2,038
Views
43
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Warfare, endemic violence & state collapse in Africa

Pages 367-384 | Published online: 23 Feb 2007

Bibliography

  • Abraham , A and Sesay , H . 1993 . “ ‘Regional Politics and Social Services Provision Since Independence’ ” . In The State and the Provision of Social Services in Sierra Leone Since Independence , Edited by: Fyle , C Magbaily . Dakar : Codesria .
  • Adam , H M . 1992 . ‘Somalia: Militarism, Warlordism or Democracy?’ . Review of African Political Economy , 54 : 11 – 26 .
  • African Rights . 1995a . Rwanda: Death, Despair and Defiance , (second edition) , London : African Rights .
  • 1995b . Facing Genocide: the Nuba of Sudan , London : African Rights .
  • Allen , C . 1989 . “ ‘Benin’ ” . In Benin, the Congo, Burkina Faso , Edited by: Allen , C . 1 – 144 . London : Pinter .
  • 1995 . ‘Understanding African Politics’ . Review of African Political Economy , 65 : 301 – 20 .
  • Amnesty International . November 1996 . Zaire: Lawlessness and Insecurity in North and South Kivu. , November , London : AI . (AFR 62/14/96)
  • September 1997 . ’Breaking God's Commands’: the Destruction of Childhood by the Lord's Resistance Army , September , London : AI . (AFR 51/01/97)
  • November 1997 . Algeria: Civilian Population Caught in a Spiral of Violence , November , London : AI . (MDE 28/23/ 97)
  • December 1997 . Congo: Deadly Alliances in Congolese Forests , December , London : AI . (AFR/62/33/ 97)
  • November‐1 1998 . Democratic Republic of Congo: War Against Unarmed Civilians , November‐1 , London : AI . (AFR 62/36/98)
  • November‐2 1998 . Sierra Leone: 1998‐a Year of Atrocities Against Civilians , November‐2 , London : AI . (AFR/51/22/98)
  • Bangura , Y . 1997 . ‘Understanding the Political and Cultural Dynamics of the Sierra Leone War: a Critique of Paul Richard's “Fighting for the Rain Forest"’ . Africa Development , 26 ( 3/4 ) : 117 – 148 .
  • Berdal , M and Keen , D . 1997 . ‘Violence and Economic Agendas in Civil Wars: Some Policy Implications’ . Millenium, , 26 ( 3 ) : 795 – 818 .
  • Burr , M . 1998 . Quantifying Genocide in Southern Sudan and the Nuba Mountains 1983–1998 , New York : US Committee for Refugees .
  • Chabal , P and Daloz , J P . 1999 . Africa Works: Disorder as a Political Instrument , Oxford : James Currey .
  • Charlton , R and May , R . 1989 . ‘Warlords and Militarism in Chad’ . Review of African Political Economy , 45/46 : 12 – 25 .
  • Chrétien , J P , ed. 1995 . Rwanda: les Médias du Génocide , Paris : Karthala .
  • Clapham , C . 1988 . “ ‘Liberia’ ” . In Contemporary West African States , Edited by: O'Brien , D C . 99 – 111 . Cambridge : CUP .
  • Clapham , C and C , eds. 1989 . “ ‘The Politics of Failure: Clientelism, Political Instability and National Integration in Liberia and Sierra Leone’ ” . In Private Patronage and Public Power , New York : St Martin's Press .
  • 1998 . African Guerrillas , Oxford : James Currey .
  • Clark , J F . 1998 . “ ‘Zaire: the Bankruptcy of the Extractive State’ ” . In The African State at a Critical Juncture , Edited by: Villalon , L and Huxtable , P . 109 – 25 . Boulder : L Rienner .
  • Clayton , A . 1999 . Frontiersmen: Warfare in Africa Since 1950 , London : UCL Press .
  • Compagnon , D . “ ‘Somali Armed Units’ ” . In African Guerrillas , Edited by: Clapham , C . 73 – 90 . Oxford : James Currey .
  • Conciliation Resources . 1997 . Gender and Conflict in Sierra Leone (http:www.c‐r.org/occ_papers/briefing5.htm).
  • CSI . 1999 . Trip Report: Visit to Northern Bahr El Ghazal, Sudan , Zurich : Christian Solidarity International . (http: //www.csi‐int.ch/hp_zusatz/zusatz.html)
  • Duffield , M . 1990 . War and Famine , Oxford : Oxfam .
