Inequality of educational opportunity: the relationship between access, affordability, and quality of private schools in Lagos, Nigeria

References

• Adelabu, M., & Rose, P. (2004). Non-state provision of basic education in Nigeria. In G. Larbi, M. Adelabu, P. Rose, D. Jawara, O. Nwaorgu, & S. Vyas (Eds.), Nigeria: Study of non-state providers of basic services (pp. 41–73). Birmingham: University of Birmingham.
   Google Scholar
• Akaguri, L. (2014). Fee-free public or low-fee private basic education in rural Ghana: How does the cost influence the choice of the poor? Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 44, 140–161.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alcott, B., & Rose, P. (2016). Does private schooling narrow wealth inequalities in learning outcomes? Evidence from East Africa. Oxford Review of Education, 42, 495–510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alderman, H., Orazem, P. F., & Paterno, E. M. (2001). School quality, school cost, and the public/private school choices of low-income households in Pakistan. Journal of Human Resources, 36, 304–326.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrabi, T., Das, J., & Khwaja, A. I. (2008). A dime a day: The possibilities and limits of private schooling in Pakistan. Comparative Education Review, 52, 329–355.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angrist, J. D., & Lavy, V. (1999). Using Maimonides’ rule to estimate the effect of class size on scholastic achievement. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114, 533–575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashley, L. D., Mcloughlin, C., Aslam, M., Engel, J., Wales, J., Rawal, S., … Rose, P. (2014). The role and impact of private schools in developing countries. London: Department for International Development.
   Google Scholar
• Aslam, M. (2009). The relative effectiveness of government and private schools in Pakistan: Are girls worse off? Education Economics, 17, 329–354.
   Google Scholar
• Ayalon, H., & Shavit, Y. (2004). Educational reforms and inequalities in Israel: The MMI hypothesis revisited. Sociology of Education, 77, 103–120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azam, M., Kingdon, G., & Wu, K. B. (2016). Impact of private secondary schooling on cognitive skills: Evidence from India. Education Economics, 24, 465–480.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baird, R. (2009). Private schools for the poor: Development, provision, and choice in India. Atlanta: Gray Matters Capital.
   Google Scholar
• Barrera-Osorio, F., Blakeslee, D. S., Hoover, M., Linden, L. L., Raju, D., & Ryan, S. (2013). Leveraging the private sector to improve primary school enrolment: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial in Pakistan ( RISE Programme Working Paper). Retrieved from http://www.riseprogramme.org/sites/www.rise.ox.ac.uk/files/7_Barrera_pprs_pakistan_working_paper.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Baum, D. R., Cooper, R., & Lusk-Stover, O. (2018). Regulating market entry of low-cost private schools in sub-Saharan Africa: Towards a theory of private education regulation. International Journal of Educational Development, 60, 100–110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop, J. (2006). Drinking from the fountain of knowledge: Student incentive to study and learn—externalities, information problems and peer pressure. In E. A. Hanushek & F. Welch (Eds.), Handbook of the economics of education (Vol. 2, pp. 909–944). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Bold, T., Kimenyi, M., Mwabu, G., & Sandefur, J. (2013). The high return to private schooling in a low-income country ( Center for Global Development Working Paper, No. 279).
   Google Scholar
• Buchmann, C., & Hannum, E. (2001). Education and stratification in developing countries: A review of theories and research. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 77–102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Case, A., & Deaton, A. (1999). School inputs and educational outcomes in South Africa. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114, 1047–1084.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Central Office of Statistics. (2005). Nigeria—Lagos household survey 2005–2006. Lagos: Central Office of Statistics . Retrieved from http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/nada/index.php/catalog/10.
   Google Scholar
• Chimombo, J. (2009). Expanding post-primary education in Malawi: Are private schools the answer? Compare, 39, 167–184.
