References

• AEC (Agricultural Export Council). 2019. Statistics. Accessed October 23, 2019. www.aecegypt.com.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, Y. 2015. “Islah from Gift to Right.” The Political Economy of the New Egyptian Republic, Cairo Papers in Social Science 33 (4).
   Google Scholar
• Ayeb, H. 2012. “The Marginality of the Small Peasantry: Egypt and Tunisia.” In Marginality and Exclusion in Egypt, edited by Ray Bush and Habib Ayed, 72–96. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ayeb, H., and R. Bush. 2019. Food Insecurity and Revolution in the Middle East and North Africa: Agrarian Questions in Egypt and Tunisia. London: Anthem.
   Google Scholar
• Barnes, J. 2016. “Separating the Wheat from the Chaff: The Social Worlds of Wheat.” Environment and Society: Advances in Research 7: 89–106. doi: 10.3167/ares.2016.070106
   Google Scholar
• Barnes, J., and M. Taher. 2019. “Care and Conveyance: Buying Baladi Bread in Cairo.” Cultural Anthropology 34 (3): 417–443. doi: 10.14506/ca34.3.05
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bchir, M., H. Ben Hammouda, M. Mimouni, and X. Pichot. 2011. “The Necessity to Balance the Barcelona Process: Economic Integration between North Africa and the European Union.” Journal of Economic Integration 26 (2): 329–360. doi: 10.11130/jei.2011.26.2.329
   Google Scholar
• Bush, R. 2000. “An Agricultural Strategy Without Farmers: Egypt’s Countryside in the New Millennium.” Review of African Political Economy 27 (84): 235–249. doi: 10.1080/03056240008704457
   Google Scholar
• Bush, R. 2002. Counter-revolution in Egypt’s Countryside: Land and Farmers in the Era of Economic Reform. London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Dixon, M. 2014. “The Land Grab, Finance Capital, and Food Regime Restructuring: The Case of Egypt.” Review of African Political Economy 41 (140–232): 233–248.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Nour, S. 2017. The Challenges of Food Sovereignty in the Arab Region: The Case of Egypt. Alternative Economy Series. Tunis: Rosa Luxemburg Foundation North Africa Office.
   Google Scholar
• El Nour, S. Forthcoming. “Grabbing from Below: A Study of Land Reclamation in Egypt.” Review of African Political Economy (in this issue).
   Google Scholar
• Foster, J. 1999. “Marx’s Theory of Metabolic Rift: Classical Foundations for Environmental Sociology.” American Journal of Sociology 105 (2): 366–405. doi: 10.1086/210315
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamal, W. 2019. Lost Capital: The Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood’s Neoliberal Transformations. Washington, DC: Carnegie Middle East Center.
   Google Scholar
• Greco, Elisa. 2015. “Landlords in the Making: Class Dynamics of the Land Grab in Mbarali, Tanzania.” Review of African Political Economy 42 (144): 225–244. doi: 10.1080/03056244.2014.992403
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamdy, S. 2008. “The State Failed When My Kidney Failed: Political Etiologies in An Egyptian Dialysis Ward.” American Ethnologist 35 (4): 553–569. doi: 10.1111/j.1548-1425.2008.00098.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey, D. 2003. The New Imperialism. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• HEIA (Horticultural Export Improvement Association). 2019. Accessed October 23, 2019. www.heiaegypt.org.
   Google Scholar
• Hopkins, N., S. Mehanna, and S. El-Haggar. 2001. People and Pollution: Cultural Constructions and Social Action in Egypt. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
   Google Scholar
• IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute). 2016. Nutrition and Economic Development: Exploring Egypt’s Exceptionalism and the Role of Food Subsidies. Washington, DC: IFPRI.
   Google Scholar
• Ireton, F. 2009. “A Half-century of Wheat Farming in Egypt: Self-sufficiency, Marketable Surplus, and Farm Size.” Cairo Papers in Social Science 32 (2): 5–33.
   Google Scholar
• Ismail, Salwa. 2011. “A Private Estate Called Egypt.” The Guardian, February 6. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/feb/06/private-estate-egypt-mubarak-cronies.
   Google Scholar
• Joya, A. 2011. “The Egyptian Revolution: Crisis of Neoliberalism and the Potential for Democratic Politics.” Review of African Political Economy 38 (129): 367–386. doi: 10.1080/03056244.2011.602544
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keshk, A. 1996. Ifqar al-Fellahin. Cairo: Dar Mirette.
