- Gluckman , M. 1940 . 'Analysis of a Social Situation in Modern Zululand' . Bantu Studies , 14 : 1 – 30 . 147 – 74 . It was later reprinted with minor amendments and an additional essay in 1958 as the Rhodes--Livingstone paper Number 28 by Manchester University Press for the Rhodes--Livingstone Institute. I will be quoting from the original text. This was not the first time the description and analysis of social situations had been used in anthropological analysis. This approach had previously been adopted in a limited way by Evans-Pritchard, Fortes and Gluckman himself. What made his use of it in this essay distinctive was the description of actual events from a single day rather than reconstructions from observations of many similar events. Moreover, placed at the beginning of the paper rather than at the end, the data were being given greater prominence than in previous usages. See
- Gluckman . 'Analysis' . 10
- Gluckman , M. 1935 . 'Zulu Women in Hoecultural Ritual' . Bantu Studies , 9
- Evans-Pritchard , E.E . 1937 . Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic among the Azande , 2 90 – 91 . 114 – 16 . 148 – 82 . 281 – 312 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 255-71, especially pp. 264-71;
- Fortes , M. 1937 . 'Communal Fishing and Fishing Magic in the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast' . Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute , 67 : 131 – 42 .
- Macmillan , H. 1995 . 'Return to the Malungwana Drift -- Max Gluckman, the Zulu Nation and the Common Society' . African Affairs , 94 ( 374 ) : 39 – 65 .
- Macmillan . “ 'Return to the Malungwana Drift' ” . 44 – 48 .
- Gordon , R. 'Early Social Anthropology in South Africa' . African Studies , 49 ( 1 ) 15 – 48 . 1990
- Ashforth , A. 1990 . The Politics of Official Discourse in Twentieth Century South Africa , 1 – 2 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- Rich , P. 1993 . Hope and Despair: English-speaking Intellectuals and South African Politics, 1896-1976 , 22 London : British Academic Press .
- 1914 . Man , : 67
- Kuper , A . 1983 . Anthropology and Anthropologists: the Modern British School , 102 London : Routledge .
- Gordon . “ 'Early Social Anthropology' ” . 25
- Asad , T. , ed. 1973 . Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter , London : Ithaca Press .
- Stocking , G. , ed. 1991 . Colonial Situations: Essays on the Contextualization of Ethnographic Knowledge , Madison : University of Wisconsin Press .
- Urry , J. 1993 . Before Social Anthropology: Essays on the History of British Anthropology , Char, , Switzerland : Harwood Academic Publishers .
- Dubow , S. 1995 . Scientific Racism in Modern South Africa , 13 – 14 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Dubow , S. 1989 . Segregation and the Origins cf Apartheid 1919-1936 , 34 Basingstoke : Macmillan .
- Dubow . Segregation and the Origins of Apartheid 35
- Rich , P. 1984 . White Power and the Liberal Conscience : Racial Segregation and South African Liberalism , 57 Manchester : Manchester University Press .
- Norval , A. 1996 . Deconstructing Apartheid Discourse , 27 – 29 . London : Verso . For a critique of Dubow's position, see
- Ashforth . Politics of Official Discourse 76 – 79 . Although not the most cited anthropologist or ethnographer, Lestrade's evidence was specifically noted in the majority report as giving support to the 'adaptationist' position. The most cited ethnographer was Fr
- Bryant , A. T. 1929 . author of Olden Times in Zululand and Natal , London : Longmans . Yet, his work and that of Witwatersrand University anthropologist, Winifred Hoernle (see footnote 18), was mainly used as ethnographi c -- 'factual' -justification for their statements about African life. On the importance of Lestrade's contribution, see also
- Macmillan , H. 1991 . 'Economists, Apartheid and "the Common Society"' . Social Dynamics , 17 ( 1 ) : 91
- Schmidt , B. 1996 . Creating Order: Culture as Politicsin Nineteenth and Twentieth Century South Africa , 170 – 71 . Nijmegen : Third World Centre, University of Nijmegen .
- Cocks , P. 1995 . 'The Rhetoric of Science and the Critique of Imperialism in British Social Anthropology, 1870-1940' . History and Anthropology , 9 ( 1 ) : 93 – 119 .
- Gordon , R. “ 'Early Social Anthropology in South Africa' ” . 17 – 19 .