   Google Scholar
• Chudgar, A., & Quin, E. (2011). Relationship between private schooling and achievement: Results from rural and urban India. Economics of Education Review, 31, 376–390.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai, S., Dubey, A., Vanneman, R., & Banerji, R. (2009). Private schooling in India: A new educational landscape. In S. Bery, B. Bosworth, & A. Panagariya (Eds.), India policy forum (Vol. 5, pp. 1–38). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Dixon, P. (2012). Why the denial? Low-cost private schools in developing countries and their contributions to education. Econ Journal Watch, 9, 186–209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duflo, E., Dupas, P., & Kremer, M. (2011). Peer effects, teacher incentives, and the impact of tracking: Evidence from a randomized evaluation in Kenya. American Economic Review, 101, 1739–1774.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glewwe, P., Hanushek, E. A., Humpage, S. D., & Ravina, R. (2011). School resources and educational outcomes in developing countries: A review of the literature from 1990 to 2010 ( NBER Working Paper Series No. 17554). Cambridge, MA: NBER.
   Google Scholar
• Green, F., Machin, S., Murphy, R., & Zhu, Y. (2012). The changing economic advantage from private schools. Economica, 79, 658–679.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Härmä, J. (2011). Education Sector Support Programme in Nigeria (ESSPIN) assignment report: Study of private schools in Lagos ( Report No. LG 303).
   Google Scholar
• Härmä, J. (2013). Private responses to state failure: The growth in private education (and why) in Lagos, Nigeria ( National Center for the Study of Privatization in Education Occasional Paper No. 215). New York: National Center for the Study of Privatization in Education.
   Google Scholar
• Härmä, J., & Adefisayo, F. (2013). Scaling up: The challenges facing low-fee private schools in the slums of Lagos, Nigeria. In P. Srivastava (Ed.), Low-fee private schooling: Aggravating equity or mitigating disadvantage (pp. 129–152). Oxford: Symposium Books.
   Google Scholar
• Heyneman, S. P., & Stern, J. M. B. (2014). Low cost private schools for the poor: What public policy is appropriate? International Journal of Educational Development, 35, 3–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hout, M. (2006). Maximally maintained inequality and essentially maintained inequality: Crossnational comparisons. Sociological Theory and Methods, 21, 237–252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh, C.-T., & Urquiola, M. (2006). The effects of generalized school choice on achievement and stratification: Evidence from Chile’s voucher program. Journal of Public Economics, 90, 1477–1503.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, Z., & Woodhead, M. (2014). Choosing and changing schools in India’s private and government sectors: Young Lives evidence from Andhra Pradesh. Oxford Review of Education, 40, 73–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Languille, S. (2016). ‘Affordable’ private schools in South Africa: Affordable for whom? Oxford Review of Education, 42, 528–542.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lassibille, G., & Tan, J.-P. (2001). Are private schools more efficient than public schools? Evidence from Tanzania. Education Economics, 9, 145–172.
   Google Scholar
• Lassibille, G., Tan, J.-P., & Sumra, S. (2000). Expansion of private secondary education: Lessons from recent experience in Tanzania. Comparative Education Review, 44, 1–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewin, K. M. (2007). The limits to growth of non-government private schooling in sub-Saharan Africa (Research Monograph No. 5). Brighton, UK: Consortium for Research on Educational Access, Transitions and Equity. Retrieved from http://www.create-rpc.org/pdf_documents/PTA5.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Lucas, S. R. (2001). Effectively maintained inequality: Education transitions, track mobility, and social background effects. American Journal of Sociology, 106, 1642–1690.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks, G. N. (2013). Evaluating effectively maintained inequality: School and post-school transitions, socioeconomic background, academic ability and curricular placement. Social Science Research, 42, 1635–1649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muralidharan, K., & Kremer, M. (2008). Public–private schools in rural India. In R. Chakrakbarti & P. Peterson (Eds.), School choice international: Exploring public–private partnerships (pp. 90–109). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Muralidharan, K., & Sundararaman, V. (2015). The aggregate effect of school choice: Evidence from a two-stage experiment in India. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130, 1011–1066.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Bureau of Statistics. (2012). Nigerian poverty profile 2010. Abuja: National Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/pdfuploads/Nigeria Poverty Profile 2010.pdf
   Google Scholar
• National Bureau of Statistics. (2013). Nigeria general household survey—Panel 2012–2013. Abuja: National Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved from http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/EXTLSMS/0,,contentMDK:23635560~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:3358997,00.html
   Google Scholar
• National Population Commission of Nigeria. (2006). Census. Retrieved from https://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php
   Google Scholar
• Oketch, M., Mutisya, M., Ngware, M., & Ezeh, A. C. (2010). Why are there proportionately more poor pupils enrolled in non-state schools in urban Kenya in spite of FPE policy? International Journal of Educational Development, 30, 23–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pal, S., & Kingdon, G. (2010). Can private school growth foster universal literacy? Panel evidence from Indian districts ( IZA Discussion Paper Series No. 5274). Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor.
