Advanced search
Publication Cover
Review of African Political Economy Volume 47, 2020 - Issue 166
Journal homepage
3,920
Views
19
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The war and the economy: the gradual destruction of Libya

La guerre et l’économie : la destruction progressive de la Libye

Matteo CapassoRobert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute, Florence, ItalyCorrespondence[email protected]
ORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8064-3708
ORCID Icon
Pages 545-567 | Published online: 10 Aug 2020

References

  • Abdel-Malek, A. 1977. “Geopolitics and National Movements: An Essay on the Dialectics of Imperialism.” Antipode 9 (1): 28–36. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8330.1977.tb00079.x
  • Abdussalam, A. A. 1985. “The Impact of Recent Economic Changes in Libya on Monetary Aggregates.” In Planning and Development in Modern Libya, edited by M. Buru, S. Ghanem and K. Mclachlan, 77–90. London: Society for Libyan Studies.
  • Abdussalam, S. M. 2006. “Privatisation and its Future Implications in Libya: A Case Study of the Libyan National Textile Company.” PhD diss., Northumbria University.
  • Achcar, G. 2013. The People Want: A Radical Exploration of the Arab Uprising. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Ahlman, J. S. 2010. “The Algerian Question in Nkrumah’s Ghana, 1958–1960: Debating ‘Violence’ and ‘Nonviolence’ in African Decolonization.” Africa Today 57 (2): 66–84. doi: 10.2979/africatoday.57.2.66
  • Ajl, M. 2018. “Notes on Libya.” Viewpoint Magazine, February 1. Accessed July 2020. https://www.viewpointmag.com/2018/02/01/notes-on-libya/.
  • Akkerman, M. 2016. Border Wars: The Arms Dealers Profiting From Europe’s Refugee Tragedy. Amsterdam: Transnational Institute. https://www.tni.org/en/publication/border-wars.
  • Alawar, M. 1985. “Fezzan: Population, Development and Economic Change.” In Planning and Development in Modern Libya, edited by M. M. Buru, S. M. Ghanem, and K. S. McLachlan, 91–109. London: Society for Libyan Studies.
  • Albertus, M., S. Fenner, and D. Slater. 2018. Coercive Distribution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Alessandrini, A. 2011. “The Egyptian Revolution and the Problem of International Solidarity.” In Revolutionary Egypt: Connecting Domestic and International Struggles, edited by Abou El-Fadl, 279–298. London: Routledge.
  • Al Gathafi, M. 2005. The Green Book. Ithaca Press: Reading.
  • al-Werfalli, M. 2011. Political Alienation in Libya: Assessing Citizens’ Political Attitude and Behaviour. Reading: Ithaca Press.
  • Amin, S. 1976. Unequal Development: An Essay on the Social Formations of Peripheral Capitalism. New York: Monthly Review Press.
  • Amin, S. 2006. The Liberal Virus: Permanent War and the Americanization of the World. Dakar: Aakar Books.
  • Amnesty International. 2006. USA: Below the Radar: Secret Flights to Torture and ‘Disappearance’. Report ref. AMR 51/051/2006. https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/AMR51/051/2006/en/.
  • Anievas, A., N. Manchanda, and R. Shilliam, eds. 2014. Race and Racism in International Relations: Confronting the Global Colour Line. London: Routledge.
  • Ashour, O. 2012. Libyan Islamists Unpacked: Rise, Transformation and Future. Doha: Brookings.
  • Ashton, J. 2013. Scotland’s Shame: Lockerbie 25 Years On – Why It Still Matters. Edinburgh: Birlinn.
  • Bannon, K. 2020. How Abdelbaset Ali Mohamed al-Megrahi Became Convicted of the 1988 Lockerbie Bombing. London: Grosvenor House.
  • BBC News. n.d. “On This Day: 19 December – 2003.” Accessed January 1, 2018. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/19/newsid_4002000/4002441.stm.
  • Bilgin, P., and A. D. Morton. 2016. “From ‘Rogue’ to ‘Failed’ States? The Fallacy of Short-termism.” Politics (3):169–180. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9256.2004.00217.x
  • Black, I., and R. Norton-Taylor. 2001. “Lockerbie: Palestinian Links Remain Unexplained.” The Guardian, February 1. https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/feb/01/world.lockerbie2.
