3,026
Views
141
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The impact of trial stage, developer involvement and international transferability on universal social and emotional learning programme outcomes: a meta-analysis

, , , , , & show all
Pages 347-376 | Received 18 Aug 2015, Accepted 25 May 2016, Published online: 15 Jul 2016

References

  • Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. (1983). Manual for the child behavior checklist and revised child behavior profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Press.
  • *Anda, D. (1998). The evaluation of a stress management program for middle school adolescents. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 15, 73–85.10.1023/A:1022297521709
  • *Ando, M., Asakura, T., Ando, S., & Simons-Morton, B. (2007). A psychoeducational program to prevent aggressive behavior among Japanese early adolescents. Health Education & Behavior, 34, 765–776.
  • *Ashdown, D. M., & Bernard, M. E. (2011). Can explicit instruction in social and emotional learning skills benefit the social-emotional development, well-being, and academic achievement of young children? Early Childhood Education Journal, 39, 397–405.
  • *Baldry, A. C., & Farrington, D. P. (2004). Evaluation of an intervention program for the reduction of bullying and victimization in schools. Aggressive Behavior, 30, 1–15.
  • *Barrett, P., & Turner, C. (2001). Prevention of anxiety symptoms in primary school children: Preliminary results from a universal school-based trial. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 399–410.10.1348/014466501163887
  • *Barrett, P. M., Farrell, L. J., Ollendick, T. H., & Dadds, M. (2006). Long-term outcomes of an Australian universal prevention trial of anxiety and depression symptoms in children and youth: An evaluation of the friends program. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 35, 403–411.
  • Beck, A., Steer, A., & Brown, K. (1996). BDI-II Beck Depression Inventory (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation, Harcourt Brace & Company.
  • Beelmann, A., & Lösel, F. (2006). Child social skills training in developmental crime prevention: Effects on antisocial behaviour and social competence. Psychothema, 18, 603–610.
  • *Beets, M. W., Flay, B. R., Vuchinich, S., Snyder, F. J., Acock, A., Li, K. -K., … Durlak, J. (2009). Use of a social and character development program to prevent substance use, violent behaviors, and sexual activity among elementary-school students in Hawaii. American Journal of Public Health, 99, 1438–1445.
  • Berman, P., & McLaughlin, M. (1976). Implementation of educational innovations. The Educational Forum, 40, 345–370.10.1080/00131727609336469
  • *Bernard, M. E., & Walton, K. (2008). The effect of You Can Do It ! Education in six schools on student perceptions of well-being, teaching-learning and relationships. Journal of Student Wellbeing, 5, 1–23.
  • *Bierman, K. L., Domitrovich, C. E., Nix, R. L., Gest, S. D., Welsh, J., Greenberg, M. T., … Gill, S. (2008). Promoting academic and social-emotional school readiness: The head start REDI program. Child Development, 79, 1802–1817.
  • Biggs, B., Vernberg, E., Twemlow, S., Fonagy, P., & Dill, E. (2008). Teacher adherance and its relation to teacher attitudes and student outcomes in an elementary school-based violence prevention program. School Psychology Review, 37, 533–549.
  • *Bijstra, J. O., & Jackson, S. (1998). Social skills training with early adolescents: Effects on social skills, well-being, self-esteem and coping. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 13, 569–583.
  • Bodenman, G., Cina, A., Ledenmann, T., & Sanders, M.R. (2008). The efficacy of positive parenting program (Triple P) in improving parenting and child behaviour: A comparison with two other treatment conditions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 411–442.10.1016/j.brat.2008.01.001
  • *Bond, L., Patton, G., Glover, S., Carlin, J. B., Butler, H., Thomas, L., & Bowes, G. (2004). The Gatehouse Project: Can a multilevel school intervention affect emotional wellbeing and health risk behaviours? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 58, 997–1003.
  • Bonell, C., Fletcher, A., Morton, M., Lorenc, T., & Moore, L. (2012). Realist randomised controlled trials: A new approach to evaluating complex public health interventions. Social Science & Medicine, 45, 2299–2306.
  • *Bosworth, K. (2000). Preliminary evaluation of a multimedia violence prevention program for adolescents. American Journal of Health Behaviour, 24, 268–280.10.5993/AJHB.24.4.3
  • *Botvin, G. J., Griffin, K. W., & Nichols, T.D. (2006). Preventing youth violence and delinquency through a universal school-based prevention approach. Prevention Science, 7, 403–408.
