Changes to adult learning and education (ALE) policy environment in Finland, Korea and the United States: implications for addressing inequality in ALE participation

References

• Aho, E., K. Pitkanen, and P. Sahlberg. 2006. “Policy Development and Reform Principles of Basic and Secondary Education in Finland since 1968.” Education Working Paper Series No. 2. World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Antikainen, A., and A. Luukkainen. 2008. Twenty-Five Years of Educational Reform Initiatives in Finland. Joensuu: University of Joensuu.
   Google Scholar
• Baek, E., N. Lee, H. Lee, H. Oh, and G. Ryu. 2000. “Study of How to Expand Financial Resources to Vitalize Lifelong Education.” 2000 Policy Research Paper. Seoul: Korean Educational Development Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Bannon, J. L. 2016. “Emerging Voices: Capitalizing on Adult Education: The Economic Imperative for Literacy in 1960s Federal Policy Discourse.” College English 78 (4): 314–339.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, C., and M. Howlett. 1992. “The Lessons of Learning: Reconciling Theories of Policy Learning and Policy Change.” Policy Sciences 25: 275–294. doi:10.1007/BF00138786.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boeren, E. 2009. “Adult Education Participation: The Matthew Principle.” Filosofija Sociologija 20 (2): 154–161.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boeren, E. 2016. Lifelong Learning Participation in a Changing Policy Context: An Interdisciplinary Theory. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
   Google Scholar
• Boeren, E., and J. Holford. 2016. “Vocationalism Varies (A Lot): A 12-country Multivariate Analysis of Participation in Formal Adult Learning.” Adult Education Quarterly 66 (2): 120–142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowl, M. 2017. Adult Education in Neoliberal Times. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Choi, D. M. 2003. “Economics of Adult Education: Adult Education Seen as an Investment.” Chap. 9 in Adult Education in Korea: Review and Agenda for the Future. Seoul: Korean Educational Development Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Choi, E., J. Byeon, S. Jo, H. Lee, C. Yoon, Y. Hyeon, J. Heo, and P. Baek. 2012. A Study of the Third National Lifelong Learning Promotion Plan (’13-’17). Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology Policy Research 2012–13. Seoul: Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Dämmrich, J., D. V. de Vilhena, and E. Reichart. 2014. “Participation in Adult Learning in Europe: The Impact of Country-Level and Individual Characteristics.” Chap. 2 in Adult Learning in Modern Societies: An International Comparison from a Life-Course Perspective, 29–55. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Desjardins, R. 2017. Political Economy of Adult Learning Systems. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Desjardins, R., K. Rubenson, and M. Milana. 2006. Unequal Chances to Participate in Adult Learning: International Perspectives. Paris: UNES.
   Google Scholar
• Desjardins, R., V. Melo, and J. Lee. 2016. “Cross-National Patterns of Participation in Adult Education and Policy Trends in Korea, Norway, and Vietnam.” Prospects 26: 149–170. doi:10.1007/s11125-016-9384-3.
   Google Scholar
• EAEA. 2015. Adult Education in Europe 2015 – A Civil Society View. Brussels: EAEA.
   Google Scholar
• EAEA (European Association for the Education of Adults). 2011. “Country Report on Adult Education in Finland.” EAEA. Accessed 10 June 2017. http://www.eaea.org/media/resources/ae-in-europe/finland_country-report-on-adult-education-in-finland.pdf
   Google Scholar
• EC (European Commission). 2013. Education and Training Monitor 2013. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Esping-Anderson, G. 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eyre, G. A., and R. Pawloski. 2013. An American Heritage. Federal Adult Education. A Legislative History 1964-2013. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
   Google Scholar
• FitzSimmonsR. 2015. “Countering the Neoliberal Paradigm: A Pedagogy of the Heart from A Finnish Higher Learning Perspective.” Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies 13 (1): 210–237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FMOEC. n.d.b. “Finance and administration.” Accessed 2 May 2017. http://www.minedu.fi/OPM/Koulutus/aikuiskoulutus_ja_vapaa_sivistystyoe/hallinto_ohjaus_ja_rahoitus/?lang=en
   Google Scholar
• FMOEC (Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture). 2012. “Education and Research 2011–2016. A development plan.” Helsinki: Department for Education and Science Policy, FMOEC.