  • Macrae , J and Zwi , A , eds. 1994 . “ ‘The Political Economy of Internal War’ ” . In War and Hunger , 50 – 69 . London : Zed .
  • 1998 . ‘Postmodern Conflict: Warlords, Post‐adjustment States and Private Protection’ . Civil Wars , 1 ( 1 ) : 65 – 102 .
  • Ellis , S . 1995 . ‘Liberia 1989–1994: a Study of Ethnic and Spiritual Violence’ . African Affairs , 94 ( 375 ) : 165 – 97 .
  • Clapham , C , ed. 1998 . “ ‘Liberia's Warlord Insurgency’ ” . In African Guerrillas , 155 – 71 . Oxford : James Currey .
  • Ellyas , A and Hamani , H . Sept. 1999 . “ ‘Civil War to Reconciliation? Algeria Hopes and Prays’ ” . In Le Monde Diplomatique , English edition Sept. ,
  • Ferme , M . 1998 . ‘The Violence of Numbers: Consensus, Competition and the Negotiation of Disputes in Sierra Leone’ . Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines , 150–52 : 555 – 80 .
  • Galy , M . ‘Liberia, Machine Perverse: Anthro‐pologie Politique du Conflit Liberien’ . Cahiers d'Études Africaines , 150–52 533 – 53 .
  • Howe , H M . 1998 . ‘Private Security Forces and African Stability: the Case of Executive Outcomes’ . Journal of Modem African Studies , 36 ( 2 ) : 307 – 31 .
  • HRW . 1993 . Divide and Rule: State‐Sponsored Ethnic Violence in Kenya
  • 1994 . Easy Prey: Child Soldiers in Liberia
  • 1996 . Shattered Lives: Sexual Violence During the Rwandan Genocide and its Aftermath
  • March 1997 . ’Attacked By All Sides’: Civilians and the War in Eastern Zaire March ,
  • Sept 1997 . The Scars of Death: Children Abducted by the Lord's Resistance Army in Uganda Sept ,
  • Oct 1997 . Democratic Republic of Congo: What Kabila is Hiding ‐Civilian Killings and Impunity in Congo Oct ,
  • June 1998 . Kenya: Political Violence Spirals June ,
  • July 1998 . Sowing Terror: Atrocities Against Civilians in Sierra Leone July ,
  • Aug 1998 . Algeria's Human Rights Crisis Aug ,
  • Feb‐1 1999 . Famine in Sudan, 1998: The Human Rights Causes Feb‐1 ,
  • Feb‐2 1999 . Nigeria: the Price of Oil Feb‐2 ,
  • March 1999 . Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda March ,
  • May 1999 . Nigeria: Crackdown in the Niger Delta May ,
  • June 1999 . Getting Away With Murder, Mutilation and Rape: New Testimony from Sierra Leone June ,
  • Sept 1999 . Angola Unravels: the Rise and Fall of the Lusaka Peace Process , Sept , New York : Human Rights Watch .
  • Jean , F and Rufin , J C , eds. 1996 . Economie des Guerres Civils , Paris : Hachette .
  • Joseph , R A . 1988 . Democracy and Prebendal Politics in Nigeria , Cambridge : CUP .
  • Kaldor , M . 1999 . New and Old Wars: Organised Violence in a Global Era , Cambridge : Polity .
  • Kaplan , R D . 1994 . ‘The Coming Anarchy: How Scarcity, Crime, Overpopulation, and Disease are Rapidly Destroying the Social Fabric of our Planet’ . Atlantic Monthly , February : 44 – 76 .
  • Keen , D . 1998 . The Economic Functions of Violence in Civil Wars , London : OUP for IISS .
  • Lemarchand , R . 1996 . Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide , Cambridge : CUP . (paper edition)
  • Leslie , W J . 1993 . Zaire: Continuity and Political Change in an Oppressive State , Boulder : West‐view .
  • Lewis , I M . 1998 . ‘Doing Violence to Enth‐nography: a Response to Catherine Besteman's “Representing Violence and Othering” Somalia’ . Cultural anthropology , 13 ( 1 ) : 100 – 108 .