  • *Brackett, M. A. & Rivers, S. E., Reyes, M. R., & Salovey, P. (2012). Enhancing academic performance and social and emotional competence with the RULER feeling words curriculum. Learning and Individual Differences, 22, 218–224.
  • *Caldarella, P., Christensen, L., Kramer, T. J., & Kronmiller, K. (2009). Promoting social and emotional learning in second grade students: A study of the strong start curriculum. Early Childhood Education Journal, 37, 51–56.
  • Campbell, M., Fitzpatrick, R., Haines, A., Kinmouth, A., Sandersock, P., Spiegelhalter, D., & Tyrer, P. (2000). Framework for design and evaluation of complex interventions to improve health. British Medical Journal, 321, 694–696.10.1136/bmj.321.7262.694
  • Castro, F. G., Barrera, M., & Martinez, C. R. (2004). The cultural adaptation of prevention interventions: Resolving tensions between fidelity and fit. Prevention Science, 5, 41–45.10.1023/B:PREV.0000013980.12412.cd
  • *Catalano, R. F., Mazza, J. J., Harachi, T. W., Abbott, R. D., Haggerty, K. P., & Fleming, C. B. (2003). Raising healthy children through enhancing social development in elementary school: Results after 1.5 years. Journal of School Psychology, 41, 143–164.
  • Collaborative for Academic, Social and Emotional Learning. (2002). Guidelines for social and emotional learning: High quality programmes for school and life success. Chicago, IL: CASEL.
  • Committee for Children (2011). Second step: A violence prevention curriculum. Seattle, WA: Committee for Children.
  • *Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group (1999). Intial impact of the fast track prevention trial for conduct problems: I The high risk sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 631–647.
  • Cooke, M., Ford, J., Levine, J., Bourke, C., Newell, L., & Lapidus, G. (2007). The effects of city-wide implementation of “Second Step” on elementary school students’ prosocial and aggressive behaviors. The Journal of Primary Prevention., 28, 93–115.10.1007/s10935-007-0080-1
  • Cumming, G. & Finch, S. (2005). Inference by eye: confidence intervals and how to read pictures of data. American Psychologist, 60, 170–180.
  • *Cunningham, E. G., Brandon, C. M., & Frydenberg, E. (2002). Enhancing coping resources in early adolescence through a school-based program teaching optimistic thinking skills. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 15, 369–381.
  • *Curtis, C., & Norgate, R. (2007). An evaluation of the promoting alternative thinking strategies curriculum at key stage 1. Educational Psychology in Practice, 23, 33–44.
  • Dane, A. V., & Schneider, B. H. (1998). Program integrity in primary and early secondary prevention: Are implementation effects out of control? Clinical Psychology Review, 18, 23–45.10.1016/S0272-7358(97)00043-3
  • Denham, S. A. (2005). Assessing social-emotional development in children from a longitudinal perspective for the national children’s study. Columbus, OH: Battelle Memorial Institute.
  • Department for Education and Skills (2007). Social and Emotional Aspects of Learning for secondary schools (SEAL) guidance booklet. London: DfES.
  • Dersimonian, R., & Laird, N. (1986). Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Controlled Clinical Trials, 7, 177–188.10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2
  • Dirks, M., Treat, T., & Weersing, R. (2010). The judge specificity of evaluations of youth social behavior: The case of peer provocations. Social Development, 19, 736–757.
  • Dunn, L., & Dunn, L. (1997). Peabody picture vocabulary test – revised. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
  • *Durant, R. H., Treiber, F., Getts, A., McCloud, K., Linder, C. W., & Woods, E. R. (1996). Comparison of two violence prevention curricula for middle school adolescents. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 19, 111–117.
  • *Durant, R. H., Barkin, S., & Krowchuk, D. P. (2001). Evaluation of a peaceful conflict resolution and violence prevention curriculum for sixth-grade students. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 28, 386–393.10.1016/S1054-139X(00)00194-4
  • Durlak, J. A. (1998). Why programme implementation is important. Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community, 17, 5–18.10.1300/J005v17n02_02
  • Durlak, J., & DuPre, E. (2008). Implementation matters: A review of research on the influence of implementation on program outcomes and the factors affecting implementation. Journal of Community Psychology, 41, 327–350.10.1007/s10464-008-9165-0
  • Durlak, J., Weissberg, R., Dymicki, A., Taylor, R., & Schellinger, K. (2011). The impact of enhancing students’ social and emotional learning: A meta-analysis of school-based universal interventions. Child Development, 82, 405–432.10.1111/cdev.2011.82.issue-1
  • Eisner, M. (2009). No effects in independent prevention trials: Can we reject the cynical view? Journal of Experimental Criminology, 5, 163–183.10.1007/s11292-009-9071-y
  • Elias, M. J., Lantieri, L., Patti, J., Shriver, T. P., Walberg, H., Weissberg, R. P., & Zins, J. E. (2001). No new wars needed. Reclaiming Children and Youth, Spring, 29–32.
