494
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Embracing diglossia in early literacy education in Arabic: A pilot intervention study with kindergarten children

References

  • Abu Ahmad, H., & Share, D. L. (2021). Foundations of early literacy among Arabic-speaking pre-school children. Applied Psycholinguistics, 42(5), 1195–1220. doi:10.1017/S0142716421000242
  • Abu-Rabia, S. (2000). Effects of exposure to literary Arabic on reading comprehension in a diglossic situation. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 13(1/2), 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008133701024
  • Al Mannai, H., & Everatt, J. (2005). Phonological processing skills as predictors of literacy amongst Arabic speaking Bahraini children. Dyslexia, 11(4), 269–291. https://doi.org/10.1002/dys.303
  • Al-Mannai, H. A., & Everatt, J. (2005). Phonological processing skills as predictors of literacy amongst Arabic speaking Bahraini school children. Dyslexia, 11, 269–291.
  • Albirini, A. (2016). Modern Arabic sociolinguistics: Diglossia, variation, codeswitching, attitudes and identity. Routledge.
  • Albirini, A. (2019). Why Standard Arabic is not a second language for native speakers of Arabic. Al-Arabiyya, 52, 49–71.
  • Apel, K., & Diehm, E. (2013). Morphological awareness intervention with kindergarteners and first and second grade students from low SES homes: A small efficacy study. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 47(1), 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219413509964
  • Aram, D., Korat, O., Saiegh-Haddad, E., Arafat, S. H., Khoury, R., & Elhija, J. A. (2013). Early literacy among Arabic-speaking kindergartners: The role of socioeconomic status, home literacy environment and maternal mediation of writing. Cognitive Development, 28(3), 193–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2012.10.003
  • Azraqi, A. (2014). The influence of kindergarten in overcoming diglossia among primary school pupils in Saudi Arabic. Arab World English Journal, 5, 33–41. ISSN: 2229-9327
  • Bar-On, A., Shalhoub-Awwad, Y., & Tuma-Basila, R. (2018). Contribution of phonological and morphological information in reading Arabic: A developmental perspective. Applied Psycholinguistics, 39(6), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716418000310
  • Basiouny, R. (2009). Arabic sociolinguistics. Edinburgh University Press.
  • Berninger, V. W., & Nagy, W. E. (2008). Flexibility in word reading: Multiple levels of representations, complex mappings, partial similarities, and cross-modality connections. In K. B. Cartwright (Ed.), Literacy processes: Cognitive flexibility in learning and teaching (pp. 114–141). Guilford Press.
  • Boudelaa, S., & Marslen-Wilson, W. D. (2013). Morphological structure in the Arabic mental lexicon: Parallels between standard and dialectal Arabic. Language and Cognitive Processes, 28(10), 1453–1473. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690965.2012.719629
  • Bowers, P., Kirby, J., & Deacon, S. H. (2010). The effects of morphological instruction on literacy skills: A systematic review of the literature. Review of Educational Research, 80(2), 144–179. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654309359353
  • Brown, M. C., Sibley, D. E., Washington, J., & Seidenberg, M. (2015). Impact of dialect use on a basic component of learning to read. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00196
  • Castles, A., Coltheart, M., Wilson, K., Valpied, J., & Wedgwood, J. (2009). The genesis of reading ability: What helps children learn letter-sound correspondences? Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 104(1), 68–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2008.12.003
  • Ehri, L., Nunes, S. R., Willows, D. M., Schuster, B. V., Yaghoub-Zadeh, Z., & Shanahan, T. (2001). Phonemic awareness instruction helps children learn to read: Evidence from the national reading panel’s meta-analysis. Reading Research Quarterly, 36(3), 250–287. https://doi.org/10.1598/RRQ.36.3.2
  • El Akiki, C., & Content, A. (2020). Early sensitivity to morphology in beginning readers of Arabic. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.552315
  • Elbro, C. (1998). When reading is “readn” or somthn”: “Distinctnes” of phonological representations of lexical items in normal and disabled readers. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 39(3), 149–153. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9450.393070
  • Feitelson, D., Goldstein, Z., Iraqi, J., & Share, D. (1993). Effects of listening to story reading on aspects of literacy acquisition in a diglossic situation. Reading Research Quarterly, 28, 71–79.
  • Ferguson, C. (1959). Diglossia. WORD, 15(2), 325–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1959.11659702
  • Ferguson, C. (1991). Diglossia revisited. Southwest Journal of Linguistics, 10, 214–234.
  • Freha, A. (1955). Towards a simplified Arabic. Dar El Thaqafah [in Arabic].
