References
- AfriCOG (Africa Centre for Open Governance ). 2010. “ Reaping the Whirlwind? The Socioeconomic Implications of the 2008 Post-election Violence.” Nairobi , Kenya : AfriCOG.
- Alvarez, R. Michael , Thad E. Hall , and Morgan H. Llewellyn . 2008. “Are Americans Confident their Ballots are being Counted?” The Journal of Politics 70 (3): 754–766. doi:10.1177/1065912908324870.
- Amutabi, Maurice . 2009. “Beyond Imperial Presidency in Kenya: Interrogating the Kenyatta, Moi and Kibaki Regimes and Implications for Democracy and Development.” Kenya Studies Review 1 (1): 55–84.
- Anderson, Christopher J. , Andre Blais , Shaun Bowler , Todd Donovan , and Ola Listhaug . 2005. Losers’ Consent: Elections and Democratic Legitimacy . Oxford : Oxford University Press.
- Barkan, Joel . 2008. “Breaking the Stalemate in Kenya.” Center for Strategic and International Studies. Available at <http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/080108_kenya_crisis.pdf>
- Birch, Sarah . 2008. “Electoral Institutions and Popular Confidence in Electoral Processes: A Cross-national Analysis.” Electoral Studies 27: 305–320. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2008.01.005.
- Birch, Sarah . 2010. “Perceptions of Electoral Fairness and Voter Turnout.” Comparative Political Studies 43 (12): 1601–1622. doi:10.1177/0010414010374021.
- Bowler, Shaun , and Todd Donovan . 2002. “Democracy, Institutions and Attitudes about Citizen Influence on Government.” British Journal of Political Science 32 (2): 371–390. doi: 10.1017/S0007123402000157.
- Bratton, Michael and Mwangi S. Kimenyi . 2008. “Voting in Kenya: Putting Ethnicity in Perspective.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 2 (2): 272–289. doi:10.1080/17531050802058401.
- The Carter Center, National Democratic Institute and United Nations Electoral Assistance Division . 2005. Declaration of Principles for International Election Observation and Code of Conduct for International Election Observers . New York : United Nations. http://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/peace/democracy/des/declaration_code_english_revised.pdf
- Cheeseman, Nic , Gabrielle Lynch , and Justin Willis . 2014. “Democracy and its Discontents: Understanding Kenya's 2013 Election.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 8 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1080/17531055.2013.874105.
- CIPEV (Commission of Inquiry on Post Election Violence ). 2008. Commission of Inquiry to Investigate the Post Election Violence Final Report. Nairobi, Kenya.
- Debrah, Emmanuel , E. Kojo Pumpuni Asante , and Emmanuel Gyimah-Boadi . 2010. A Study of Ghana's Electoral Commission. CODESRIA Research Reports, No. 2.
- Diaspora Messenger . 2013. “Sign Petition, Urge Kenyans to Vote in Peace.” February 27. <http://diasporamessenger.com/sign-petitionurge-kenyans-to-vote-in-peace/>.
- Elklit, Jorgen , and Andrew Reynolds . 2002. “The Impact of Election Administration on the Legitimacy of Emerging Democracies: A New Comparative Politics Research Agenda.” Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 40 (2): 86–119. doi:10.1080/713999584.
- Elklit, Jorgen , and Andrew Reynolds . 2005. “A Framework for the Systematic Study of Election Quality.” Democratization 12 (2): 147–162. doi:10.1080/13510340500069204.
- Elklit, Jorgen , and Palle Svensson . 1997. “What Makes Elections Free and Fair?” Journal of Democracy 8 (3): 32–46. doi: 10.1353/jod.1997.0041
- Freedom House . 2013. “Freedom in the World: Kenya.” Freedom House. Accessed June 15, 2013. http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/kenya
- Gathara, Patrick . 2013. “Gathara's World: The Monsters Under the House.” March 10. <http://gathara.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-monsters-under-house.html>.
- Githongo, John . 2010. “Fear and Loathing in Nairobi: The Challenge of Reconciliation in Kenya.” Foreign Affairs 89 (4): 2–9.
- Hall, T. E. , J. Quin Monson , and K. D. Patterson . 2009. “The Human Dimension of Elections: How Poll Workers Shape Public Confidence in Elections.” Political Research Quarterly 62 (3): 507–522. doi:10.1177/1065912908324870.