  • Elliott, J., & Kushner, S. (2007). The need for a manifesto for educational programme evaluation. Cambridge Journal of Education, 37, 321–336.
  • Elliott, D. & Mihalic, S. (2004). Issues in disseminating and replicating effective prevention programmes. Prevention Science, 5, 47–52.10.1023/B:PREV.0000013981.28071.52
  • Emshoff, J. (2008). Researchers, practitioners, and funders: Using the framework to get us on the same page. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41, 393–403.
  • *Essau, C., Conradt, J., Sasagawa, S., & Ollendick, T. H. (2012). Prevention of anxiety symptoms in children: Results from a universal school-based trial. Behavior Therapy, 43, 450–464.
  • Evans, J., & Benefield, P. (2001). Systematic reviews of educational research: Does the medical model fit? British Educational Research Journal, 27, 527–541.
  • *Farrell, A. D. & Meyer, A. L. (1997). The effectiveness of a school-based curriculum for reducing violence among urban sixth-grade students. American Journal of Public Health, 87, 979–984.10.2105/AJPH.87.6.979
  • *Farrell, A. D., Meyer, A. L., & White, K. S. (2001). Evaluation of Responding in Peaceful and Positive Ways (RIPP): A school-based prevention program for reducing violence among urban adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 30, 451–463.
  • *Farrell, A. D., Meyer, A. L., Sullivan, T. N., & Kung, E. M. (2003). Evaluation of the Responding in Peaceful and Positive Ways (RIPP) seventh grade violence prevention curriculum. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 12, 101–120.10.1023/A:1021314327308
  • *Farrell, A. D., Valois, R. F., Meyer, A. L., & Tidwell, R. P. (2003). Impact of the RIPP Violence Prevention Program on rural middle school students. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 24, 143–167.10.1023/A:1025992328395
  • *Fekkes, M., Pijpers, F. I. M., & Verloove-Vanhorick, S. P. (2006). Effects of antibullying school program on bullying and health complaints. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 160, 638–644.
  • Ferrer-Wreder, L., Adamson, L., Kumpfer, K., & Eichas, K. (2012). Advancing intervention science through effectiveness research: A global persective. Child & Youth Care Forum, 41, 109–117.
  • Ferrer-Wreder, L., Sundell, K., & Mansoory, S. (2012). Tinkering with perfection: Theory development in the intervention cultural adaptation field. Child & Youth Care Forum, 41, 149–171.
  • *Flannery, D. J., Vazsonyi, A. T., Liau, A. K., Guo, S., Powell, K. E., Atha, H., & Embry, D. (2003). Initial behavior outcomes for the PeaceBuilders universal school-based violence prevention program. Developmental Psychology, 39, 292–308.
  • Flay, B. R. (1986). Efficacy and effectiveness trials (and other phases of research) in the development of health promotion programs. Preventive Medicine, 15, 451–474.10.1016/0091-7435(86)90024-1
  • *Flay, B. R., Allred, C. G., & Ordway, N. (2001). Effects of the positive action program on achievement and discipline: Two matched-control comparisons. Prevention Science, 2, 71–89.10.1023/A:1011591613728
  • Flay, B. R., Biglan, A., Boruch, F. R., Castro, G. F., Gottfredson, D., Kellam, K., ... Moscicki, K. E. (2005). Standards of evidence: Criteria for efficacy, effectiveness and dissemintation. Prevention Science, 6, 151–175.
  • Forman, S., Shapiro, E., Codding, R., & Gonzales, J. (2013). Implementation science and school psychology. School Psychology Quarterly, 28, 77–100.10.1037/spq0000019
  • *Frey, K. S., Nolen, S. B., Van Schoiack Edstrom, L., & Hirschstein, M.K. (2005). Effects of a school-based social–emotional competence program: Linking children’s goals, attributions, and behavior. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 26, 171–200.
  • *Garaigordobil, M. & Echebarria, A. (1995). Assessment of a peer-helping game program on children’s development. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 10, 63–69.10.1080/02568549509594688
  • *Gillham, J. E., Reivich, K. J., Freres, D. R., Chaplin, T. M., Shatté, A. J., Samuels, B., … Seligman, M. E. P. (2007). School-based prevention of depressive symptoms: A randomized controlled study of the effectiveness and specificity of the Penn Resiliency Program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 9–19.