  • Gherwash, G. (2017). Diglossia and Literacy: The case of the Arab reader. Arab Journal of Applied Linguistics, 2(2), 56–85.
  • Goodwin, A., & Ahn, S. (2010). A meta-analysis of morphological interventions: Effects on literacy achievement of children with literacy difficulties. Annals of Dyslexia, 60(140), 183–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11881-010-0041-x
  • Goodwin, A., & Ahn, S. (2013). A meta analysis of morphological interventions: Effects on literacy achievement of children with literacy difficulties. Annals of Dyslexia, 60, 183–208.
  • Gough, P. B., & Tunmer, W. E. (1986). Decoding, reading, and reading disability. Remedial and Special Education, 7(1), 6–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/074193258600700104
  • Haggan, M. (2007). Text messaging in Kuwait. Is the medium the message? Multilingua, 26(4), 427–449. https://doi.org/10.1515/MULTI.2007.020
  • Ibrahim, R. (2013). Beginning readers in Arabic and the distance between literary and spoken Arabic. Creative Education, 4(5), 307. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2013.45046
  • Idrissi, A., Mustafawi, E., Khawaileh, T., & Muralikrishnan, R. (2021). The neuropsychological study of noun-adjective agreement in Arabic: The role of animacy and diglossia on the dynamics of language processing. Journal of Neurolinguistics, May, 58.
  • Khamis-Dakwar, R., Froud, K., & Gordon, P. (2012). Acquiring diglossia: Mutual influences of formal and colloquial Arabic on children’s grammaticality judgments. Journal of Child Language, 39(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000910000784
  • Khamis-Dakwar, R., & Makhoul, B. (2014). The development of ADAT (Arabic Diglossic Knowledge and Awareness Test): A theoretical and clinical ovverview. In E. Saiegh-Haddad & M. J. Joshi (Eds.), Handbook of Arabic Literacy: Insights and perspectives (pp. 279–300). Springer.
  • Kim, Y. S. (2009). Cat in the hat or cat in the cap? An investigation of the developmental trajectories of phonological awareness for Korean children. Journal of Research in Reading, 31(4), 359–378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9817.2008.00379.x
  • Kim, Y., Apel, K., & Al Otaiba, S. (2013). The relation of linguistic awareness and vocabulary to word reading and spelling for first-grade students participating in response to intervention. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 44(44), 337–347. https://doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2013/12-0013)
  • Larkin, S. (2009). Metacognition in young children. Routledge.
  • Levin, I., Saiegh-Haddad, E. H., Ziv, N., & M. (2008). Early literacy in Arabic: An intervention study among Israeli Palestinian kindergarteners. Applied Psycholinguistics, 29, 413–436.
  • Liberman, I., Shankweiler, D., Fischer, W., & Carter, B. (1974). Explicit syllable and phoneme segmentation in the young child. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 18(18), 201–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0965(74)90101-5
  • Maamouri, M. (1998). Language education and human development: Arabic diglossia and its impact on the quality of education in the Arab region.
  • McBride-Chang, C., Bialystok, E., Chong, K. K. Y., & Li, Y. (2004). Levels of phonological awareness in three cultures. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 89(2), 93–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2004.05.001
  • McBride-Chang, C., & Kail, R. V. (2003). Cross–cultural similarities in the predictors of reading acquisition. Child Development, 73(5), 1392–1407. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00479
  • Myhill, J., (2014). The effect of diglossia on literacy in Arabic and other languages, in handbook of Arabic literacy: Insights and perspectives, E. Saiegh-Haddad & R. M. Joshi (Eds.), Springer.
  • Nag, S. (2021). How children learn to use a writing system: Mapping evidence from an Indic orthography to written language in children’s books. Written Language and Literacy, 22(2), 284–302. https://doi.org/10.1075/wll.00056.nag
  • Nag, S., & Snowling, M. J. (2011). Cognitive profiles of poor readers of Kannada. Reading and Writing: an Interdisciplinary Journal, 24(6), 657–676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-010-9258-7
  • Nag, S., Vagh, S. B., Dulay, K. M., & Snowling, M. J. (2019). Home language, school language and children’s literacy attainments: A systematic review of evidence from low- and middle-income countries. Review of Education, 7(1), 91–150. https://doi.org/10.1002/rev3.3132
  • Pan, J., Song, S., Su, M., McBride, C., Liu, H., Zhang, U., Li, H., & Shu, H. (2016). On the relationship between phonological awareness, morphological awareness and Chinese literacy skills: Evidence from an 8-year longitudinal study. Developmental Science, 19(6), 982–991. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12356
  • Perfetti, C. (2007). Reading ability: Lexical quality to comprehension. Scientific Studies of Reading, 11(4), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888430701530730
  • Perfetti, C., & Stafura, J. (2014). Word knowledge in a theory of reading comprehension. Scientific Studies of Reading, 18(1), 22–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2013.827687
  • Ramirez, G., Walton, P., & Roberts, W. (2013). Morphological awareness and vocabulary development among kindergarteners with different ability levels. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 47(1), 54–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219413509970
  • Ravid, D. (2019). First-language acquisition of morphology. In Oxford research encyclopedia, linguistics. Oxford University Press.