  • Longman , T . 1999 . “ ‘State, Civil Society and Genocide in Rwanda’ ” . In State, Conflict and Democracy in Africa , Edited by: Joseph , R A . 339 – 58 . Boulder : Rienner .
  • Metz , S . 1996 . Reform, Conflict and Security in Zaire , US Army War College .
  • Muana , P . 1997 . The Kamajoi Militia: Violence, Internal Displacement and the Politics of Counter‐insurgency’ . Africa Development , 26 ( 3/ 4 ) : 77 – 100 .
  • Nordstrom , C . 1997 . A Different Kind of War Story , Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press .
  • Osagahe , E . 1996 . Ethnicity, Class and the Struggle for State Power in Liberia , Dakar : Codesria .
  • 1999 . ‘Democratisation in Sub‐saharan Africa: Faltering Prospects, New Hopes’ . Journal of Contemporary African Studies , 17 ( 1 ) : 5 – l28 .
  • Outram , Q . 1997 . ‘"It's Terminal Either Way”: an Analysis of Armed Conflict in Liberia, 1989–1996’ . Review of African Political Economy , 73 : 355 – 71 .
  • Prunier , G . 1997 . The Geopolitical Situation in the Great Lakes Area in Light of the Kivu Crisis , UNHCR . (http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country/writenet/wri lakes.htm)
  • Refugees International . 1997 . The Lost Refugees: Herded and Hunted in Eastern Zaire , Washington : RI .
  • Reno , W . 1993 . ‘Foreign Firms and the Financing of Charles Taylor's NPFL’ . Liberian Studies Journal , 18 ( 2 ) : 175 – 85 .
  • 1995 . Corruption and State Politics in Sierra Leone , Cambridge : CUP .
  • 1996 . The Business of War in Liberia, Current History , 95 ( 601 ) : 211 – 215 .
  • 1997a . ‘African Weak States and Commercial Alliances’ . African Affairs , 96 ( 383 ) : 165 – 86 .
  • 1997b . Humanitarian Emergencies and Warlord Economies in Liberia and Sierra Leone , Helsinki : WIDER .
  • Villalon , L and Huxtable , P , eds. 1998 . “ ‘Sierra Leone: Weak States and the New Sovereignty Order’ ” . In The African State at a Critical Juncture , Vol. 98 , 93 – 108 . Boulder : Rienner .
  • Richards , P . 1996 . Fighting for the Rain Forest: War, Youth and Resources in Sierra Leone , Oxford : James Currey .
  • Sawyer , A . 1992 . The Emergence of Autocracy in Liberia , San Francisco : Institute for Contemporary Studies .
  • Schatzberg , M G . 1988 . The Dialectics of Oppression in Zaire , Bloomington : Indiana University Press .
  • Shearer , D . 1997 . ‘Exploring the Limits of Consent: Conflict Resolution in Sierra Leone,’ . Millennium , 26 ( 3 ) : 845 – 60 .
  • Smith , G H . 1997 . ‘The Dichotomy of Politics and Corruption in a Neopatrimonial State: Evidence from Sierra Leone, 1968–1993’ . Issue, , 25 ( 2 ) : 58 – 61 .
  • Turshen , M and Twagiramariya , C , eds. 1998 . What Women do in Wartime: Gender and Conflict in Africa. , London : Zed .
  • Turton , B , ed. 1997 . War and Ethnicity:global Connections and Local Violence , Rochester, NY : University of Rochester Press .
  • USCR . 1996 . Ethnic Cleansing and Displacement in Eastern Zaire , Washington : US Committee for Refugees .
  • Willame , J C . 1992 . L ‘automned'un Despotisme , Paris : Karthala;J .
  • Willame , J C . 1997 . Zaire: Predicament and Prospects , Washington : US Institute of Peace .
  • Young , C and Tumer , T . 1985 . The Rise and Decline of the Zairean State , Madison : University of Wisconsin Press .
  • Young , C . 1994 . ‘Zaire — The Shattered Illusion of the Integral State’ . Journal of Modern African Studies , 32 ( 2 ) : 247 – 63 .
  • Zack‐Williams , A B . 1999 . ‘Sierra Leone: The Political Economy of Civil War 1991–98’ . Third World Quarterly , 20 ( 1 )
  • Zartman , I W , ed. 1995 . Collapsed States , Boulder : Rienner .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.