  • Goodman, R. (2001). Psychometric properties of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 1337–1345.10.1097/00004583-200111000-00015
  • *Goossens, F., Gooren, E., Orobio de Castro, B., Overveld, K., Buijs, G., Monshouwer, K., … Paulussen, T. (2012). Implementation of PATHS through Dutch municipal health services: A quasi-experiment. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 6, 234–248.
  • Graetz, B., Littlefield, L., Trinder, M., Dobia, B., Souter, M., Champion, C., & Cummins, R. (2008). Kidsmatter: A population health model to support student mental health and well-being in primary schools. The International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 10, 13–20.10.1080/14623730.2008.9721772
  • Greenberg, M. T. (2010). School-based prevention: Current status and future challenges. Effective Education, 2, 27–52.10.1080/19415531003616862
  • Greenberg, M. & Kusché, C. (2002). Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies (PATHS), blueprints for violence prevention. Boulder, CO: Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado.
  • *Greenberg, M. T., Kusche, C., Cook, E. T., & Quamma, J. P. (1995). Promoting emotional competence in school-aged children: The effects of the PATHS curriculum. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 117.
  • Greenberg, M., Weissberg, R., O’Brien, M., Zins, J., Fredericks, L., Resnik, H., & Elias, M. (2003). Enhancing school-based prevention and youth development through coordinated social, emotional, and academic learning. American Psychologist, 58, 466–474.10.1037/0003-066X.58.6-7.466
  • Greenberg, M. T., Domitrovich, C. E., Graczyk, P. A., & Zins, J. E. (2005). The study of implementation in school-based preventive interventions: Theory, practice and research. Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services.
  • Gresham, F., & Elliot, S. (1990). Social Skills Rating System. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
  • *Gueldner, B., & Merrell, K. (2011). Evaluation of a social-emotional learning program in conjunction with the wxploratory application of performance feedback incorporating motivational interviewing techniques. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 21, 1–27.
  • Gupta, S. (2011). Intention-to-treat concept: A review. Perspectives in Clinical Research, 2, 109–112.10.4103/2229-3485.83221
  • *Haines, J., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Perry, C. L., Hannan, P. J., & Levine, M. P. (2006). V.I.K. (Very Important Kids): A school-based program designed to reduce teasing and unhealthy weight-control behaviors. Health Education Research, 21, 884–895.
  • Hallfors, D., & Godette, D. (2002). Will the ‘Principles of Effectiveness’ improve prevention practice? Early findings from a diffusion study. Health Education Research, 17, 461–470.10.1093/her/17.4.461
  • Hansen, W., Pankratz, M., Dusenbury, L., Giles, S., Bishop, D., Albritton, J., ... Albritton, L. (2013). Styles of adaptation: The impact of frequency and valence of adaptation on preventing substance use. Health Education, 113, 345–363.
  • *Harlacher, J. E., & Merrell, K. W. (2010). Social and Emotional Learning as a universal level of student support: Evaluating the follow-up effect of strong Kids on social and emotional outcomes. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 26, 212–229.
  • *Harrington, N., Giles, S., Hoyle, R., Feeney, G., & Yungbluth, S. (2001). Evaluation of the all stars character education and problem behavior prevention program: Effects on mediator and outcome variables for middle school students. Health Education and Behaviour, 28, 533–546.10.1177/109019810102800502
  • Hawe, P., Shiell, A., & Riley, T. (2004). Complex interventions: How “Out of control” can a randomised control trial be? British Medical Journal, 238, 1561–1563.
  • Hedge, L. & Pigott, T. (2004). The Power of Statistical Tests for Moderators in Meta-Analysis. Psychological Methods, 9, 426–445.
  • Hedges, L., & Olkin, I. (1985). Statistical Methods for meta-analysis. New York, NY: Academic Press.
  • Hedges, L., & Pigott, T. (2001). The power of statistical tests in meta-analysis. Psychological Methods, 6, 203–217.
  • *Hennessey, B. (2007). Promoting social competence in school-aged children: The effects of the open circle program. Journal of School Psychology, 45, 349–360.
  • Henningham, H. (2013). Transporting an evidence-based programme to Jamacian preschools: Cluster randomised controlled trial. Paper presented at the 21st Society for Prevention Research conference, San Francisco.