  • Saiegh-Haddad, E. (2005). Correlates of reading fluency in Arabic: Diglossic and orthographic factors. Reading and Writing, 18, 559–582.
  • Saiegh-Haddad, E. (2007). Linguistic constraints on children’s ability to isolate phonemes in Arabic. Applied Psycholinguistics, 28(4), 607–625. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716407070336
  • Saiegh-Haddad, E. (2013). A tale of one letter: Morphological processing in early Arabic spelling. Writing Systems Research, 5, 169–188.
  • Saiegh-Haddad, E. (2017). Learning to read in Arabic. In L. Verhoeven & C. Perfetti (Eds.), Reading acquisition across languages and writing systems: An international handbook (pp. 127–154). Cambridge University Press.
  • Saiegh-Haddad, E. (2018). MAWRID: A model of Arabic word reading in development. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 51(5), 454–462. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219417720460
  • Saiegh-Haddad, E. (2019). What is phonological awareness in L2? Journal of Neurolinguistics, 50, 17–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2017.11.001
  • Saiegh-Haddad, E., & Everatt, J. (2017). Literacy education in Arabic. In N. Kucirkova, C. Snow, V. Grover, & C. McBride-Chang (Eds.), The routledge international handbook of early literacy education (pp. 185–199). Taylor & Francis Routledge.
  • Saiegh-Haddad, E., & Ghawi-Dakwar, O. (2017). Impact of diglossia on word and non-word repetition among language impaired and typically developing Arabic native speaking children. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(2010). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02010
  • Saiegh-Haddad, E., Hadieh, A., & Ravid, D. (2012). Acquiring noun plurals in Arabic: Morphology, familiarity and pattern frequency. Language Learning, 62(4), 1079–1109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2012.00727.x
  • Saiegh-Haddad, E., & Haj, L. (2018). Does phonological distance impact quality of phonological representations? Evidence from Arabic diglossia. Journal of Child Language, 45(6), 1377–1399. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000918000302
  • Saiegh-Haddad, E., & Henkin-Roitfarb, R. (2014). The structure of Arabic language and orthography. In E. Saiegh-Haddad & R. M. Joshi (Eds.), Handbook of Arabic literacy: Insights and perspectives (pp. 3–28). Dordrecht.
  • Saiegh-Haddad, E., Laks, L., & McBride, C. (Eds.). (2022). Handbook of literacy in diglossia and in dialectal contexts: Psycholinguistic, neurolinguistics and educational perspectives. Springer.
  • Saiegh-Haddad, E., Levin, I., Hende, N., & Ziv, M. (2011). The linguistic affiliation constraint and phoneme recognition in diglossic Arabic. Journal of Child Language, 38(2), 297–315. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000909990365
  • Saiegh-Haddad, E., & Schiff, R. (2016). The impact of diglossia on voweled and unvoweled word reading in Arabic: A developmental study from childhood to adolescence. Scientific Studies of Reading, 20(4), 311–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2016.1180526
  • Saiegh-Haddad, E., Shahbari-Kassem, A., & Schiff, R. (2020). Phonological awareness in Arabic: The role of phonological distance, phonological-unit size, and SES. Reading & Writing, 33(6), 1649–1674. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-020-10019-3
  • Saiegh-Haddad, E., & Spolsky, B. (2014). Acquiring literacy in a diglossic context: Problems and prospects. In E. Saiegh-Haddad & R. M. Joshi (Eds.), Handbook of Arabic literacy: Insights and perspectives (pp. 225–240). Dordrecht.
