Accounting for the gender gaps in student performance in reading and mathematics: evidence from 31 countries

References

• Ailwood , J. and Lingard , B. 2001 . The endgame for national girls' schooling policies in Australia? . Australian Journal of Education , 45 (1) : 9 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker , D. P. and Jones , D. P. 1993 . Creating gender equality: cross‐national gender stratification and mathematical performance . Sociology of Education , 66 (2) : 91 – 103 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaton , A. E. 1996 . Mathematics achievement in the middle school years: IEA's third international mathematics and science study (TIMSS) , Boston : Centre for the Study of Testing, Evaluation, and Educational Policy, Boston College .
   Google Scholar
• Blossfeld , H.‐P. and Shavit , Y. 1993 . “ Persisting barriers: changes in educational barriers in thirteen countries ” . In Persistent inequality. changing educational attainment in thirteen countries , Edited by: Shavit , Y. and Blossfeld , H‐P. 1 – 24 . Boulder : CO Westview .
   Google Scholar
• Bradley , K. 2000 . The incorporation of women into higher education: paradoxical outcomes?’ . Sociology of Education , 73 (1) : 1 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley , K. and Ramirez , F. O. 1996 . World polity and gender parity: women's share of higher education, 1965–1985 . Research in Sociology of Education and Socialization , 11 : 63 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Buchmann , C. and Dalton , B. 2002 . Interpersonal influences and educational aspirations in 12 countries. The importance of institutional context . Sociology of Education , 75 (April) : 99 – 122 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charles , M. and Bradley , K. 2002 . Equal but separate? A cross–national study of sex segregation in higher education . American Sociological Review , 67 (4) : 573 – 599 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comber , L. C. and Keeves , J. P. 1973 . Science Education in Nineteen Countries: International Studies in Evaluation I , New York : John Wiley & Sons . International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement
   Google Scholar
• England , P. and Browne , I. 1992 . Trends in women's economic status . Sociological Perspective , 35 : 17 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Förster , M. and d'Ercole , M. M. 2005 . “ Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries in the Second Half of the 1990s ” . In OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers Available online at: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/48/9/34483698.pdf (accessed August 2005)
   Google Scholar
• Francis , B. 2002 . Is the future really female? The impact and implications of gender for 14–16 year olds' career choices . Journal of Education and Work , 15 (1) : 75 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Ganzeboom , H. B. G. and Treiman , D. J. 1996 . Internationally comparable measures of occupational status for the 1988 international standard classifications of occupations . Social Science Research , 25 : 201 – 239 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillborn , D. and Youdell , D. , eds. 2000 . Rationing education: policy, practice, reform and equity , Florence, KY : Taylor & Francis/Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Hallinan , M. T. and Sorensen , A. B. 1987 . Ability grouping and sex differences in mathematics achievement . Sociology of Education , 60 (2) : 63 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannum , E. 2005 . Market transition, educational disparities, and family strategies in rural china: new evidence on gender stratification and development . Demography , 42 (2) : 275 – 300 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson , S. L. , Schaub , M. and Baker , D. P. 1996 . Gender stratification in the science pipeline: a comparative analysis of seven countries . Gender & Society , 10 : 271 – 290 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husén , T. 1967 . International study of achievement in mathematics. A comparison of twelve countries , Oxford : Pergamon Press . (International Project for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA), II)
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs , J. A. 1996 . Gender inequality and higher education . Annual Review of Sociology , 22 : 153 – 185 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jencks , C. 1979 . Who gets ahead ahead? The determinants of economic success in America , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Kubitschek , W. N. and Hallinan , M. T. 1996 . Race, gender, and inequity in track assignments . Research in Sociology of Education and Socialization , 11 : 121 – 146 .
   Google Scholar
• Lamb , S. 1997 . School achievement and initial labour market outcomes , Camberwell : Australian Council for Educational Research .
   Google Scholar
• Marini , M. M. 1978 . Sex Differences in the determination of adolescent aspirations: a review of the research . Sex Roles , 4 : 23 – 753 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marini , M. M. and Fan , P. L. 1997 . The gender gap in earnings at career entry . American Sociological Review , 62 (August) : 588 – 604 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall , C. 2000 . Policy mechanisms for gender equity in Australia . Educational Policy , 14 (3) : 357 – 384 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall , C. 2002 . Teacher unions and gender equity policy for education . Educational Policy , 16 (5) : 707 – 730 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , M. O. 2000 . TIMSS 1999 international mathematics report. Findings from the IEA's repeat of the third international mathematics study at the eight grade , International Study Center Lynch School of Education, Boston College .