  • Higgins, J., & Green, S. (2008). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.10.1002/9780470712184
  • Higgins, J., Thompson, S., Deeks, J., & Altman, D. (2003). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ, 327, 557–560.
  • *Holen, S., Waaktaar, T., & Health, A. M. (2012). The effectiveness of a universal school-based programme on coping and mental health: A randomised control study of Zippy’s Friends. Educational Psychology, 32, 657–677.10.1080/01443410.2012.686152
  • *Holsen, I., Smith, B. H., & Frey, K. S. (2008). Outcomes of the social competence program second step in Norwegian elementary schools. School Psychology International, 29, 71–88.
  • *Horowitz, J. L., Garber, J., Ciesla, J., Young, J. F., & Mufson, L. (2007). Prevention of depressive symptoms in adolescents: A randomized trial of cognitive-behavioral and interpersonal prevention programs. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 693–706.
  • *Ialongo, N., Poduska, J., Werthamer, L., & Kellam, S. (2001). The distal impact of two first-grade preventive interventions on conduct problems and disorder in early adolescence. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 9, 146–160.10.1177/106342660100900301
  • Jinks, J., & Morgan, V. (1999). Children’s perceived academic self-efficacy: An inventory scale. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Research, Controversy, and Practices, 72, 224–230.10.1080/00098659909599398
  • *Jones, S. M., Brown, J. L., Hoglund, W. L. G., & Aber, J. L. (2010). A school-randomized clinical trial of an integrated social-emotional learning and literacy intervention: Impacts after 1 school year. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 829–842.
  • *Karasimopoulou, S., Derri, V., & Zervoudaki, E. (2012). Children’s perceptions about their health-related quality of life: Effects of a health education-social skills program. Health Education Research, 27, 780–793.
  • *Kimber, B., Sandell, R., & Bremberg, S. (2008). Social and emotional training in Swedish schools for the promotion of mental health: An effectiveness study of 5 years of intervention. Health Education Research, 23, 931–940.
  • Kontopantelis, E., & Reeves, D. (2009). Metaeasy: A meta-analysis add-in for microsoft excel. Journal of Statistical Software, 30, 1–25.
  • Kumpfer, K., Alvarado, R., Smith, P., & Bellamy, N. (2002). Cultural sensitivity and adaptation in family-based prevention interventions. Prevention Science, 3, 241–246.
  • Kumpfer, K. L., Magalhães, C., & Xie, J. (2012). Cultural adaptations of evidence-based family interventions to strengthen families and improve children’s developmental outcomes. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9, 104–116.10.1080/17405629.2011.639225
  • *Lau, N., & Hue, M. (2011). Preliminary outcomes of a mindfulness-based programme for Hong Kong adolescents in schools: Well-being, stress and depressive symptoms. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 16, 315–330.10.1080/1364436X.2011.639747
  • *Leadbeater, B., Hoglund, W., & Woods, T. (2003). Changing contexts? The effects of a primary prevention program on classroom levels of peer relational and physical victimization. Journal of Community Psychology, 31, 397–418.
  • *Leming, J. S. (2000). Tell me a story: An evaluation education programme. Journal of Moral Education, 29, 413–427.
  • Lendrum, A. & Humphrey, N. (2012). The importance of studying the implementation of interventions in school settings. Oxford Review of Education, 38, 635–652.
  • Lendrum, A., & Wigelsworth, M. (2013). The evaluation of school-based social and emotional learning interventions: Current issues and future directions. Psychology of Education Review, 37, 70–74.
  • Lendrum, A., Humphrey, N., & Greenberg, M. T. (in press). Implementing for success in school-based mental health promotion: The role of quality in resolving the tension between fidelity and adaptation. In R. Shute & P. Slee (Eds.), Mental health and wellbeing through schools: The way forward. Hove: Routledge.
  • *Linares, L. O., Rosbruch, N., Stern, M. B., Edwards, M. E., Walker, G., Abikoff, H. B., & Alvir, J. M. J. (2005). Developing cognitive-social-emotional competencies to enhance academic learning. Psychology in the Schools, 42, 405–417.
  • Little, M., Berry, V., Morpeth, L., Blower, S., Axford, N., Taylor, R., ... Bywater, T. (2012). The impact of three evidence-based programmes delivered in public systems in Birmingham, UK. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 6, 260–272.
  • *Lowry-Webster, H. M., Barrett, P. M., & Dadds, M. R. (2001). A universal prevention trial of anxiety and depressive symptomatology in childhood: Preliminary data from an Australian study. Behaviour Change, 18, 36–50.
