References
- BARTHES , R. 1972 . Mythologies , Edited by: Lavers , A. New York , NY : HiIl & Wang .
- BRAMER , R. and CLEMENS , H. 1980 . Physik als Fremdsprache . Pkysikunterricht , 14 (3) : 76
- BYRNE , M. , JOHNSTONE , A.H. and POPE , A. 1994 . Reasoning in science: a language problem revealed? . School Science Review , 75 (272) : 103 – 107 .
- CASSELLS , J.R.T. and JOHNSTONE , A.H. 1980 . Understanding Non-technical Words in Science , London : Royal Society of Chemistry .
- CASSELLS , J.R.T. and JOHNSTONE , A.H. 1985 . Words that Matter in Science , London : Royal Society of Chemistry .
- CHINN , C.A. and BREWER , W.F. 1993 . The role of anomalous data in knowledge acquistion. A theoretical framework and implications for science instruction . Review of Educational Research , 63 : 1 – 49 .
- CHINN , C.A. and BREWER , W.F. 1998 . An empirical test of a taxonomy of responses to anomalous data in science . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 35 (6) : 623 – 654 .
- COLE , S. 1992 . Making Science: between nature and society , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
- DAVIES , F. and GREENE , T. 1984 . Reading for Learning in the Sciences , Edinburgh : Oliver & Boyd .
- DE BOER , G. 2000 . Scientific literacy: another look at its historical and contemporary meanings and its relationship to science education reform . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 37 (6) : 582 – 601 .
- DE CASTELL , S. , LUKE , A. and MACLENNAN , D. 1986 . “ On defining literacy ” . In Literacy, Society and Schooling , Edited by: DE CASTELL , S. , LUKE , A. and EGAN , K. 3 – 14 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- DRIVER , R. , LEACH , J. , MILLAR , R. and SCOTT , P. 1996 . Young Peace's Images of Science , Buckingham : Open University Press .
- DUNBAR , K. 1994 . “ How scientists really reason: scientific reasoning in real-world laboratories ” . In Mechanisms of Insight , Edited by: STERNBERG , RJ. and DAVIDSON , J. Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
- EDWARDS , D. and MERCER , N. 1987 . Common Knowledge: the development of understanding in the classroom , London : Methuen .
- FARRELL , M.P. and VENTURA , F. 1998 . Words and understanding in physics . Language and Education , 12 (4) : 243 – 253 .
- FRYE , N. 1957 . Anatomy of Criticism , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
- GAON , S. and NORRIS , S. 2001 . The undecideabk grounds of scientific expertise: science education and the limits of intellectual independence . Journal of Philosophy of Education , 35 (2) : 187 – 201 .
- GARDNER , P.L. 1975 . Logical connectives in science-a summary of the findings . Research in Science Education , 7 : 9 – 24 .
- GARRATT , J. , OVERTON , T. and THRELFALL , T. 1999 . A Question of Chemistry: creative problems for critical thinkers , Harlow : Pearson .
- GEE , J. 1996 . Social Linguistics and Literacies, , 2nd Edn , London : Taylor & Francis .
- GlERE , R. 1991 . Understanding Scientific Reasoning, , 3rd Edn , Fort Worth , TX : Holt, Rinehart & Winston .
- GOLDSWORTHY , A. , WATSON , R. and WOOD-ROBINSON , V. 1999 . Getting to Grips with Graphs , Hatfield : Association for Science Education .
- GOLDSWORTHY , A. , WATSON , R. and WOOD-ROBINSON , V. 2000 . Developing Understanding in Scientific Enquiry , Hatfield : Association for Science Education .
- GREENE , M.T. 1997 . What cannot be said in science . Nature , 388 : 619 – 620 .
- HANSON , M.R. 1958 . Patterns of Discovery , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- HARRE , R. 1986 . Varieties of Realism: a rationale for the natural sciences , Oxford : Basil Blackwell .
- HARRIS , D. and TAYLOR , M. 1983 . Discovery learning in school science: the myth and the reality . Journal of Curriculum Studies , 15 (3) : 277 – 289 .
- HODSON , D. 1990 . A critical look at practical work in school science . School Science Review , 70 (256) : 33 – 40 .
- HODSON , D. 1991 . Practical work in science: time for reappraisal . Studies in Science Education , 19 : 175 – 184 .
- HOGAN , K. and MAGLIENTI , M. 2001 . Comparing the epistemological underpinnings of students' and scientists' reasoning about conclusions . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 38 (6) : 663 – 687 .
- HOLLINS , M. 2001 . Keeping school science in step with the changing world of the 21st century . Education in Science , 194 : 22 – 23 .
- KlNTGEN , E.R. 1988 . Literacy literacy . Visible Language , 1 (2/3) : 149 – 168 .
- KOSLOWSKI , B. 1996 . Theory and Evidence: the development of scientific reasoning , Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
- KUHN , T.E. 1962 . The Structure of Scientific Revolutions , Chicago , IL : Chicago University Press .
- KUHN , D. , AMSEL , E. and O'LOUGHLIN , M. 1988 . The Development of Scientific Thinking Skuls , San Diego , CA : Academic Press .
- LEACH , J. and PAULSEN , A. , eds. 1999 . Practical Work in Science Education: recent research studies , Frederiksberg : Roskilde University Press .
- LEMKE , J.L. 1990 . Talking Science: language, learning and values , Norwood , NJ : Ablex .
- LEMKE , J. 1998 . Teaching AU the Languages of Science: words, symbols, images and actions Available at: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/education/jlemke/papers/barcelon.htm
- LONGINO , H. 1990 . Science as Social Knowledge , Princetown , NJ : Princetown University Press .