  • Blair, J. M. 1976. The Control of Oil. London: MacMillan Press.
  • Burgat, F. 1985. “Libye: Chronique Intérieure.” In Annuaire de l’Afrique Du Nord, XXIV, 601–613. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. http://aan.mmsh.univ-aix.fr/Pdf/AAN-1985-24_10.pdf.
  • Burgat, F. 1995. “Libye: Chronique Intérieure.” In Annuaire de l’Afrique Du Nord, XXXIV, 601–616. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. http://aan.mmsh.univ-aix.fr/volumes/1995/Pages/AAN-1995-34_11.aspx.
  • Burgi, M. L. 2009. Boundaries of Discourse in the International Court of Justice – Mapping Arguments in Arab Territorial Disputes. Leiden: Brill.
  • Capasso, M. 2013. “Understanding Libya’s ‘Revolution’ through Transformation of the Jamahiriyya into a State of Exception.” Middle East Critique 22 (2): 115–128. doi: 10.1080/19436149.2013.783533
  • Capasso, M. 2014. “The Libyan Drawers: ‘Stateless Society’, ‘Humanitarian Intervention’, ‘Logic of Exception’ and ‘Traversing the Phantasy’.” Middle East Critique 23 (4): 387–404. doi: 10.1080/19436149.2014.965881
  • Capasso, M. 2018. “The Political Anatomy of the Everyday: The Case of the Libyan Arab al-Jamahiriyah (1977–2011).” PhD diss., Durham University.
  • Capasso, M., and I. Cherstich. 2014. “Guest Editors’ Note: The Libyan Event and the Part for the Whole.” Middle East Critique 23 (4): 379–385.
  • Capasso, M., J. Czerep, G. Sanchez, and A. Dessi. 2019. “Libya Country Report.” EU-LISTCO Country Report. https://www.eu-listco.net/publications/libya-country-report.
  • Charbonneau, B. 2016. France and the New Imperialism: Security Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa. London: Routledge.
  • Cherstich, I. 2014. “When Tribesmen Do Not Act Tribal: Libyan Tribalism as Ideology (Not as Schizophrenia).” Middle East Critique 23 (4): 405–421. doi: 10.1080/19436149.2014.969890
  • Chorin, E. 2012. Exit Gaddafi: The Hidden History of the Libyan Revolution. London: Saqi Books.
  • CIA (Central Intelligence Agency). 2011. Libya under Qadhafi: A Pattern of Aggression. May 27. https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP91B00874R000200110027-0.pdf.
  • CIA. 2014 [1982]. “Memorandum […]: Subject: Paper on Libya for NSC Meeting February 4, 1982.” Washington, DC: Department of State. https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP84B00049R000200370024-9.pdf.
  • Cole, P. 2015. “Bani Walid: Loyalism in a Time of Revolution.” In The Libyan Revolution and Its Aftermath, edited by P. Cole, and B. McQuinn, 285–302. London: Hurst.
  • Coles, T. J. 2016. Britain’s Secret Wars – How and Why the United Kingdom Sponsors Conflict Around the World. Essex: Clairview Press.
  • CSLV (Centro Studi Libro Verde). 1984. Libro Verde: Commenti e Recensioni. Centro internazionale ricerche e studi sul libro verde. Tripoli: Giamahiria libica.
  • Dabashi, H. 2012. The Arab Spring: The End of Post-colonialism. London: Zed Books.
  • Davis, B. L. 1990. Qaddafi, Terrorism and the Origins of the U.S. Attack on Libya. New York: Praeger.
  • Deeb, M. 1986. “Radical Political Ideologies and Concepts of Property in Libya and South Yemen.” Middle East Journal 40 (3): 445–460.
  • Deutsche Welle. 2020. “Germany Exports Millions in Arms to Libya War Belligerents, Despite Embargo”. May 17. https://www.dw.com/en/germany-exports-millions-in-arms-to-libya-war-belligerents-despite-embargo/a-53469291.
