren M., and Margaret Nauta. 2013. “Sexism as a Predictor of Attitudes toward Women in the Military and in Combat.” Military Psychology 25 (2):166–71. doi:10.1037/h0094958
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeigler, Sara L., and Gregory G. Gunderson. 2005. Moving beyond GI Jane: Women and the US Military. Lanham: University Press of America.
   Google Scholar