- Hartlyn, J. , J. McCoy , and T. M. Mustillo . 2008. “Electoral Governance Matters – Explaining the Quality of Elections in Contemporary Latin America.” Comparative Political Studies 41 (1): 73–98. doi:10.1177/0010414007301701.
- Horowitz, Donald . 1993. “Democracy in Divided Societies.” Journal of Democracy 4 (4): 18–38. doi:10.1353/jod.1993.0054.
- HRW (Human Rights Watch ). 2012. “Kenya: Investigate All Politicians in Tana River Violence.” September 13. <http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/09/13/kenya-investigate-all-politicians-tana-river-violence>.
- IREC (Independent Review Commission ). 2008. Report of the Independent Review Commission on the General Elections held in Kenya on 27 December 2007. Nairobi, Kenya.
- International Centre for Policy and Conflict & 5 Others V. The Hon. Attorney-General & 4 Others. 2012. Petition 552. High Court at Nairobi.
- Jinadu, L. Adele . 1997. “Matters Arising: African Elections and the Problem of Electoral Administration.” African Journal of Political Science 2 (1): 1–11.
- Kanyinga, Karuti and James Long . 2012. “The Political Economy of Reforms in Kenya: The Post-2007 Election Violence and a New Constitution.” African Studies Review 55 (1): 31–51. doi:10.1353/arw.2012.0002.
- KNDR (The Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation) Monitoring Project . 2013. Kenya's 2013 General Election: A Review of Preparedness . Nairobi, Kenya : South Consulting.
- Kerr, Nicholas . 2013. “Popular Evaluations of Electoral Quality in Africa: Evidence from Nigeria.” Electoral Studies 32 (4): 819–837. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2013.02.010.
- Kiai, Maina . 2008a. “The Crisis in Kenya.” Journal of Democracy 19 (3): 162–168. doi: 10.1353/jod.0.0016
- Kiai, Maina . 2008b. “The Political Crisis in Kenya: A Call for Justice and Peaceful Resolution.” Review of African Political Economy 35 (115): 140–144. doi: 10.1080/03056240802021476
- Lehoucq, Fabrice . 2002. “Can Parties Police Themselves? Electoral Governance and Democratization.” International Political Science Review 23 (1): 29–46. doi:10.1177/019251210202300102.
- Lindberg, Staffan , and Minion K.C. Morrison . 2008. “Are African Voters Really Ethnic or Clientelistic? Survey Evidence from Ghana.” Political Science Quarterly 123 (1): 95–122. doi:10.1002/j.1538–165X.2008.tb00618.x.
- Long, James , Karuti Kanyinga , Karen Ferree , and Clark Gibson . 2013. “Choosing Peace over Democracy.” Journal of Democracy 24 (3): 140–155. doi: 10.1353/jod.2013.0048
- Lynch, Gabrielle . 2006. “The Fruits of Perception: ‘Ethnic Politics’ and the Case of Kenya's Constitutional Referendum.” African Studies 65 (2): 233–270. doi:10.1080/00020180601035674.
- Lynch, Gabrielle . 2008. “Courting the Kalenjin: The failure of Dynasticism and the Strength of the ODM Wave in Kenya's Rift Valley Province.” African Affairs 107 (429): 541–568. doi:10.1093/afraf/adn060.
- Lynch, Gabrielle . 2009. “Durable Solution, Help or Hindrance? The Failings and Unintended Implications of Relief and Recovery Efforts for Kenya's Post-election IDPs.” Review of African Political Economy 36 (122): 604–610. doi:10.1080/03056240903346194.
- Lynch, Gabrielle , and Misa Zgonec-Rozej . 2013. “The ICC Intervention in Kenya.” Chatham House Afric/Interantional Law. February. http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Africa/0213pp_icc_kenya.pdf
- Maina, Wachira . 2013a. “Verdict on Kenya's Presidential Election Petition: Five Reasons the Judgment Fails the Legal Test.” The East African. http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/OpEd/comment/Five-reasons-Kenya-Supreme-Court-failed-poll-petition-test/-/434750/1753646/-/297c6q/-/index.html
- Maina, Wachira . 2013b. What Tyranny of Numbers? Inside Mutahi Ngunyi's Numerology . Nairobi, Kenya : Africa Centre for Open Governance.
- Mattes, Robert , Michael Bratton , and Yul Derek Davis . 2003. Poverty, Survival and Democracy in Southern Africa. Afrobarometer Working Paper No. 23.