- Schapera , I. "The Appointment of Radcliffe-Brown to the Chair of Social Anthropology at the University of Cape Town' . African Studies , 49 ( 1 ) 1 – 13 . 1990
- Hoernle , W. 1948 . 'Alternatives to Apartheid' . Race Relations , 15 ( 3 ) : 87 – 99 . The position of Senior Lecturer in Social Anthropology at the University of the Witwatersrand was held by Winifred Hoernle from 1923 to 1937. However, while she was an influential teacher, her opinions on segregation (rather than those of her husband, R. F. A. Hoernle) were not put into print until 1948. See
- Fortes , M. 1970 . The Plural Society in Africa , The Alfred and Winifred Hoernle Memorial Lecture of 1968 1 Johannesburg : South African Institute of Race Relations . For Hoernle's influence as a teacher, see
- Gluckman , M. 1975 . “ 'Anthropology and Apartheid: the Work of South African Anthropologists' ” . In Studies in African Social Anthropology , Edited by: Fortes , M. and Patterson , S. 27 London : Academic Press .
- Kuper . Anthropology and Anthropologists 144
- 1921 . Cape Times , 25 August
- Gordon . “ 'Early Social Anthropology in South Africa' ” . 38 – 39 . Reprinted as an appendix in
- Union of South Africa . 1926 . Report of the Economic and Wage Commission , 152 – 53 . Cape Town : Government Printer, U.G. . 14-'26, paragraphs 274,277, It should be noted that there were, in fact, two separate reports produced, one rejecting segregation and one advocating it. Reflecting the inconsistencies and dilemmas inherent in Radcliffe-Brown's position, his evidence was cited in both reports. I would like to thank Martin Chanock for pointing out these references to me
- Ibid, paragraph 279, pp. 153-55
- Gordon . “ 'Early Social Anthropology' ” . 28 – 29 .
- Schapera , I. 1928 . 'Economic Changes in South African Native Life' . Africa , 1 : 170 188
- Schapera , I. 1934 . “ 'Preface' ” . In Western Civilization and the Natives of South Africa , Edited by: Schapera , I. xii ix London : Routeledge and Kegan Paul .
- Schapera , I. 1935 . 'Field Methods in the Study of Modern Culture Contact' . Africa , 8 : 317 The essay was later reprinted in
- Mair , L. , ed. 1938 . Methods of Study of Culture Contact in Africa , London : Oxford University Press for the International Institute of African Languages and Cultures . along with a number of essays originally published in the journal Africa during the mid-1930s. See also
- Gluckman . “ 'Anthropology and Apartheid' ” . 24
- Schapera . “ 'Field Methods' ” . 318
- Schapera . “ 'Field Methods' ” . 319
- Fabian , J. 1983 . Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes its Object , New York : Columbia University Press .
- Kuper , A. 1988 . The Invention of Primitive Society: Transformations of an Illusion , London : Routledge .
- Thornton , R. 1988 . 'The Rhetoric of Ethnographic Holism' . Cultural Anthropology , 3 ( 3 ) : 285 – 303 .
- Rich . White Power and the Liberal Conscience 1 6 7
- Rich , P. Hope and Despair 48 – 49 .
- Said , E. 1983 . The World, the Text, and the Critic , 275 Cambridge : Harvard University Press . This argument is similar to Said's in relation to the French Orientalists, Renan and Massignon. He has argued that 'even if each in his own way … was a genius very much at home in and acknowledged by the culture he addressed, neither man was able to critically examine the assumptions and principles on which his work depended '. Intellectual fields such as orientalism (or anthropology), which sustain 'their coherence not by criticism or by intellectual discipline, but by the unexamined prestige of culture (as in France) or by science (as in the Anglo-Saxon world), eliminate the possibility of a valuable kind of radical self-criticism, which in the case of Orientalism has meant eliminating completely any possibility of admitting that the "Orient" as such is a constituted object, or by being willing to allow for the role of power in the production of knowledge'.
- Said , E. 1993 . Culture and Imperialism , 225 London : Chatto and Windus . Of course, as Said himself argues, one needs to be wary of over-estimating the power of a discourse or ideology since neither can exercise 'total hegemony over its domain'.
