- BATSON , C.D. 1991 . The Altruism Question: toward a social psychological answer , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
- BUCK , R. 1984 . The Communication of Emotion , New York : Guilford .
- BRIDGES , L.J. and GROLNICK , W.S. 1995 . “ The development of emotional self-regulation in infancy and early childhood ” . In Social Development , Edited by: EISENBERG , N. 185 – 211 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
- BRYANT , B. 1982 . An index of empathy for children and adolescents . Child Development , 53 : 413 – 425 .
- CALKINS , S. 1994 . Origins and outcomes of individual differences in emotion regulation , Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, serial no. 240 53 – 72 .
- CASSIDY , J. 1994 . Emotion regulation: influences of attachment relationships , Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, serial no. 240 228 – 249 .
- DUNN , J. , BRETHERTON , I. and MUNN , P. 1987 . Conversations about feeling states between mothers and their young children . Developmental Psychology , 23 : 132 – 139 .
- EISENBERG , N. and FABES , R.A. 1990 . Empathy: conceptualization, assessment, and relation to prosocial behavior . Motivation and Emotion , 14 : 131 – 149 .
- EISENBERG , N. and FABES , R.A. 1991 . “ Prosocial behavior and empathy: a multimethod developmental perspective ” . In Review of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 12. Prosocial behavior , Edited by: CLARK , M.S. vol. 12 , 34 – 61 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
- EISENBERG , N. and FABES , R.A. 1992 . “ Emotion, regulation, and the development of social competence ” . In Review of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 14. Emotion and social behavior , Edited by: CLARK , M.S. vol. 14 , 119 – 150 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
- EISENBERG , N. and FABES , R.A. 1994 . Mothers' reactions to children's negative emotions: relations to children's temperament and anger behavior . Merrill-Palmer Quarterly , 40 : 138 – 156 .
- EISENBERG , N. and FABES , R.A. 1998 . “ Prosocial development ” . In Handbook of Child Psychology, vol 3. Social, emotional, and personality development, , 5th edn , Edited by: DAMON , W. and EISENBERG , N. vol 3 , 701 – 778 . New York : Wiley .
- EISENBERG , N. , FABES , R.A. , CARLO , G. and KARBON , M. 1992a . “ Emotional responsivity to others: behavioral correlates and socialization antecedents ” . In New Directions for Child Development, no. 55. Emotion and its regulation in early development , Edited by: EISENBERG , N. and FABES , R.A. 57 – 73 . San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
- EISENBERG , N. , FABES , R.A. CARLO , G. 1992b . The relations of maternal practices and characteristics to children's vicarious emotional responsiveness . Child Development , 63 : 583 – 602 .
- EISENBERG , N. , FABES , R.A. GUTHRIE , I.K. 1996a . The relations of regulation and emotionality to problem behavior in elementary school children . Development and Psychopathology , 8 : 141 – 162 .
- EISENBERG , N. , FABES , R.A. , KARBON , M. , MURPHY , B.C. , CARLO , G. and WOSINSKI , M. 1996b . Relations of school children's comforting behavior to empathy-related reactions and shyness . Social Development , 5 : 330 – 351 .
- EISENBERG , N. , FABES , R.A. and MURPHY , B.C. 1996c . Parents' reactions to children's negative emotions: relations to children's social competence and comforting behavior . Child Development , 67 : 2227 – 2247 .
- EISENBERG , N. , FABES , R.A. , MURPHY , B.C. , KARBON , M. , SMITH , M. and MASZK , P. 1996d . The relations of children's dispositional empathy-related responding to their emotionality, regulation and social functioning . Developmental Psychology , 32 : 195 – 209 .
- EISENBERG , N. , FABES , R.A. , SCHALLER , M. , CARLO , G. and MILLER , P.A. 1991 . The relations of parental characteristics and practices to children's vicarious emotional responding . Child Development , 62 : 1393 – 1408 .
- EISENBERG , N. and MCNALLY , S. 1993 . Socialization and mothers' and adolescents' empathy-related characteristics . Journal of Research on Adolescents , 3 : 171 – 191 .
- FABES , R.A. , EISENBERG , N. and MILLER , P. 1990 . Maternal correlates of children's vicarious emotional responses and comforting behavior . Developmental Psychology , 26 : 639 – 648 .