   Google Scholar
• FMOEC (Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture). n.d.a. “Adult education.” Accessed 2 May 2017. http://www.minedu.fi/OPM/Koulutus/aikuiskoulutus_ja_vapaa_sivistystyoe/?lang=en
   Google Scholar
• Foster, M., and L. McLendon. 2012. “Sinking or Swimming: Findings from a Survey of State Adult Education Tuition and Financing Policies.” The Center for Law and Social Policy. doi:10.1094/PDIS.11.11.0999.PDN.
   Google Scholar
• Green, A., G. Janmaat, and C. Han. 2009. Regimes of Social Cohesion. London: LLAKES.
   Google Scholar
• Guy, T. 2005. The Adult Literacy Education System in the United States. Paris: UNESCO.
   Google Scholar
• Hake, B. 1999. “Lifelong Learning Policies in the European Union: Developments and Issues.” Compare 29 (1): 53–69. doi:10.1080/0305792990290105.
   Google Scholar
• Hake, B. J. 2010. “Rewriting the History of Adult Education: The Search for Narrative Structures.” Chap. 2 in Adult Learning and Education. Oxford: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, P. A., and D. Soskice. 2001. “An Introduction to Varieties of Capitalism.” In Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage, edited by P. A. Hall and D. Soskice, 1–68. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Han, S. 2008. “The Lifelong Learning Ecosystem in Korea: Evolution of Learning Capitalism?.” International Journal of Lifelong Education 27 (5): 517–524. doi:10.1080/02601370802051637.
   Google Scholar
• Han, S., and S. Choi. 2014. “Adult Education in Korea: Key Issues and Current Challenges.” Andragoške Studije 2: 107–120.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, D. 2005. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Heinonen, V. 2001. OECD Thematic Review on Adult Learning. Finland: Background Report. Paris: OECD.
   Google Scholar
• Heo, J., and J. Hong. 2016. “Analysis of Community-Centred Lifelong Learning Support System.” Asia-Pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology 6 (11): 211–220. doi:10.14257/AJMAHS.2016.11.47.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, R. J. 2010. “Policy and Adult Learning and Education.” In Handbook of Adult and Continuing Education, edited by C. E. Kasworm, A. D. Rose, and J. M. Ross-Gordon, 103–112. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Hillier, Y. 2009. “The Changing Faces of Adult Literacy, Language and Numeracy: Literacy Policy and Implementation in the UK.” Compare 39 (4): 535–550. doi:10.1080/03057920902833412.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, V. 2010. “Impact of Race and Welfare Reform on African American Single Mothers’ Access to Higher Education”. Journal of Black Studies 40 (6): 1041–1051.
   Google Scholar
• Joo, K. P., and I. T. Kwon. 2010. “Critical Policy Analysis: Investigating ‘Missing’ Values in the Lifelong Education System of South Korea.” The Adult Education Research Conference, Sacramento, CA, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Keogh, H. 2009. The State and Development of Adult Learning and Education in Europe, North America and Israel. Germany: UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning.
   Google Scholar
• Kettunen, P. 2004. “The Nordic Model and Consensual Competitiveness in Finland.” In Between Sociology and History. Essays on Microhistory, Collective Action, and Nation-Building, edited by A.-M. Castén, M. Lonkila, and M. Peltonen, 289–309. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, S. 1993. “The Historical Development of Korean Adult Education and the Problem of the Rights for Learning.” Korean Journal of Adult Education 18: 125–128.
   Google Scholar
• Korean Ministry of Education (KMOE). 2015. 2015 Korean Adult Lifelong Learning Survey. Seoul: Ministry of Education and Korean Educational Development Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Korean Ministry of Education (KMOE). 2017. 2017 Korean Adult Lifelong Learning Survey. Seoul: Ministry of Education and Korean Educational Development Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Koski, L., and K. Filander. 2012. “Transforming Causal Logics in Finnish Adult Education: Historical and Moral Transitions Rewritten.” International Journal of Lifelong Education 32 (5): 583–599. doi:10.1080/02601370.2012.740689.