  • Luborsky, L., Diguer, L., Seligman, D., Rosenthal, R., Krause, E., Johnson, S., et al. (1999). The researcher’s own therapy allegiances: a “Wild card” in comparisons of treatment efficacy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 6, 95–106.
  • Malti, T., Ribeaud, D., & Eisner, M. (2012). Effectiveness of a universal school-based social competence program: The role of child characteristics and economic factors. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 6, 249–259.
  • *McClowry, S. G., Snow, D. L., & Tamis-LeMonda, C. S. (2005). An evaluation of the effects of INSIGHTS on the behavior of inner city primary school children. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 26, 567–584.
  • *McClowry, S. G., Snow, D. L., Tamis-Lemonda, C. S., & Rodriguez, E.T. (2010). Testing the efficacy of INSIGHTS on student disruptive behavior, classroom management, and student competence in inner city primary grades. School Mental Health, 2, 23–35.
  • Melendez-Torres, G., Bonell, C., & Thomas, J. (2015). Emergent approaches to the meta-analysis of multiple heterogeneous complex interventions. BMC Research Methodology, 15, 47.
  • *Mendelson, T., Greenberg, M. T., Dariotis, J. K., Gould, L. F., Rhoades, B. L., & Leaf, P. J. (2010). Feasibility and preliminary outcomes of a school-based mindfulness intervention for urban youth. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 985–994.
  • *Merry, S., Wild, C. J., Bir, J., & Cunliffe, R. (2004). A randomized placebo-controlled trial of a school-based depression prevention program. Journal of the American Academy of Children and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 538–547.
  • *Meyer, G., Roberto, A. J., Boster, F. J., & Roberto, H. L. (2004). Assessing the get real about violence curriculum: Process and outcome evaluation results and implications. Health Communication, 16, 451–474.10.1207/s15327027hc1604_4
  • *Mikami, A. Y., Boucher, M., & Humphreys, K. (2005). Prevention of peer rejection through a classroom-level intervention in middle school. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 26, 5–23.
  • *Mishara, B. L., & Ystgaard, M. (2006). Effectiveness of a mental health promotion program to improve coping skills in young children: Zippy’s Friends. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 21, 110–123.
  • *Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. International Journal of Surgery, 8, 226–241.
  • *Multisite, T., & Prevention, V. (2009). The ecological effects of universal and selective violence prevention programs for middle school students: A randomized trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 526–542.
  • *Munoz, M., & Vanderhaar, J. (2006). Literacy-embedded character education in a large urban district: Effects of the child development project on elementary school students and teachers. Journal of Research in Character Education, 4, 47–64.
  • *Orpinas, P., Kelder, S., Frankowski, R., Murray, N., Zhang, Q., & McAlister, A. (2000). Outcome evaluation of a multi-component violence-prevention program for middle schools: The students for peace project. Health Education Research, 15, 45–58.10.1093/her/15.1.45
  • Oxman, A., & Guyatt, G. (1992). A consumer’s guide to subgroup analyses. Annals of Internal Medicine, 116, 78–84.10.7326/0003-4819-116-1-78
  • *Patton, G. C., Bond, L., Carlin, J. B., Thomas, L., Butler, H., Glover, S., … Bowes G. (2006). Promoting social inclusion in schools: A group-randomized trial of effects on student health risk behavior and well-being. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 1582–1587.
  • Payton, J., Weissberg, R. P., Durlak, J. A., Dymnicki, A. B., Taylor, R. D., Schellinger, K. B., & Pachan, M. (2008). The positive impact of social and emotional learning for kindergarten to eighth-grade students. Chicago, IL: CASEL.
  • Perlis, R. H., Perlis, C. S., Wu, Y., Hwang, C., Joseph, M., & Nierenberg, A. A. (2005). Industry sponsorship and financial conflict of interest in the reporting of clinical trials in psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1957–1960.10.1176/appi.ajp.162.10.1957
  • *Petermann, F., & Natzke, H. (2008). Preliminary results of a comprehensive approach to prevent antisocial behaviour in preschool and primary school pupils in Luxembourg. School Psychology International, 29, 606–626.
  • Petrosino, A., & Soydan, H. (2005). The impact of program developers as evaluators on criminal recidivism: Results from meta-analyses of experimental and quasi-experimental research. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 1, 435–450.10.1007/s11292-005-3540-8
  • *Pickens, J. (2009). Socio-emotional programme promotes positive behaviour in preschoolers. Child Care in Practice, 15, 261–278.