- HOFFMAN , M.L. 1983 . “ Affective and cognitive processes in moral internalization ” . In Social Cognition and Social Development: a sociocultural perspective , Edited by: HIGGINS , E.T. , RUBLE , D.N. and HARTUP , W.W. 236 – 274 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- IANNOTTI , R.J. , CUMMINGS , E.M. , PIERREHUMBERT , B. , MILANO , M.J. and ZAHN-WAXLER , C. 1992 . “ Parental influences on prosocial behavior and empathy in early childhood ” . In Child Rearing: influence on prosocial and moral development , Edited by: JANSSENS , J.M.A.M. and GERRIS , J.R.M. 77 – 100 . Amsterdam : Swets & Zeitlinger .
- JANSSENS , J.M.A.M. and GERRIS , J.R.M. 1992 . “ Child rearing, empathy and prosocial development ” . In Child Rearing: influence on prosocial and moral development , Edited by: JANSSENS , J.M.A.M. and GERRIS , J.R.M. 57 – 75 . Amsterdam : Swets & Zeitlinger .
- KESTENBAUM , R. , FARBER , E.A. and SROUFE , L.A. 1989 . “ Individual differences in empathy among preschoolers: relation to attachment history ” . In New Directions for Child Development, no. 44. Empathy and related emotional responses , Edited by: EISENBERG , N. 51 – 64 . San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
- KOCHANSKA , O. 1991 . Socialization and temperament in the development of guilt and conscience . Child Development , 62 : 1379 – 1392 .
- KOCHANSKA , G. 1997 . Mutually responsive orientation between mothers and their young children: implications for early socialization . Child Development , 68 : 94 – 112 .
- KOESTNER , R. , FRANZ , C. and WEINBERGER , J. 1990 . The family origins of empathic concern: a 26-year longitudinal study . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 58 : 709 – 717 .
- KOPP , C.B. 1989 . Regulation of distress and negative emotions: a developmental view . Developmental Psychology , 25 : 343 – 354 .
- LENNON , R. and EISENBERG , N. 1987 . “ Gender and age differences in empathy and sympathy ” . In Empathy and its Development , Edited by: EISENBERG , N. and STRAYER , J. 195 – 217 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- PARKE , R.D. 1995 . “ Fathers and families ” . In Handbook of Parenting, vol 3. Status and social conditions of parenting , Edited by: BORNSTEIN , M.H. vol 3 , 27 – 63 . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
- ROBINSON , J.L. , ZAHN-WAXLER , C. and EMDE , R.N. 1994 . Patterns of development in early empathic behavior: environmental and child constitutional influences . Social Development , 3 : 125 – 145 .
- RUSHTON , J.P. , BRAINERD , C.J. and PRESSLEY , M. 1983 . Behavioral development and construct validity: the principle of aggregation . Psychological Bulletin , 94 : 18 – 38 .
- SROUFE , L.A. and FLEESON , J. 1986 . “ Attachment and the construction of relationships ” . In Relationships and Development , Edited by: HARTUP , W. and RUBIN , Z. 51 – 72 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
- STIFTER , C.A. , SPINRAD , T.L. and BRAUNGART-RIEKER , J.M. 1999 . Toward a developmental model of child compliance: the role of emotion regulation in infancy . Child Development , 70 : 21 – 32 .
- SUPER , C.M. and HARKNESS , S. 1986 . The developmental niche: a conceptualization at the interface of child and culture . International Journal of Behavioral Development , 9 : 545 – 569 .
- TOMKINS , S.S. 1963 . Affect, Imagery, Consciousness, vol. 2. Negative affects , vol. 2 , New York : Springer .
- WATERS , E. , HAY , D. and RICHTERS , J. 1986 . “ Infant-parent attachment and the origins of prosocial and antisocial behavior ” . In Development of Antisocial and Prosocial Behavior: research, theories and issues , Edited by: ALWAYS , D. , BLOCK , J. and RADKE-YARROW , M. 97 – 125 . Orlando, FL : Academic Press .
- ZAHN-WAXLER , C. , RADKE-YARROW , M. and KING , R.A. 1979 . Child rearing and children's prosocial initiations toward victims of distress . Child Development , 50 : 319 – 330 .
- ZAHN-WAXLER , C. , ROBINSON , J.L. and EMDE , R.N. 1992 . The development of empathy in twins . Developmental Psychology , 28 : 1038 – 1047 .
The Relations of Parental Affect and Encouragement to Children's Moral Emotions and Behaviour
Reprints and Corporate Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:
Academic Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:
If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.
Related research
People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.
Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.
Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.