  • Dietrich. C. R. W. 2017. Oil Revolution: Anticolonial Elites, Sovereign Rights, and the Economic Culture of Decolonization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Dorril, S. 2002. MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty’s Secret Intelligence Service. New York: Touchstone.
  • Duffield, M. 2007. Development, Security and Unending War: Governing the World of Peoples. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Eaton, T. 2018. Libya’s War Economy: Predation, Profiteering and State Weakness. London: Chatham House.
  • Eaton, T., D. R. Mansour, D. L. Khatib, D. C. Cheng, J. Yazigi, and P. Salisbury. 2019. Conflict Economies in the Middle East and North Africa. London: Chatham House.
  • El-Kikhia, M. 1997. Libya’s Qadhafi: The Politics of Contradiction. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
  • Emirates Leaks. 2019. “UAE Markets and Sells Libya’s Oil Smuggled from its Allies Haftar.” August 21. https://emiratesleaks.com/en/uae-markets-sells-libyas-oil-smuggled-allies-haftar/.
  • Fitzgerald, M., and T. Megerisi. 2015. Libya: Whose Land Is It? Property Rights and Transition. London: Legatum Institute.
  • FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 2011. Food Security in Libya: An Overview. Rome: FAO.
  • Forte, M. 2012. Slouching toward Sirte: NATO’s War on Libya and Africa. Montreal: Baraka Books.
  • Francioni, F., 1984. “The Status of the Gulf of Sirte in International Law.” Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce 11 (2): 311–326.
  • Garside, J., D. Pegg, and M. Mahmood. 2016. “Gaddafi Insider Accused of Using State Cash to Buy Luxury Scottish Hotels.” The Guardian, May 16.
  • Getachew, A. 2019. Worldmaking after Empire: The Rise and Fall of Self-determination. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Global Witness. 2011. “New Leaked Document Reveals HSBC held $1.4bn of Libyan Funds.” June 30. https://www.globalwitness.org/en/archive/new-leaked-document-reveals-hsbc-held-14bn-libyan-funds/.
  • Haddad, S. 2004. “La Libye et l’Occident depuis 1999: entre tropisme américain et ancrage euroméditerranéen.” Afrique Contemporaine 1 (209): 179–196. doi: 10.3917/afco.209.0179
  • Halper, J. 2015. War Against the People: Israel, the Palestinians and Global Pacification. London: Pluto Press.
  • Halliday, F. 2011. “Libya’s Regime at 40: A State of Kleptocracy.” Open Democracy, March 7 https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/libya-s-regime-at-40-a-state-of-kleptocracy/.
  • Hanieh, A. 2013. Lineages of Revolt. Chicago: Haymarket Books.
  • Hehir, A., and R. Murray, eds. 2013. Libya, the Responsibility to Protect and the Future of Humanitarian Intervention. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
  • Hertog, S. 2010. “Defying the Resource Curse: Explaining Successful State-owned Enterprises in Rentier States.” World Politics 62 (2): 261–301. doi: 10.1017/S0043887110000055
  • Heydemann, S. 2004. Networks of Privilege in the Middle East: The Politics of Economic Reform Revisited. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US.
  • Hope, K. R. 1983. “Basic Needs and Technology Transfer Issues in the ‘New International Economic Order’.” American Journal of Economic Sociology 42 (4): 393–403. doi: 10.1111/j.1536-7150.1983.tb01726.x
  • HRW (Human Rights Watch). 2016. Enabling a Dictator: The United States and Chad’s Hissène Habré 1982–1990. https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/06/28/enabling-dictator/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990#.
  • Hufbauer, G. C., J. Schoot, K. A. Elliott, and B. Oeeg. 2007. Economic Sanctions Reconsidered: New Directions Considered for the 21st Century. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.
  • IMF (International Monetary Fund). 2006. “The Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: 2005 Article IV Consultation.” Country report No. 06/136. Washington, DC: IMF. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2016/12/31/The-Socialist-Peoples-Libyan-Arab-Jamahiriya-2005-Article-IV-Consultation-Staff-Report-and-19128.
  • Jabri, V. 2012. The Postcolonial Subject. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Jureńczyk, Ł. 2018. “Great Britain Against Libya’s Terrorism in the 1980s.” Historia y Polityka 24 (31): 61–71. doi: 10.12775/HiP.2018.011
  • Kadri, A. 2015. Arab Development Denied: Dynamics of Accumulation by Wars of Encroachment. London: Anthem Press.
  • Kadri, A. 2016. The Unmaking of Arab Socialism. London: Anthem Press.
  • Kadri, A. 2019. Imperialism with Reference to Syria. Singapore: Springer.
  • Kochler, H. 2002. Report on the Appeal Proceedings at the Scottish Court in the Netherlands (Lockerbie Court) in the Case of Abdelbaset Ali Mohamed Al Megrahi v. H. M. Advocate.
  • Kochler, H. 2003. Report on and Evaluation of the Lockerbie Trial Conducted by the Special Scottish Court in the Netherlands at Kamp van Zeist.
  • Kuperman, A. J. 2013. “A Model Humanitarian Intervention? Reassessing NATO’s Libya Campaign.” International Security 38 (1): 105–136. doi: 10.1162/ISEC_a_00126
  • Lacher, W. 2016. “Libya’s Local Elites and the Politics of Alliance Building.” Mediterranean Politics 21 (1): 64–85. doi: 10.1080/13629395.2015.1081451
  • Lacher, W. 2018. Tripoli’s Militia Cartel: How Ill-conceived Stabilisation Blocks Political Progress, and Risks Renewed War. Berlin: German Institute for International and Security Affairs (Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik).
  • Lacher, W., and P. Cole. 2014. Politics by Other Means: Conflicting Interests in Libya’s Security Sector. Geneva: Small Arms Survey Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies.
  • Lahwej, Y. A. 1998. “Ideology and Power in Libyan Foreign Policy with Reference to Libyan-American Relations from the Revolution to the Lockerbie Affair.” PhD diss., University of Reading.
  • Lauesen, T. 2018. The Global Perspective: Reflections on Imperialism and Resistance. Montreal: Kersplebedeb.
  • Lenin, V. I. 1916. Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism. Broadway: Resistance Books.
  • Little, D. 2013. “To the Shores of Tripoli: America, Qaddafi, and Libyan Revolution 1969–89.” International History Review 35 (1): 70–99. doi: 10.1080/07075332.2012.742448
  • Manchanda, N. 2017. “Rendering Afghanistan Legible: Borders, Frontiers and the ‘State’ of Afghanistan.” Politics 37 (4): 386–401. doi: 10.1177/0263395717716013
  • Marx, K. 1867. Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, Vol. 1: The Process of Production of Capital. Moscow: Progress Publishers.
  • Marx, K. 1992 [1893]. Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, Vol. 2: The Process of Circulation of Capital. New York: Penguin.
  • Massad, J. 2019. “The Disease of Liberalism in the Arab World.” Middle East Eye, October 24. http://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/disease-liberalism-arab-world.
  • Matar, L. 2013. “Twilight of ‘State Capitalism’ in Formerly ‘Socialist’ Arab States.” Journal of North Africa Studies 18 (3): 416–430. doi: 10.1080/13629387.2012.735802
  • Mohdin, A. 2020. “Lockerbie Bomber Conviction “May Have Been Miscarriage Of Justice.” The Guardian, March 11.
  • Monroy, M. 2020. “EU Pays for Surveillance in Gulf of Tunis.” June 28. https://digit.site36.net/2020/06/28/eu-pays-for-surveillance-in-gulf-of-tunis/.
  • Naur, M. 1986. Political Mobilization and Industry in Libya. Lund: Akademisk Forslag.
  • Ng’ambi, S. P. 2015. “Permanent Sovereignty Over Natural Resources and the Sanctity of Contracts, from the Angle of Lucrum Cessans.” Loyola University Chicago International Law Review 12 (2): 153–172.
  • Niblock, T. 2001. ‘Pariah States’ and Sanctions in the Middle East: Iraq, Libya, Sudan. London: Lynne Rienner.
  • Nolutshungu, S. C. 1996. Limits of Anarchy: Intervention and State Formation in Chad. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
  • Noria Research. 2019. Predatory Economies in Eastern Libya. Geneva: Noria Institute.
  • Oppenheim, V. H. 1976. “Why Oil Prices Go Up – The Past: We Pushed Them.” Foreign Policy 25: 24–57. doi: 10.2307/1148022
  • Otayek, R. 1981. “Libye et Afrique: Assistance financière et stratégie de puissance.” Politique Africaine 2: 77–98.
  • Otman, W., and E. Karlberg. 2007. The Libyan Economy: Economic Diversification And International Repositioning. Berlin: Springer.
  • Ouannes, M. 2009. Militaires, élites et modernisation dans la libye contemporaine. Paris: La Decouverte.
  • Pack, J. 2019a. “It’s the Economy Stupid: How Libya’s Civil War Is Rooted in Its Economic Structures.” September 27. Rome: Istituto Affari Internazionali. https://www.iai.it/en/pubblicazioni/its-economy-stupid-how-libyas-civil-war-rooted-its-economic-structures.
  • Pack, J. 2019b. “How Libya’s Economic Structures Enrich the Militias.” September 23. Rome: Istituto Affari Internazionali. https://www.mei.edu/publications/how-libyas-economic-structures-enrich-militias.
  • Pack, J., 2020. “An International Financial Commission is Libya’s Last Hope.” January 9. Washington, DC: Middle East Institute. https://www.mei.edu/publications/international-financial-commission-libyas-last-hope.
  • Parra, F. 2004. Oil Politics: A Modern History of Petroleum. London: I. B. Tauris.
  • Parteger, A. 2010. Reform in Libya: Chimera or Reality. Mediterranean Paper Series. Rome: Istituto Affari Internazionali.
  • PAX. 2017. Under the Radar: The United Arab Emirates, Arms Transfers And Regional Conflict. Utrecht: PAX.
  • Peirce, G. 2009. “The Framing of al-Megrahi.” London Review of Books, 31 (18), September 24. https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v31/n18/gareth-peirce/the-framing-of-al-megrahi.
  • Petras, J. 2019. US Imperialism. London: Routledge.
  • Phimister, I., and B. Raftopoulos. 2004. “Mugabe, Mbeki & the Politics of Anti-imperialism.” Review of African Political Economy 31(101): 385–400. doi: 10.1080/0305624042000295503
  • Pradella, L., and S. Taghdisi Rad. 2017. “Libya and Europe: Imperialism, Crisis and Migration.” Third World Quarterly 38 (11): 2411–2427. doi: 10.1080/01436597.2017.1350819
  • Rete Italiana per il Disarmo. 2020. “Export armi italiane: nel 2019 autorizzati 5,17 miliardi, Egitto primo acquirente.” May 15. https://www.disarmo.org/rete/a/47656.html.
  • Rohde, D. 2011. “Western Funds Are Said to Have Managed Libyan Money Poorly.” June 30. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/01/business/global/01libya.html.
  • Rubin, A. 1993. “Libya, Lockerbie and the Law.” Diplomacy and Statecraft 4 (1): 1–19. doi: 10.1080/09592299308405870
  • Sajed, A. 2019. “Re-remembering Third Worldism: An Affirmative Critique of National Liberation in Algeria.” Middle East Critique 28 (3): 243–260. doi: 10.1080/19436149.2019.1633056
  • Salem. S. 2020. Anticolonial Afterlives in Egypt: The Politics of Hegemony. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Schlumberger, O. 2008. “Structural Reform, Economic Order, And Development: Patrimonial Capitalism.” Review of International Political Economy 15 (4): 622–649. doi: 10.1080/09692290802260670
  • Seale, P., and M. McConville. 1973. The Hilton Assignment. New York: Harper Collins.
  • Sehib, K. A. H. 2013. “Consumer Food Shopping Behaviour in Libya.” PhD diss., Newcastle University.
  • Silj, A. 1993. “The Gulf of Sidra Incident: March–April 1986.” International Spectator 28 (1): 75–105. doi: 10.1080/03932729308458000
  • Smet, B. D. 2016. Gramsci on Tahrir: Revolution and Counter-revolution in Egypt. London: Pluto Press.
  • Smith, J. 2016. Imperialism in the Twenty-first Century: Globalisation, Super-exploitation, and Capitalism’s Final Crisis. New York: Monthly Review Press.