  • Raimundo, & Marques-Pinto (2013). The effects of a social-emotional e-learning program on elementary school children: The role of pupil characteristics. Psychology in the Schools, 50, 165–180.
  • Resnicow, K., Soler, R., Braithwaite, R., Ahluwalia, J., & Butler, J. (2000). Cultural sensitivity in substance use prevention. Journal of Community Psychology, 28, 271–290.10.1002/(ISSN)1520-6629
  • *Riggs, N. R., Greenberg, M. T., Kusché, C., & Pentz, M. A. (2006). The mediational role of neurocognition in the behavioral outcomes of a social-emotional prevention program in elementary school students: Effects of the PATHS curriculum. Prevention Science, 7, 91–102.
  • Ringwalt, C. L., Ennett, S., Johnson, R., Rohrbach, L. A., Simons-Rudolph, A., Vincus, A., & Thorne, J. (2003). Factors associated with fidelity to substance use prevention curriculum guides in the nation’s middle schools. Health Education Behavior, 30, 375–391.10.1177/1090198103030003010
  • *Roberts, L. (2004). Theory development and evaluation of project WIN: A violence reduction program for early adolescents. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 24, 460–483.
  • *Sanz de Acedo Lizarraga, M. L., Ugarte, M. D., Cardelle-Elawar, M., Iriarte, M. D., & Sanz de Acedo Baquedano M. T. (2003). Enhancement of self-regulation, assertiveness, and empathy. Learning and Instruction, 13, 423–439.
  • *Sawyer, M. G., MacMullin, C., Graetz, B., Said, J., Clark, J. J., & Baghurst, P. (1997). Social skills training for primary school children: A 1-year follow-up study. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 33, 378–383.
  • Schoiack-Edstrom, Frey, & Beland. (2008). Changing adolsecents’ attitudes about relational and physical aggression: An early evaluation of a school-based intervention. School Psychology Review, 31, 201–216.
  • *Schonert-Reichl, K. a., & Lawlor, M. S. (2010). The Effects of a mindfulness-based education program on pre- and early adolescents’ well-being and social and emotional competence. Mindfulness, 1, 137–151.
  • *Schonert-Reichl, K., Smith, V., Zaidman-Zait, A., & Hertzman, C. (2011). Promoting children’s prosocial behaviors in school: Impact of the “Roots of Empathy” program on the social and emotional competence of school-aged children. School Mental Health, 4, 1–21.
  • *Seifer, R., Gouley, K., Miller, A. L., & Zakriski, A. (2010). Early education & development implementation of the PATHS curriculum in an urban elementary school. Early Education and Development, 15, 471–486.
  • Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (1997). Emotion regulation among school-age children: The development and validation of a new criterion Q-sort scale. Developmental Psychology, 33, 906–916.10.1037/0012-1649.33.6.906
  • *Shochet, I. M., Dadds, M. R., Holland, D., Whitefield, K., Harnett, P. H., & Osgarby, S. M. (2001). The efficacy of a universal school-based program to prevent adolescent depression. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 30, 303–315.
  • Sklad, M., Diekstra, R., Ritter, M., & Ben, J. (2012). Effectiveness of school-based universal social, emotional, and behavioral programs: Do they enhance students’ development in the area of skill, behavior, and. Psychology in the Schools, 49, 892–909.
  • Social and Character Development Research Consortium (2010). Efficacy of Schoolwide Programs to Promote Social and Character Development and Reduce Problem Behavior in Elementary School Children (NCER 2011–2001). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  • *Solomon, D., Battistich, V., Watson, M., & Lewis, C. (2000). A six-district study of educational change: Direct and mediated effects of the child development project. Social Psychology of Education, 4, 3–51.10.1023/A:1009609606692
  • *Sørlie, M., & Ogden, T. (2007). Immediate Impacts of PALS: A school-wide multi-level programme targeting behaviour problems in elementary school. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 51, 471–492.
  • *Spence, S. H., Sheffield, J.K., & Donovan, C. L. (2003). Preventing adolescent depression: An evaluation of the problem solving for life program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 3–13.
  • Spoth, R., Greenberg, M., Bierman, K., & Redmond, C. (2004). PROSPER community-university partnership model for public education systems: Capacity-building for evidence-based, competence-building prevention. Prevention Science, 5, 31–39.10.1023/B:PREV.0000013979.52796.8b
  • Stallard, P., Skryabina, E., Taylor, G., Phillips, R., Daniels, H., Anderson, R., & Simpson, N. (2014). Classroom-based cognitive behaviour therapy (FRIENDS): A cluster randomised controlled trial to prevent anxiety in children through education in schools (PACES). The Lancet Psychiatry, 1, 185–192.