   Google Scholar
• LCHR (Land Center for Human Rights). 2002. “Farmer Struggles Against Law 96 of 1992.” In Counter-revolution in the Egyptian Countryside, edited by Ray Bush, 126–138. London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Li, T. 2007. The Will to Improve: Governmentality, Development, and the Practice of Politics. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Little, P. 2007. “Political Ecology as Ethnography: A Theoretical and Methodological Guide.” Horizon Anthropology 3 ( Porto Alegre): 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Marx, Karl. 1963 [1847]. The Poverty of Philosophy. New York: International.
   Google Scholar
• Marx, Karl. 1981 [1863–65]. Capital, vol. 3. New York: Vintage.
   Google Scholar
• Messer, E. 1984. “Anthropological Perspectives on Diet.” Annual Review of Anthropology 13: 205–249. doi: 10.1146/annurev.an.13.100184.001225
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikhail, A. 2011. Nature and Empire in Ottoman Egypt: An Environmental History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Health and Population (Egypt), El-Zanaty and Associates (Egypt), and ICF International. 2015. Egypt Demographic and Health Survey 2014. Cairo and Rockville, ML: Ministry of Health and Population and ICF International.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, J. 2011. “Transcending the Metabolic Rift: A Theory of Crises in the Capitalist World-ecology.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 38 (1): 1–46. doi: 10.1080/03066150.2010.538579
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pozzi, S., and S. El-Sayid. 2017. “Where Is Our Baladi Food?” In The Food Question in the Middle East: Cairo Papers in Social Science Vol. 34, No. 4, edited by Malak Rouchdy and Iman Hamdy, 45–60. Cairo and New York: The American University in Cairo Press.
   Google Scholar
• Saad, R. 1999. “State, Landlord, Parliament and Peasant: The Story of the 1992 Tenancy Law.” Proceedings of the British Academy 96: 387–404.
   Google Scholar
• Saad, R. 2004. “Social and Political Costs of Coping with Poverty in Rural Egypt.” Presented at the Fifth Mediterranean Social and Political Research Meeting, Florence and Montecatini Terme 24–28 March 2004, organised by the Mediterranean Program of the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies at the European University Institute, Florence.
   Google Scholar
• Saad, R., and H. Ayeb. 2013. “Gender, Poverty, and Agro-biodiversity Conservation in Rural Egypt and Tunisia.” In Agrarian Transformation in the Arab World: Persistent and Emerging Challenges, edited by H. Ayeb and R. Saad. Cairo Papers in Social Science 32 (2).
   Google Scholar
• Samuel, D. 1999. “Bread Making and Social Interactions at the Amarna Workmen’s Village, Egypt.” World Archaeology 31 (1, Food Technology in its Social Context): 121–144. doi: 10.1080/00438243.1999.9980435
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, M., and P. McMichael. 2010. “Deepening, and Repairing, the Metabolic Rift.” Journal of Peasant Studies 37 (3): 461–484. doi: 10.1080/03066150.2010.494371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selwyn, B. 2009. “Disciplining Capital: Export Grape Production, the State and Class Dynamics in Northeast Brazil.” Third World Quarterly 30 (3): 519–533. doi: 10.1080/01436590902742305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sfakianakis, J. 2004. “The Whales of the Nile: Networks, Businessmen, and Bureaucrats during the Era of Privatization in Egypt.” In Networks of Privilege in the Middle East: The Politics of Economic Reform Revisited, edited by S. Heydemann, 77–100. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Siciliano, G. 2014. “Rural–urban Migration and Domestic Land Grabbing in China.” Population Space and Place 20 (4): 333–351. doi: 10.1002/psp.1830
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 2003. Fayyum Human Development Report. Cairo: UNDP.
   Google Scholar
• UNDP. 2008. Egypt Human Development Report. Egypt: UNDP.
   Google Scholar
• Verdery, K. 2003. The Vanishing Hectare: Property and Value in Postsocialist Transylvania. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Visser, O., N. Mamonova, and M. Spoor. 2012. “Oligarchs, Megafarms and Land Reserves: Understanding Land Grabbing in Russia.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 39 (3–4): 899–931. doi: 10.1080/03066150.2012.675574
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar