494
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Reducing deforestation and forest degradation in Democratic Republic of Congo: market-based conservation in a context of limited statehood

Réduire la déforestation et la dégradation des forêts en République démocratique du Congo : conservation et marché du carbone dans le contexte des états fragiles

References

  • Adams, W. M. 2017. “Sleeping with the Enemy? Biodiversity Conservation, Corporations and the Green Economy.” Journal of Political Ecology 24: 244–257.
  • Angelsen, A., M. Brockhaus, A. E. Duchelle, A. Larson, C. Martius, W. D. Sunderlin, L. Verchot, G. Wong and S. Wunder. 2017. “Learning from REDD+: A Response to Fletcher et al.” Conservation Biology 31 (3): 718–720.
  • Angelsen, A., M. Brockhaus, W. D. Sunderlin and L. V. Verchot, editors. 2012a. Analysing REDD+: Challenges and Choices. Bogor, Indonesia: Centre for International Forestry Research.
  • Angelsen, A., and D. McNeill. 2012. “The REDD+ Evolution.” In Analysing Redd+: Challenges and Choices, edited by A. Angelsen, with M. Brockhaus, W. D. Sunderlin and L. V. Verchot, 31–49. Bogor, Indonesia: Centre for International Forestry Research.
  • Aquino, A., and B. Guay. 2013. “Implementing REDD+ in the Democratic Republic of Congo: An Analysis of the Emerging National REDD+ Governance Structure.” Forest Policy and Economics 36: 71–79.
  • Arsel, M., and B. Büscher. 2012. “Nature™ Inc.: Changes and Continuities in Neoliberal Conservation and Market-based Environmental Policy.” Development And Change 43 (1): 53–78.
  • Bayart, J.-F. 1989. L’etat en Afrique: la politique du ventre. Paris: Fayard.
  • Blundo, G. 2011. “Une administration à deux vitesses: projets de développement et construction de l’état au Sahel.” Cahiers d’Études africaines 2: 427–452.
  • Blundo, G., and J.-P. Olivier de Sardan. 2007. Etat et corruption en Afrique: une anthropologie comparative des relations entre fonctionnaires et usagers (Bénin, Niger, Sénégal). Paris: Karthala/APAD.
  • Brockington, D. 2014. “Celebrity Spectacle, Post-democratic Politics and NatureTM Inc.” In NatureTM Inc.: Environmental Conservation in the Neoliberal Age, edited by B. Büscher, W. Dressler and R. Fletcher, 108–126. Tucson, AR: University of Arizona Press.
  • Brockington, D., R. Duffy and J. Igoe. 2008. Nature Unbound: Conservation, Capitalism and the Future of Protected Areas. London: Earthscan.
  • Büscher, B., and W. Dressler. 2007. “Linking Neoprotectionism and Environmental Governance: On the Rapidly Increasing Tensions between Actors in the Environment–development Nexus.” Conservation & Society 5 (4): 586–611.
  • Büscher, B., S. Sullivan, K. Neves, J. Igoe and D. Brockington. 2012. “Towards a Synthesized Critique of Neoliberal Biodiversity Conservation.” Capitalism Nature Socialism 23 (2): 4–30.
  • Carrier, J. G., and P. West. 2009. Virtualism, Governance and Practice: Vision And Execution in Environmental Conservation. New York: Berghahn.
  • Castree, N. 2010. “Neoliberalism and the Biophysical Environment: A Synthesis and Evaluation of the Research.” Environment and Society 1 (1).
  • Corson, C. 2011. “Territorialization, Enclosure and Neoliberalism: Non-state Influence in Struggles over Madagascar’s Forests.” Journal of Peasant Studies 38 (4): 703–726.
  • De Herdt, T., and K. Titeca. 2016. “Governance with Empty Pockets: The Education Sector in the Democratic Republic of Congo.” Development and Change 47: 472–494.
  • Defourny, P., C. Delhage and J.-P. Kibambe Lubamba. 2011. Analyse quantitative des causes de la déforestation et de la dégradation des forêts en République Démocratique Du Congo. Kinshasa: Ministère de l’Environnement, Conservation de la Nature et Tourisme.
  • Dempsey, J., and M. M. Robertson. 2012. “Ecosystem Services.” Progress in Human Geography 36: 758–779.
  • Diallo, R. N. 2012. “Elites administratives, aide international et fabrique de l’action publique de la Conservation au Mozambique.” Politique africaine 2: 143–161.
  • Diallo, R. N. 2015. “Conservation Philanthropy and the Shadow of the State Power in Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique.” Conservation & Society 13 (2): 119–128.
  • Dokken, T., S. Caplow, A. Angelsen and W. Sunderlin. 2014. “Tenure Issues in REDD+ Pilot Project Sites in Tanzania.” Forests 5: 234–255.
  • Duchelle, A., M. Cromberg, M.-F. Gebara, R. Guerra, T. Melo, A. Larson, P. Cronkleton et al. 2014. “Linking Forest Tenure Reform, Environmental Compliance, and Incentives: Lessons from REDD+ Initiatives in the Brazilian Amazon.” World Development 55: 53–67.
  • Englebert, P., and D. Tull. 2013. “Contestation, négociation et résistance: l’état congolais au quotidien.” Politique africaine 129: 5–22.
  • FCPF (Forest Carbon Partnership Facility). 2016. “Mai Ndombe Emission Reductions Program, Democratic Republic of Congo.” Washington, DC: FCPF.
  • Ferguson, J. 1990. The Anti-politics Machine: ‘Development’, Depoliticization and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Fletcher, R. 2014. “Taking the Chocolate Laxative: Why Neoliberal Conservation ‘Fails Forward’.” In NatureTM Inc.: Environmental Conservation in the Neoliberal Age, edited by B. Büscher, W. Dressler and R. Fletcher, 87–107. Tucson, AR: University of Arizona Press.
  • Fletcher, R., and J. Breitling. 2012. “Market Mechanism or Subsidy in Disguise? Governing Payment for Environmental Services in Costa Rica.” Geoforum 43 (3): 402–411.
  • Fletcher, R., W. Dressler and B. Büscher. 2014. “NatureTM Inc.: The New Frontiers of Environmental Conservation.” In NatureTM Inc.: Environmental Conservation in the Neoliberal Age, edited by B. Büscher, W. Dressler and R. Fletcher, 3–21. Tucson, AR: University of Arizona Press.
  • Fletcher, R., W. Dressler, B. Büscher and Z. R. Anderson. 2016. “Questioning REDD+ and the Future of Market-based Conservation.” Conservation Biology 30 (3): 673–675.
  • Fletcher, R., W. Dressler, B. Büscher and Z. R. Anderson. 2017. “Debating REDD+ and its Implications: Reply to Angelsen et al.” Conservation Biology 31 (3): 718–720.
  • Gauthier, M. 2018. Mai Ndombe: Le laboratoire de la REDD+ bénéficiera-t-il aux peuples autochtones et communautés locales? Analyse des risques et impacts cumulatifs des initiatives REDD+ dans le Mai Ndombe. Washington, DC: Rights and Resources Initiative.
  • Harvey, D. 2005. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Heynen, N., and P. Robbins. 2005. “The Neoliberalization of Nature: Governance, Privatization, Enclosure And Valuation.” Capitalism Nature Socialism 16 (1): 5–8.
  • Heynen, N., J. McCarthy, S. Prudham and P. Robbins. 2007. Neoliberal Environments: False Promises and Unnatural Consequences. London; New York: Routledge.
  • Holmes, G., and C. J. Cavanagh. 2016. “A Review of the Social Impacts of Neoliberal Conservation: Formations, Inequalities, Contestations.” Geoforum 75: 199–209.
  • Igoe, J., and D. Brockington. 2007. “Neoliberal Conservation: A Brief Introduction.” Conservation & Society 5 (4): 432–449.
  • Igoe, J., K. Neves and D. Brockington. 2010. “A Spectacular Eco-tour around the Historic Bloc Theorising the Convergence of Biodiversity Conservation and Capitalist Expansion.” Antipode 42 (3): 486–512.
  • IIED (International Institute for Environment and Development). 2015. REDD+ and the Private Sector: Tapping into Domestic Markets. London: IIED.
  • Karsenty, A. 2016. “The World Bank’s Endeavours to Reform the Forest Concessions’ Regime in Central Africa: Lessons from the Last 25 Years, Current Situation and the Way Forward.” International Forestry Review 18 (S1): 1–16.
  • Karsenty, A., and S. Ongolo. 2012. “Can ‘Fragile States’ Decide to Reduce their Deforestation? The Inappropriate Use of the Theory of Incentives with Respect to the REDD Mechanism.” Forest Policy and Economics 18 (C): 38–45.
  • Kearsley, E., T. de Haulleville, K. Hufkens, A. Kidimbu, B. Toirambe, G. Baert, D. Huygens et al. 2013. “Conventional Tree Height–diameter Relationships Significantly Overestimate Aboveground Carbon Stocks in the Central Congo Basin.” Nature Communications 4: 2269, 1–8.
  • Lang, C. 2011. “Ecosystem Restoration Associates Project in DR Congo: Plenty of REDD-hot Air?” REDD-Monitor website. https://redd-monitor.org/2011/08/24/ecosystem-restoration-associates-project-in-dr-congo-plenty-of-redd-hot-air/.
  • Lang, C. 2016. “Deforestation is Increasing in the Mai Nombe REDD Project Area: And the Project still Sells Carbon Credits.” REDD-Monitor website. https://redd-monitor.org/2016/02/18/deforestation-is-increasing-in-the-mai-ndombe-redd-project-area-and-the-project-still-sells-carbon-credits/.
  • Larson, A. M., M. Brockhaus, W. D. Sunderlin, A. Duchelle, A. Babon, T. Dokken, T. T. Pham et al. 2013. “Land Tenure and REDD+: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly.” Global Environmental Change 23: 678–689.
  • Leach, M., and I. Scoones. 2015. Carbon Conflicts and Forest Landscapes in Africa (Pathways to Sustainability. London; New York: Routledge.
  • Li, T. 1999. “Compromising Power: Development, Culture and Rule in Indonesia.” Cultural Anthropology 14 (3): 295–322.
  • Li, T. 2007. “Rendering Technical?” Chapter in The Will to Improve: Governmentality, Development, and the Practice of Politics. Durham, NC: Duke Press University. https://read.dukeupress.edu/books/book/1197/chapter-abstract/158795/Rendering-Technical?redirectedFrom=fulltext.
  • Maniatis, D., J. Gaugris, D. Mollicone, J. Scriven, A. Corblin, C. Ndikumagenge, A. Aquino et al. 2013. “Financing and Current Capacity for REDD+ Readiness and Monitoring, Measurement, Reporting and Verification in the Congo Basin.” Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 368 (1625): 1–14.
  • Mbembe, A. 2000. De la postcolonie: essai sur l’imagination politique dans l’Afrique contemporaine. Paris: Karthala.
  • McAfee, K. 2012. “The Contradictory Logic Of Global Ecosystem Services Markets.” Development and Change 43 (1): 105–131.
  • McAfee, K. 2014. “The Post- and Future Politics of Green Economy and REDD.” In The Politics of Carbon Markets, edited by R. Land and B. Stephan, 237–260. London: Routledge.
  • McAfee, K. 2015. “Green Economy and Carbon Markets for Conservation and Development: A Critical View.” International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law And Economics 16 (3): 333–353.
  • McCarthy, J., and S. Prudham. 2004. “Neoliberal Nature and the Nature of Neoliberalism.” Geoforum 35 (3): 275–283.
  • Milne, S., and B. Adams. 2012. “Market Masquerades: Uncovering the Politics of Community-level Payments For Environmental Services in Cambodia.” Development and Change 43 (1): 133–158.
  • Moshonas, S. 2012. “Beyond the Governance State: Aid Relations and State Reforms in the Democratic Republic Of Congo.” Bristol: University of Bristol.
  • Mosse, D. 2006. Cultivating Development: An Ethnography of Aid Policy and Practice. London: Pluto Press.
  • Neumann, F. 1944. Behemoth: The Structure and Practice of National Socialism 1933–1944. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Olivier de Sardan, J.-P. 2016. “For an Anthropology of Gaps, Discrepancies and Contradictions.” Anthropologia 3 (1): 111–131.
  • Ongolo, S. 2015. “On the Banality of Forest Governance Fragmentation: Exploring ‘Gecko Politics’ as a Bureaucratic Behaviour in Limited Statehood.” Forest Policy and Economics 53: 12–20.
  • Pagiola, S. 2011. “Using PES [Payments for Environmental Services] to Implement REDD.” Washington. DC: World Bank.
  • Peluso, N. 2007. Enclosure and Privatization of Neoliberal Environments: Some Comments. London: Routledge.
  • Polanyi, K. 1945. The Great Transformation. London: Victor Gollancz.
  • Resosudarmo, I. A. P., S. Atmadja, A. D. Ekaputri, D. Y. Intarini, Y. Indriatmoko and P. Astri. 2014. “Does Tenure Security Lead to REDD+ Project Effectiveness? Reflections from Five Emerging Sites in Indonesia.” World Development 55: 68–83.
  • Reyniers, C. 2019. “Agroforesterie et déforestation en République Démocratique du Congo. miracle ou mirage environnemental?” Mondes en développement 187 (3): 113–132.
  • Reyniers, C., A. Karsenty and C. Vermeulen. 2015. “Les paysans sans terre et REDD+ en RDC: les logiques locales face aux interventions internationales.” In Conjonctures Congolaises 2015: Entre incertitudes politiques et transformation économique, edited by S. Marysse and J. Omasombo Tshonda, 199–226. Tervuren: Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale.
  • Risse, T. 2012. “Governance Configurations in Areas of Limited Statehood: Actors, Modes, Institutions and Resources.” SFB-Governance Working Paper Series no. 32, April. Berlin: SFB Research Centre. https://www.sfb-governance.de/en/publikationen/sfb-700-working_papers/wp32/SFB-Governance-Working-Paper-32.pdf.
  • Roth, R. J., and W. Dressler. 2012. “Market-oriented Conservation Governance: The Particularities of Place.” Geoforum 43 (3): 363–366.
  • Seyller, C., S. Desbureaux, S. Ongolo, A. Karsenty, G. Simonet, J. Faure and L. Brimont. 2016. “The ‘Virtual Economy of REDD+ Projects: Does Private Certification of REDD+ Projects Ensure their Integrity?” International Forestry Review 18 (S1): 231–246.
  • Shapiro, A. C., N. Aguilar-Amuchastegui, P. Hostert and J. F. Bastin. 2016. “Using Fragmentation to Assess Degradation of Forest Edges in Democratic Republic of Congo.” Carbon Balance and Management 11: 11, 1–15.
  • Shapiro-Garza, E. 2013. “Contesting Market-based Conservation: Payments for Ecosystem Services as a Surface of Engagement for Rural Social Movements in Mexico.” Geoforum 6: 1: 134–150.
  • Sullivan, S. 2012. Financialisation, Biodiversity Conservation and Equity: Some Currents and Concerns. Penang: Third World Network.
  • Sullivan, S. 2013. “Banking Nature? The Spectacular Financialisation of Environmental Conservation.” Antipode 45 (1): 198–217.
  • Sunderlin, W. D., E. Sills, A. Duchelle, A. D. Ekaputri, D. L. Kweka, A. Toniolo, S. Ball et al. 2015. “REDD+ at a Critical Juncture: Assessing the Limits of Polycentric Governance for Achieving Climate Change Mitigation.” International Forestry Review 17 (4): 400–413.
  • Trefon, T. 2011. Congo Masquerade: The Political Culture of Aid Inefficiency and Reform Failure. London: Zed Books.
  • Trefon, T. 2017. “Forest Governance and International Partnerships in the Congo Basin.” Science & Diplomacy 6 (3). https://www.sciencediplomacy.org/article/2017/forest-governance-and-international-partnerships-in-congo-basin.
  • Tsayem Demaze, M., R. Ngoufo and P. Tchawa. 2015. “Du savoir vers le savoir-faire: évolution de la conception de la REDD+ et contraintes à sa mise en œuvre en Afrique centrale.” Natures Sciences Sociétés 23: S91–S101.
  • Veronesi, M., T. Reutemann, A. Zabel and S. Engel. 2015. “Designing REDD+ Schemes when Forest Users are not Forest Landowners: Evidence from a Survey-based Experiment In Kenya.” Ecological Economics 116 (C): 46–57.
  • World Rainforest Movement. 2016. “Le projet ‘Forêt Tropicale du Bassin du Congo’: les communautés se méfient de la ‘revolution de conservation’.” Bulletin 221. https://wrm.org.uy/fr/les-articles-du-bulletin-wrm/section2/le-projet-foret-tropicale-du-bassin-du-congo-les-communautes-se-mefient-de-la-revolution-de-conservation/.
  • UNFCCC (UN Framework Convention on Climate Change). 2009. “4/CP.15 Methodological guidance for activities relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries.” UNCC Decisions. COP 15: Decision 4/CP.15. Accessed October 207, 2021. https://unfccc.int/decisions?search2=&f%5B0%5D=session%3A3404.
  • Wildlife Works. n.d. “Wildlife Works: About Us – Who is Wildlife Works.” Web page. Accessed October 27, 2021. https://www.wildlifeworks.com/what-we-do.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.