   Google Scholar
• Pinnock, H. (2013). The potential of low-cost community private schools to boost children’s education in Lagos: Research report. London: Save the Children.
   Google Scholar
• Piraino, P., & Haveman, R. (2006). Generational income mobility. Review of Income and Wealth, 52, 477–486.
   Google Scholar
• Raftery, A. E., & Hout, M. (1993). Maximally maintained inequality: Expansion, reform, and opportunity in Irish education, 1921–75. Sociology of Education, 66, 41–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmi, J. (2000). Equity and quality in private education: The Haitian paradox. Compare, 30, 163–178.
   Google Scholar
• Srivastava, P., & Walford, G. (2016). Non-state actors in education in the Global South. Oxford Review of Education, 42, 491–494.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thapa, A. (2013). Does private school competition improve public school performance? The case of Nepal. International Journal of Educational Development, 33(4), 358–366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tooley, J. (2013). The beautiful tree: A personal journey into how the world’s poorest people are educating themselves. Washington, DC: Cato Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Tooley, J., Bao, Y., Dixon, P., & Merrifield, J. (2011). School choice and academic performance: Some evidence from developing countries. Journal of School Choice, 5, 1–39.
   Google Scholar
• Tooley, J., & Dixon, P. (2006). ‘De facto’ privatisation of education and the poor: Implications of a study from sub-Saharan Africa and India. Compare, 36, 443–462.
   Google Scholar
• Tooley, J., Dixon, P., & Olaniyan, O. (2005). Private and public schooling in low-income areas of Lagos State, Nigeria: A census and comparative survey. International Journal of Educational Research, 43, 125–146.
   Google Scholar
• Tooley, J., Dixon, P., Shamsan, Y., & Schagen, I. (2010). The relative quality and cost-effectiveness of private and public schools for low-income families: A case study in a developing country. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 21, 117–144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tooley, J., & Longfield, D. (2013). Private primary education in Western Area, Sierra Leone. Newcastle: E.G. West Center. Retrieved from https://egwestcentre.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/00-report-sierra-leone-2014-01-06.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Tooley, & Yngstrom, I. (2014). School choice in Lagos State: Summary of extended research conducted on school choice in Lagos. Report submitted to DFID Nigeria. Retrieved from http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/pdf/outputs/Educ_Nigeria/61517_Final_Summary_Lagos_School_Choice.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Torche, F. (2005). Privatization reform and inequality of educational opportunity: The case of Chile. Sociology of Education, 78, 316–343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNICEF. (2012). K,. New York: UNICEF. Retrieved from http://www.uis.unesco.org/Library/Documents/out-of-school-children-nigeria-country-study-2012-en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Urquiola, M. (2006). Identifying class size effects in developing countries: Evidence from rural Bolivia. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 88, 171–177.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verger, A., Bonal, X., & Zancajo, A. (2016). What are the role and impact of public–private partnerships in education? A realist evaluation of the Chilean education quasi-market. Comparative Education Review, 60, 223–248.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wößmann, L. (2003). Central exit exams and student achievement: International evidence. In P. E. Peterson & M. R. West (Eds.), No child left behind? The politics and practice of school accountability (pp. 292–323). Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
   Google Scholar