  • Springborg, R. 2020. Political Economies of the Middle East and North Africa. Cambridge: Polity.
  • St John, R. B. 2008. “The Changing Libyan Economy: Causes and Consequences.” Middle East Journal 62 (1):75–91. doi: 10.3751/62.1.14
  • Stork, J. 1975. Middle East Oil and the Energy Crisis. New York: Monthly Review Press.
  • Toaldo, M. 2013. The Origins of the US War on Terror: Lebanon, Libya and American Intervention in the Middle East. London: Routledge.
  • Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research. 2019. Venezuela and Hybrid Wars in Latin America. June. https://www.thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/190604_Dossier-17_EN_Web-Final-2.pdf.
  • Turse, N. 2019. “Pentagon’s Own Map of U.S. Bases in Africa Contradicts its Claim of ‘Light’ Footprint.” The Intercept, February 27. https://theintercept.com/2020/02/27/africa-us-military-bases-africom/.
  • UN (United Nations). 2019. “Final Report of the Panel of Experts on Libya Submitted in Accordance with Resolution 2441.” S/2019/914. https://undocs.org/S/2019/914.
  • UN General Assembly. 1962. “General Assembly Resolution 1803 (XVII) of 14 December 1962, ‘Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources’.” Accessed July 22, 2020. https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/resources.pdf
  • United Nations Security Council. 1992. “Resolution 748.” http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/748.
  • Vandewalle, D. 2006. A History of Modern Libya. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Vandewalle, D. 2009. “The Institutional Restraints of Reform in Libya: From Jamahiriyya to Constitutional Republic?” Paper presented at conference, Pembroke College, Oxford, September 25–27.
  • Vandewalle, D. 2016. Libya Since 1969: Qadhafi’s Revolution Revisited. New York, Springer.
  • Valiani, S. 2012. Rethinking Unequal Exchange: The Global Integration of Nursing Labour Markets. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Veltmeyer, H. 2019. “Capitalism, Development, Imperialism, Globalization: A Tale Of Four Concepts.” Globalizations. doi:10.1080/14747731.2019.1699706.
  • Villa, M. 2012. “Un caso poco studiato di rentier state.” In Libia: Fine o Rinascita Di Una Nazione?, edited by K. Mezran, and A. Varvelli, 61–82. Rome: Donzelli.
  • Waddams, F. C. 1980. The Libyan Oil Industry. London: Croom Helm.
  • Wehrey, F. 2018. Armies, Militias and (Re-)Integration in Fractured States. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  • Weighill, R., and F. Gaub. 2018. The Cauldron: NATO’s Campaign in Libya. London: Hurst.
  • Williams, M. 2019. “Corruption, Drugs, Guns and Human Trafficking – Libya’s Descent into Hell.” June 28. http://theconflictarchives.com/news/2019/5/15/libya-trafficking.
  • Wimmer, A., and N. G. Schiller. 2003. “Methodological Nationalism, the Social Sciences, and the Study of Migration.” International Migration Review 37 (3): 576–610. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00151.x
  • Wintour, P. 2019. “Libya Crisis: UK Officials Anxious as Blame is Laid at Doors of Gulf Allies.” The Guardian, April 9. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/09/libya-crisis-anxiety-uk-blame-laid-doors-gulf-allies.
  • World Bank DataBank. n.d. Life expectancy at birth, total (years) 1960–2018. Researched on September 24, 2019. https://databank.worldbank.org/home.aspx.
  • Yergin, D. 1991. The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power. New York: Simon & Schuster.
  • Zaptia, S. 2019. “Militia Local Financing Sources Revealed.” Libya Herald, February 1. https://www.libyaherald.com/2019/02/01/militia-local-financing-sources-revealed/.
  • Zarrugh, A. 2018 “‘You Exile Them in Their Own Country’: The Everyday Politics of Reclaiming the Disappeared in Libya’.” Middle East Critique 27 (3): 247–259. doi: 10.1080/19436149.2018.1475855
  • Zoubir, Y. 2002. “Libya in US Foreign Policy: From Rogue State to Good Fellow?” Third World Quarterly 23 (1): 31–53. doi: 10.1080/01436590220108162

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.