  • Saiegh-Haddad, E., & Taha, H. (2017). The role of morphological and phonological awareness in the early development of word spelling and reading in typically developing and disabled Arabic readers. Dyslexia, 23(4), 345–371. https://doi.org/10.1002/dys.1572
  • Saiegh–Haddad, E. (2003). Linguistic distance and initial reading acquisition: The case of Arabic diglossia. Applied Psycholinguistics, 24(3), 431–451. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716403000225
  • Saiegh–Haddad, E. (2004). The impact of phonemic and lexical distance on the phonological analysis of words and pseudowords in a diglossic context. Applied Psycholinguistics, 25(4), 495–512. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716404001249
  • Schiff, R., & Saiegh-Haddad, E. (2017). When diglossia meets dyslexia: The impact of diglossia on reading among Arabic native speaking dyslexic children. Arabic. Reading & Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 30(5), 1089–1113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-016-9713-1
  • Schiff, R., & Saiegh-Haddad, E. (2018). Development and relationships between phonological awareness, morphological awareness and word reading in spoken and standard Arabic. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 356. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00356
  • Shalhoub-Awwad, Y. (2020). The role of nominal word pattern in Arabic reading acquisition: Insights from cross-modal priming. Scientific Studies of Reading, 24(4), 307–320.
  • Shendy, R. (2022). Learning to read in an “estranged” language: Arabic diglossia, child literacy, and the case for mother tongue-based education. Creative Education, 13(4), 1247–1301. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2022.134077
  • Simmons, D., Taylor, A., Oslund, E., Simmons, L., Coyne, M., Little, M., Rawlinson, D., Hagan-Burke, S., Kwok, O., & Kim, M. (2014). Predictors of at-risk kindergarteners’ later reading difficulty: Examining learner-by-intervention interactions. Reading and Writing, 27(3), 451–479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-013-9452-5
  • Sircar, S., & Nag, S. (2013). Akshara-syllable mappings in Bengali: A language-specific skill for reading. In H. Winskell & P. Padakanayya (Eds.), South and South-East Asian psycholinguistics (pp. 202–211). Cambridge University Press.
  • St Clair-Thompson, H. L., & Gathercole, S. E. (2006). Executive functions and achievements in school: Shifting, updating, inhibition, and working memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59(4), 745–759. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210500162854
  • Stanovich, K. (1986). Matthew effects in reading: Some consequences of individual differences in the acquisition of literacy. Reading Research Quarterly, 22(4), 360–407.
  • Suleiman, Y., & Abdelhay, A. (2020). Diglossia, folk-linguistics, and language anxiety: The 2018 language ideological debate in Morocco. In R. Bassiouney & K. Walters (Eds.), The routledge handbook of Arabic and identity. Routledge. (pp. 147–160).
  • Taha-Thomure, H., Tamim, R. M., & Grifiths, M. (2021). A report on the effect of Arabic language diglossia on teaching and learning. World Bank and Queen Rania Foundation
  • Taibah, N. J., & Haynes, C. W. (2010). Contributions of phonological processing skills to reading skills in Arabic speaking children. Reading and Writing, 24(9), 1019–1042. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-010-9273-8
  • Tibi, S., & Kirby, J. R. (2018). Investigating phonological awareness and naming speed as predictors of reading in Arabic. Scientific Studies of Reading, 22(1), 70–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2017.1340948
  • Tibi, S., & Kirby, J. R. (2019). Reading in Arabic: How well does the standard model apply? Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 62(4), 993–1014. https://doi.org/10.1044/2019_JSLHR-L-18-0193
  • Tong, X., & McBride-Chang, C. (2010). Developmental models of learning to read Chinese words. Developmental Psychology, 46(6), 1662–1676. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020611
  • Torgesen, J. K., Wagner, R. K., & Rashotte, C. A. (1994). Longitudinal studies of phonological processing and reading. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 27(5), 276–286. https://doi.org/10.1177/002221949402700503
  • The travails of teaching Arabs their own language. The Economist, September 18th, 2021. https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2021/09/18/the-travails-of-teaching-arabs-their-own-language
  • Watson, J. (2002). The phonology and morphology of Arabic. Oxford University Press.
  • Whitehurst, G. J., & Lonigan, C. J. (2003). Emergent literacy: Development from prereaders to readers‏1. Handbook of Early Literacy Research, 1, 11–29.
  • Wijaythilake, M. A. D. K., Parrila, R., Inoue, T., & Nag, S. (2018). Instruction matters to the development of phoneme awareness and its relationship to Akshara knowledge and word reading: Evidence from Sinhala. Scientific Studies of Reading, 22(5), 420–433. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2018.1466890
  • Ziegler, J., & Goswami, U. (2005). Reading acquisition, developmental dyslexia, and skilled reading across languages: A psycholinguistic grain size theory. Psychological Bulletin, 131(1), 3–29. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.3

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.