- McAllister, Ian , and Stephen White . 2011. “Public Perceptions of Electoral Fairness in Russia.” Europe-Asia Studies 63 (4): 663–683. doi:10.1080/09668136.2011.566429.
- Moehler, D. C . 2009. “Critical Citizens and Submissive Subjects: Election Losers and Winners in Africa.” British Journal of Political Science 39 (2): 345–366. doi:10.1017/S0007123408000513.
- Mozaffar, Shaheen . 2002. “Patterns of Electoral Governance in Africa's Emerging Democracies.” International Political Science Review 23 (1): 85–101. doi: 10.1177/0192512102023001005
- Mozaffar, S. , and A. Schedler . 2002. “The Comparative Study of Electoral Governance – Introduction.” International Political Science Review 23 (1): 5–27. doi:10.1177/019251210202300101.
- Norris, Pippa . 2013a. “The New Research Agenda Studying Electoral Integrity.” Electoral Studies 32 (4): 563–575. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2013.07.015.
- Norris, Pippa . 2013b. “Does the World Agree about Standards of Electoral Integrity? Evidence for the Diffusion of Global Norms.” Electoral Studies 32 (4): 576–588. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2013.07.016.
- Norris, Pippa , Richard W. Frank , and Ferran Martinez i Coma . 2013. “Assessing the Quality of Elections.” Journal of Democracy 24 (4): 124–135. doi:10.1353/jod.2013.0063.
- Oloo, Adams G. R . 2007. “The Contemporary Opposition in Kenya: Between Internal Traits and State Manipulation.” In Kenya The Struggle for Democracy , edited by Godwin R. Murunga and Shadrack Wanjala Nasong'o , 90–128. London, UK : Zed Books.
- Opalo, Ken . 2013. “A Look into Kenyatta's New Cabinet.” April 25. http://kenopalo.com/2013/04/25/a-look-into-kenyattas-new-cabinet/
- Pastor, Robert A . 1999. “The Role of Electoral Administration in Democratic Transitions: Implications for Policy and Research.” Democratization 6 (4): 1–27. doi:10.1080/13510349908403630.
- Przeworski, Adam . 1991. Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America . New York : Cambridge University Press.
- Republic of Kenya . 2010. “Constitution of Kenya.”
- Republic of Kenya . 2011. “The Political Parties Act 2011.”
- Republic of Kenya . 2012 [revision of 2008 Act]. “National Cohesion and Integration Act.”
- Rose, R. and W. Mishler . 2009. “How do Electors Respond to an ‘Unfair’ Election? The Experience of Russians.” Post-Soviet Affairs 25 (2): 118–136. doi:10.2747/1060-586X.24.2.118.
- Schaller, Dominik J . 2008. “From the Editors: Kenya – Another Rwanda?” Journal of Genocide Research 10 (3): 341–342. doi:10.1080/14623520802305651.
- Schedler, A . 1999. “Civil Society and Political Elections: A Culture of Distrust?” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 565: 126–141. doi:10.1177/000271629956500108.
- Schedler, A . 2002. “The Menu of Manipulation.” Journal of Democracy 13 (2): 36–50. doi:10.1353/jod.2002.0031.
- Throup, David . 1993. “Elections and Political Legitimacy in Kenya.” Africa 63 (3): 371–396. doi:10.2307/1161427.
- Throup, David . 2012, November 16. “Reading the Tea Leaves on the Kenyan Elections: Patterns of Violence and Political Alliances.” Center for Strategic and International Studies. http://csis.org/publication/reading-tea-leaves-kenyan-elections-patterns-violence-and-political-alliances
- Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission . 2013. Report of the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission . Kenya : TJRC.
- Vicente, Pedro C ., and Leonard Wantchekon . 2009. “Clientelism and Vote-buying: Lessons from Field Experiments in African Elections.” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 25 (2): 292–305. doi:10.1093/oxrep/grp018.
- Vickery, Chad , and Erica Shein . 2012. “Assessing Electoral Fraud in New Democracies: Refining the Vocabulary.” IFES White Paper. http://www.ifes.org/~/media/Files/Publications/White%20PaperReport/2012/Assessing_Electoral_Fraud_Series_Vickery_Shein.pdf
- Wrong, Michela . 2013. “To be Prudent is to be Partial.” The New York Times, March 14. http://latitude.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/erring-on-the-side-of-caution-kenyas-media-undercovered-the-election/