- Macmillan , H. 1985 . 'Swaziland: Decolonisation and the Triumph of "Tradition"' . Journal of Modern African Studies , 23 ( 4 ) : 651 – 52 . Bronislaw Malinowski Papers, London School of Economics, Africa II File 6, A. W. Hoernle and I. Schapera, 'Joint Report on the Advisability and Possibility of Introducing the Ibuto System of the Swazi People into the Educational System', no date. The quotation is from pp. 9-10. For the context in which this report was written, see
- 1995 . 'Administrators, Anthropologists and "Traditionalists" in Colonial Swaziland: the Case of the "amaBhaca" Fines' . Africa , 65 ( 4 ) : 548 – 49 . 556 – 58 .
- Cocks , P. 2000 . "The King and I: Bronislaw Malinowski, King Sobhuza II of Swaziland, and the Vision of Culture Change in Africa' . History of the Human Sciences , 13 ( 4 ) : 25 – 47 .
- Adam Kuper, personal communication.
- Schmidt . Creating Order 213 As an illustration of this point, see
- Schapera , I. , ed. 1937 . The Bantu-speaking Peoples of South Africa: an Ethnographic Survey , London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
- Gordon . “ 'Early Social Anthropology in South Africa' ” . 30
- Gluckman . “ 'A Comparative Study' ” . 6 – 7 . Gluckman also accompanied Schapera on a field trip to Mochudi, Botswana, in 1930. See
- Gluckman . “ 'A Comparative Study', index; and 'Anthropology and Apartheid' ” . 25
- Kuper , H. 1984 . “ 'Function, History, Biography: Reflections on Fifty Years in the British Anthropological Tradition' ” . In Functionalism Historicized: Essays on British Social Anthropology , Edited by: Stocking , G. 196 Madison : University of Wisconsin Press .
- Gluckman . “ 'A Comparative Study' ” . 5 – 6 .
- Goldenweiser , A. 1925 . “ 'Cultural Anthropology' ” . In The History and Prospects of the Social Sciences , Edited by: Barnes , H. 253 New York : Alfred Knopf . For a discussion of the context of Edward Sapir's remarks in particular, see
- Kuper , A. 1999 . Culture: the Anthropologists ' Account , 240 Cambridge : Harvard University Press .
- Gluckman . “ 'A Comparative Study' ” . 5 – 6 .
- Ibid., p. 4.
- 1937 . 'Mortuary Customs and the Belief in the Survival after Death among the South-Eastern Bantu' . Bantu Studies , 11 : 117 – 36 . Gluckman, 'Zulu Women in Hoecultural Ritual';
- Cullen Library, University of the Witwatersrand, A 1119, M. Gluckman, 'Zulu Ethnography'.
- Macmillan , H. 1989 . "'Paralysed Conservatives": W. M. Macmillan, the Social Scientists, and the "Common Society", 1923-48' ” . In Africa and Empire: W. M. Macmillan, Historian and Social Critic , Edited by: Macmillan , H. and Marks , S. 88 – 89 . Aldershot : Temple Smith for the Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London .
- 'Return to Malungwana Drift', pp. 47 48
- Gluckman , M. 1969 . "The Tribal Area in South and Central Africa' ” . In Pluralism in Africa , Edited by: Kuper , L. and Smith , M. 375 – 76 . Berkeley : University of California Press .
- Macmillan , H. “ 'Return to the Malungwana Drift' ” . 48 For an account of the marginalisation of Macmillan and his resignation from the University of the Witwatersrand, see
- Murray , B. 1982 . Wits: the early Years: a History of the University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg and its Precursors 1896-1939 , 129 – 31 . 278 – 79 . Johannesburg : Witwatersrand University Press .
- Macmillan , W. M. 1975 . My South African Years: an Autobiography , 189 205 212 – 14 . Cape Town : David Philip .
- 2001 . 'Musemunuzhi: Edwin Smith and the Restoration and Fulfilment of African Society and Religion' . Patterns of Prejudice (special issue on the history of anthropology) , 36 ( 2 ) : 19 – 32 . For an introduction to Edwin Smith and his place in the history of British anthropology, see my essay
- Smith , E. W. 1926 . The Christian Mission hi Africa: a Study based on the Work of the International Conference at Le Zoute, Belgium, September 14th to 21st, 1926 , 27 – 28 . London : International Missionary Council . It is very likely that Macmillan met Smith at the International Conference on Christian Missions in Africa at Le Zoute, Belgium, in 1926 where, according to Smith, he 'made a decided impression'. See
- Macmillan , M. 1985 . Champion of Africa: the Second Phase of the Work of W.M. Macmillan , 82 – 114 . 85 104 Produced by Gretta Illott and the Swindon Press Ltd . Through his colleague on the Johannesburg Joint Council, F. S Livie-Noble, Macmillan became active in the London Group on African Affairs which also had Bronislaw Malinowski as a member. Macmillan and Smith also met at a gathering of all the Africa lobby groups to discuss the soothing of tensions among them. See
- Macmillan , W. M. 1930 . Complex South Africa: an Economic Footnote to History , 8 London : Faber and Faber .