- MARTIN , J.R. 1998 . “ Discourses of science ” . In Reading Science , Edited by: MARTIN , J.R. and VEEL , R. 3 – 14 . London : Routledge .
- MEAD , M. and METRAUX , R. 1957 . Image of the scientist among high-school students . Science , 126 : 384 – 390 .
- MERZYN , G. 1987 . The language of school science . International Journal of Science Education , 9 (4) : 483 – 489 .
- MlLLAR , R. 1998 . “ Rhetoric and reality: what practical work in science education is really for ” . In Practical Work in School Science: which way now? , Edited by: WELLINGTON , J. 16 – 31 . London : Routledge .
- MlLLAR , R. and OSBORNE , J.F. , eds. 1998 . Beyond 2000: science education for the future , London : King's College .
- MONTGOMERY , S.L. 1996 . The Scientific Voice , New York , NY : Guilford Press .
- NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCE . 1995 . National Science Education Standards , Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
- NORRIS , S. and PHUUPS , L. 1994 . Interpreting pragmatic meaning when reading popular reports of science . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 31 (9) : 947 – 967 .
- NORRIS , S. and PHILLIPS , L. How literacy in its fundamental sense is central to scientific literacy . paper presented at the Annual Confemce of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching . March 26-28 2001 , St Louis , MO .
- NOTT , M. and SMITH , R. 1995 . 'Talking your way out of it', 'rigging' and 'conjuring`: what science teachers do when practicals go wrong . International Journal of Science Education , 17 (3) : 399 – 410 .
- OLSON , D.R. 1994 . The World on Paper: the conceptual and cognitive implications of writing and reading , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- OSBORNE , J.F. 1997 . Practical alternatives . School Science Review , 78 (285) : 61 – 66 .
- OSBORNE , J.F. 1998 . “ Thinking the unthinkable: science education without a laboratory? ” . In Practical Work in Science: which way now? , Edited by: WELLINGTON , J. 156 – 173 . London : Routledge .
- OSBORNE , J.F. and COUJNS , S. 2000 . Pupils' and Parents' Views of the School Science Curriculum , London : King's College .
- OSBORNE , J.F. , DRIVER , R. and SIMON , S. 1996 . Attitudes to Science: a review of research and proposals for studies to inform policy relating to uptake of science , London : King's College .
- OSBORNE , J.F. , ERDURAN , S. , SIMON , S. and MONK , M. 2001 . Enhancing the quality of argument in school science . School Science Review , 82 (301) : 63 – 70 .
- PARIS , S.G. 1998 . Situated motivation and informal learning . Journal of Museum Education , 22 (2/3) : 22 – 26 .
- PlAGET , J. 1953 . The Origins of Intelligence in Children , London : Routledge & Kegan Paul .
- PICKERSGILL , S. and LOCK , R. 1991 . Students' understanding of selected non-technical words in science . Research in Science and Technological Education , 9 (1) : 71 – 79 .
- POSTMAN , N. and WEINGARTNER , C. 1971 . Teaching as a Subversive Activity , Harmondsworth : Penguin .
- PROPHET , B. and TOWSE , P. 1999 . Pupils' understanding of some non-technical words in science . School Science Review , 81 (295) : 79 – 86 .
- REDDY , M. 1979 . “ The conduit metaphor ” . In Metaphor and Thought , Edited by: ORTONY , A. New York , NY : Cambridge University Press .
- REISS , M. 2000 . Understanding Science Lessons: five years of science teaching , Buckingham : Open University Press .
- SCHAUBLE , L. 1990 . Belief revision in children: the role of prior knowledge and strategies for generating evidence . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 49 : 31 – 57 .
- SHAMOS , M. H. 1995 . The Myth of Scientific Literacy , New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press .
- SHAYER , M. and ADEY , P. 1981 . Towards a Science of Science Teaching , London : Heinemann .
- SIEGEL , H. 1989 . The rationality of science, critical thinking and science education . Synthese , 80 (1) : 9 – 42 .
- TAYLOR , C. 1996 . Defining Science: a rhetoric of demarcation , Madison , WI : University of Wisconsin Press .
- THAGARD , P. 1994 . Mind, society and the growth of knowledge . Philosophy of Science , 61 : 629 – 645 .
- WATSON , R. and WOOD-ROBINSON , V. 1998 . “ Learning to investigate ” . In ASE Guide to Secondary Science Education , Edited by: RATCLIFFE , M. 84 – 91 . Cheltenham : Stanley Thornes .
- WELLINGTON , J.J. 1981 . What's supposed to happen Sir? Some problems with discovery learning . School Science Review , 63 : 167 – 173 .
- WELLINGTON , J. , ed. 1998 . Practical Work in School Science: which way now? , London : Routledge .
- WELLINGTON , J. and OSBORNE , J.F. 2001 . Language and Literacy in Science Education , Buckingham : Open University Press .
- WENGER , E. 1998 . Communities of Practice: learning, meaning and identity , New York , NY : Cambridge University Press .
- WOOLNOUGH , B. , ed. 1991 . Practical Science: the role and reality of practical work in school science , Milton Keynes : Open University Press .
- WOOLNOUGH , B. and ALLSOP , T. 1986 . Practical Work in Science , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- WRAY , D. and LEWIS , M. 1997 . Extending Literacy: children reading and writing non-fiction , London : Routledge .
- ZIMMERMAN , C. , BIZANZ , G.L. and BISANZ , J. Science at the supermarket: what's in print, experts' advice, and students' need to know . paper presented at the National Association for Research in Science Teaching . March 28-31 1999 , Boston , MA .