   Google Scholar
• McIntosh , S. and Vignoles , A. 2001 . Measuring and assessing the impact of basic skills on labour market outcomes . Oxford Economic Papers , 3 : 453 – 481 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Finance Iceland . (3 February) 2005 . English translation of the Weekly Web Release (3 February) ,
   Google Scholar
• Murnane , R. J. , Willett , J. B. and Levy , F. 1995 . The growing importance of cognitive skills in wage determination . Review of Economics and Statistics , 77 (2) : 251 – 266 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Sullivan , D. 1999 . Gender equity as policy paradigm in the Irish educational policy process . Economic and Social Review , 30 (3) : 309 – 336 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD . 1996 . Education at a glance: OECD indicators , Paris : Organisation for Economic Co–Operation and Development .
   Google Scholar
• OECD . 1997 . Education at a glance: OECD indicators 1997 , Paris : Organisation for Economic Co–Operation and Development .
   Google Scholar
• OECD . 1999 . Classifying educational programmemes. Manual for ISCED–97 Implementation in OECD Countries , Paris : Organisation for Economic Co–operation and Development .
   Google Scholar
• OECD . 2001 . Knowledge and skills for life. First results from the OECD programmeme for international student assessment , Paris : Organisation for Economic Co–operation and Development .
   Google Scholar
• OECD . 2002a . PISA 2000 technical report , Paris : Organisation for Economic Co–operation and Development .
   Google Scholar
• OECD . 2002b . “ Women at work: who are they and how are they faring? ” . In Chapter 2: OECD employment outlook 2002 , 67 – 134 . Paris : Organisation for Economic Co–operation and Development .
   Google Scholar
• OECD . 2005 . Society at a glance Available online at: http://www.oecd.org/document/24/0,2340,en_2649_33729_2671576_1_1_1_1,00.html (accessed August 2005)
   Google Scholar
• Orloff , A. 1996 . Gender in the welfare state . Annual Review of Sociology , 22 : 51 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penner , A. M. 2003 . International gender × item difficulty interactions in mathematics and science achievement tests . Journal of Educational Psychology , 95 (3) : 650 – 655 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purves , A. C. 1973 . Literature education in ten countries. An empirical study , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt , W. H. and Kifer , E. 1989 . “ Exploring relationships across systems population A ” . In The IEA study of mathematics II: Contexts and outcomes of school mathematics , Edited by: Robitaille , D. F. and Garden , R. A. Oxford : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , J. 2004 . Family, gender, and educational attainment in Britain: a longitudinal study . Journal of Comparative Family Studies , 35 (4) : 565 – 589 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sewell , W. H. and Shah , V. P. 1967 . Socioeconomic status, intelligence and the attainment of higher education . Sociology of Education , 40 (Winter) : 1 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sewell , W. H. , Haller , A. O. and Portes , A. 1969 . The educational and early occupational attainment process . American Sociological Review , 34 : 82 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sewell , W. H. , Haller , A. and Ohlendorf , G. W. 1970 . The educational and early occupational status process: replication and extension . American Sociological Review , 35 (6) : 1014 – 1027 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shu , X. and Marini , M. M. 1998 . Gender‐related change in occupational aspirations . Sociology of Education , 71 (January) : 44 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Teachman , J. D. 1987 . Family background, educational resources, and educational attainment . American Sociological Review , 52 : 548 – 557 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teachman , J. D. and Paasch , K. 1998 . The family and educational aspirations . Journal of Marriage and the Family , 60 (August) : 704 – 714 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , V. , Wang , Y. and Fan , X. 2001 . Measuring education inequality: Gini coefficients of education , Washington, DC : The World Bank, World Bank Institute, Office of the Vice President, and Economic Policy and Poverty Reduction Division . Policy Research Working Paper
   Google Scholar
• Thorndike , R. L. 1973 . Reading Comprehension education in fifteen countries. An empirical study , New York : John Wiley & Sons . (International Studies in Education. International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, III)
   Google Scholar
• Treiman , D. and Yip , K.‐B. 1989 . “ Education and occupational attainment in 21 countries ” . In Cross national research in sociology , Edited by: Kohn , M. L. 373 – 394 . Newbury Park : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Wagemaker , H. , Taube , K. , Munck , I. , Kontogiannopoulou‐Polydorides , G. and Martin , M. 1996 . Are girls better readers? Gender differences in reading literacy in 32 countries , Delft : Eburon .
   Google Scholar
• Whitt , H. P. 1986 . The sheaf coefficient: a simplified and expanded approach . Social Science Research , 15 : 174 – 189 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank . 2000–2001 . “ Selected world development indicators ” . In World Bank development report 2000–2001: attacking poverty , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• World Facts . 2005 . GDP per capita Available online at: http://www.worldfactsandfigures.com/gdp_country_desc.php
   Google Scholar