- Smith , E. W. 1934 . 'Anthropology and the Practical Man' . Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland , 64 : xxxii – xxxvii .
- Smith , E. 1931 . 'Review of "Complex South Africa'" . Africa , 4 : 370 – 72 .
- Macmillan , W. M. 1938 . Africa Emergent: a Survey of Social, Political, and Economic Trends in British Africa , 373 – 74 . London : Faber and Faber .
- Compare Dubow, Scientific Racism.
- Macmillan , W. M. Africa Emergent 376 – 379 .
- Gluckman . “ 'Anthropology and Apartheid' ” . 21 – 22 .
- Gluckman . “ 'Analysis' ” . 2
- Ibid., pp. 2 3
- Ibid., p. 3.
- Ibid., p. 6, author's parenthesis.
- Ibid, p. 7.
- Ibid, p. 8.
- Ibid, pp. 8 9
- Malinowski , B. 1922 . Argonauts of the Western Pacific: an Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea , 18 London : Routledge and Kegan Paul . author's italics. For an account of the rise of fieldwork in British social anthropology, see
- Stocking , G. 1983 . “ 'The Ethnographer's Magic: Fieldwork in British Anthropology from Tylor to Malinowski' ” . In Observers Observed: Essays on Ethnographic Fieldwork , Edited by: Stocking , G. 70 – 120 . Madison, Madison : University of Wisconsin Press .
- Gluckman . “ 'Analysis' ” . 11
- Ibid, p. 10.
- Ibid, pp. 13 14
- Ibid, pp. 15 16
- Ibid, p. 16.
- Ibid, p. 16.
- Ibid, p. 18.
- Ibid, p. 21.
- Ibid, p. 23.
- Kapferer . “ 'The Social Anthropology of Max Gluckman' ” . 9 – 10 .
- Gordon, 'Early Social Anthropology'; H. Macmillan, "'Paralysed Conservatives'".
- Kuper , A. 1999 . Among the Anthropologists: History and Context in Anthropology , 145 – 70 . London : Athlone Press . For a different 'inside job' on South African anthropology, see
- West , M. 1979 . Social Anthropology in a Divided Society , Cape Town : University of Cape Town Inaugural Lecture . Gluckman, 'Anthropology and Apartheid';
- Gordon , R. 1988 . 'Apartheid's Anthropologists: Notes on the Genealogy of Afrikaner Volkekundiges' . American Ethnologist , 15 ( 3 ) : 535 – 53 . 'Early Social Anthropology in South Africa', and
- Jansen , J. , ed. 1991 . “ 'Serving the Volk with Volkekunde -- On the Rise of South African Anthropology' ” . In Knowledge end Power in South Africa; Critical Perspectives across the Disciplines , 79 – 97 . Johannesburg : Skotaville Publishers .
- Hammond-Tooke , W. 1997 . Imperfect Interpreters: South Africa's Anthropologists 1920-1990 , Johannesburg : Witwatersrand University Press .
- Macmillan , H. “ 'Return to the Malungwana Drift' ” . 41 – 6 .
- Frankenberg , R. 1978 . “ 'Economic Anthropology or Political Economy? (I): the Barotse Social Formation -- a Case Study' ” . In The New Economic Anthropology , Edited by: Clammer , J. 31 – 60 . London and Basingstoke : Macmillan .
- Frankenberg . “ 'Introduction: a Social Anthropology for Britain?' ” . 3 – 4 .
- Kapferer . "The Social Anthropology of Max Gluckman' ” . 13
- Gordon . “ 'Early Social Anthropology in South Africa' ” . 30 – 31 . For example, see:
- Macmillan , H. "'Paralysed Conservatives'" ” . 82 – 83 .
- 'Return to Malungwana Drift', p. 51.
- Cocks, 'The King and I'.
- Macmillan , H. “ 'Return to Malungwana Drift' ” . 52
- Kapferer . “ 'The Social Anthropology of Max Gluckman' ” . 3
Journal of Southern African Studies
Volume 27, 2001 - Issue 4