  • *Stallard, P., Taylor, G., Anderson, R., Daniels, H., Simpson, N., Phillips, R., & Skryabina, E. (2014). The prevention of anxiety in children through school-based interventions: Study protocol for a 24-month follow-up of the PACES project. Trials, 15, 77.
  • Stauffer, S., Heath, M., Coyne, S., & Ferrin, S. (2012). High school teachers’ perceptions of cyberbullying prevention and intervention strategies. Psychology in the Schools, 49, 352–367.
  • *Stevahn, L., Johnson, D. W., Johnson, R. T., & Real, D. (1996). The impact of a cooperative or individualistic context on the effectiveness of conflict resolution training. American Educational Research Journal, 33, 801–823.10.3102/00028312033004801
  • *Stevahn, L., Johnson, D. W., Johnson, R. T., Green, K., & Laginski, A. M. (1997). Effects on high school students of conflict resolution training integrated into English literature. The Journal of Social Psychology, 137, 302–315.
  • *Stevahn, L., Johnson, D. W., Roger, T., & Schultz, R. (2002). Effects of conflict Resolution training integrated Into a high school social studies curriculum. The Journal of Social Psychology, 142, 305–331.10.1080/00224540209603902
  • *Stoolmiller, M., Eddy, J. M., Reid, J. B., & Social, O. (2000). Detecting and describing preventive intervention effects in a universal school-based randomized trial targeting delinquent and violent behavior pre score. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 296–306.10.1037/0022-006X.68.2.296
  • *St.Pierre, T. L., Osgood, D. W., Mincemoyer, C. C., Kaltreider, D. L., & Kauh, T. J. (2005). Results of an independent evaluation of Project ALERT delivered in schools by cooperative extension. Prevention Science, 6, 305–317.10.1007/s11121-005-0015-0
  • *Taub, J. (2001). Evaluation of the second step violence prevention program at a rural elementary School. School Psychology Review, 31, 186–200.
  • *Teglasi, H., & Rothman, L. (2001). STORIES: A classroom-based program to reduce aggressive behavior. Journal of School Psychology, 39, 71–94.
  • Ttofi, M. M., Farrington, D., & Baldry, A.C. (2008). Effectiveness of programmes to reduce school bullying: A systematic review of school bullying programmes. Stockholm: Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention.
  • *Twemlow, S., Fonagy, P., Sacco, F., Gies, M., Evans, R., & Ewbank, R. (2001). Creating a peaceful school learning environment: A controlled study of an elementary school intervention to reduce violence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 808–810.10.1176/appi.ajp.158.5.808
  • Weare, K. (2010). Mental health and social and emotional learning: Evidence, principles, tensions, balances. Advances in School Mental Health Promotion, 3, 5–17.10.1080/1754730X.2010.9715670
  • Weare, K., & Nind, M. (2010). Mental health promotion and problem prevention in schools: What does the evidence say? Health Promotion International, 26, 29–69.
  • Webster-Stratton, C. (2011). The incredible years: Parents, teachers, and children’s training series. Seattle, WA: redible Years Inc.
  • *Wigelsworth, M., Humphrey, N., & Lendrum, A. (2011). A national evaluation of the impact of the secondary Social and Emotional Aspects of Learning (SEAL) programme. Educational Psychology, 1, 213–238.
  • Wiggins, M., Bonnell, C., Sawtell, M., Austerberry, H., Burchett, H., Allen, E., & Strange, V. (2009). Health outcomes of youth development programmes in England: Prospective matched comparison study. British Medical Journal, 339, 2543.
  • Wilson, S. J., & Lipsey, M. W. (2007). School-based interventions for aggressive and disruptive behavior. update of a meta-analysis. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 3, 130–143.10.1016/j.amepre.2007.04.011
  • *Witt, C., Becker, M., Bandelin, K., Soellner, R., Ph, D., & Willich, S. N. (2005). Qigong for schoolchildren: A pilot study. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 11, 41–47.10.1089/acm.2005.11.41
  • Wolf, M. (1978). Social validity: The case for subjective measurement. Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis, 11, 203–214.10.1901/jaba.1978.11-203
  • Zins, J., Bloodworth, M., Weissberg, R., & Walberg, H. (2007). The Scientific base linking social and emotional learning to school success. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 17, 191–210.10.1080/10474410701413145

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.