   Google Scholar
• Koulutusrahasto. n.d. “Adult Education Allowance.” Accessed 1 November 2017. https://www.koulutusrahasto.fi/en/adulteducationallowance/
   Google Scholar
• Kwon, I. T. 2015. “Towards a Learning Society: An Analysis of Adult Education Policies and Systems in South Korea.” In Global Perspectives on Adult Education and Learning Policy, edited by M. Milana and T. Nesbit, 132–147. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Kwon, I. T., and F. M. Schied. 2008. “From the Margins to the Mainstream and Back Again: A Comparison of Lifelong Learning in South Korea and the United States.” 2008 Adult Education Research Conference, St. Louis, MO, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, H. S., and S. O. Jo. 2008. “Financing of Lifelong Education.” In Republic of Korea. National Report on the Development and State of the Art of Adult Learning and Education, edited by D. J. Kang, U. S. Choi, and K. H. Kim, 15–34. Seoul: Ministry of Education, Science and Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, J. 2018. “Conceptual Foundations for Understanding Inequality in Participation in Adult Learning and Education Participation for International Comparisons.” International Journal of Lifelong Education 37 (3): 297–314. doi:10.1080/02601370.2018.1462265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J., and R. Desjardins. 2018. “Inequality in Adult Learning and Education Participation: The Effects of Social Origins and Social Inequality.” Working paper.
   Google Scholar
• Lima, L. C., and P. Guimarães. 2011. European Strategies in Lifelong Learning: A Critical Introduction. Opladen: Barbara Budrich Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Lima, L. C., P. Guimarães, and N. Touma. 2016. “Adult Learning and Education Policies in Germany, Portugal and Sweden: An Analysis of National Reports on CONFINTEA VI.” Chap. 2 in Adult Education and Lifelong Learning in Europe and Beyond. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Milana, M. 2015. “Introduction: A Global Outlook on Adult Education and Learning Policies.” In Global Perspectives on Adult Education and Learning Policy, edited by M. Milana and T. Nesbit, 1–12. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Milana, M., and L. MaBain. 2014. “Adult Education in the United States of America: A Critical Examination of National Policy (1998-2014).” Encyclopedia 18 (40): 34–52.
   Google Scholar
• Milana, M., and L. MaBain. 2015. “Adult and Continuing Education Policy in the USA.” In Global Perspectives on Adult Education and Learning Policy, edited by M. Milana and T. Nesbit, 44–59. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, C., N. Shulock, and D. M. Lang. 2004. Funding Adult Education: Does California Put the Money Where the Needs Are? Sacramento, CA: California State University.
   Google Scholar
• NCSDAE (National Council of State Directors of Adult Education). 2016. The Blue Book. Legislator’s Resource Book. Adult Education Services, the Success, the Impact, and the Need 2014-2015. Washington, DC: NCSDAE.
   Google Scholar
• NILE (National Institute for Lifelong Education). 2014. 2013-2014 Lifelong Learning in Korea. Seoul: NILE.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 2005b. Thematic Review on Adult Learning: Korea. Paris: OECD Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 2014. Education at a Glance 2014: OECD Indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development). 2005a. Promoting Adult Learning. Paris: OECD Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Olesen, H. S. 2010. “Modernization Processes and the Changing Function of Adult Learning.” Chap. 38 in Adult Learning and Education. Oxford: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Pantzar, E. 2007. Introduction to Lifelong Learning and Adult Education in Finland. Accessed May 2, 2017. https://www.die-bonn.de/doks/pantzar0701.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Pont, B. 2004. “Improving Access to and Participation in Adult Learning in OECD Countries.” European Journal of Education 39 (1): 31–45. doi:10.1111/ejed.2004.39.issue-1.
   Google Scholar
• Rubenson, K. 2008. “OECD and Hegemony.” In The OECD and Transnational Governance, edited by R. Mahon and S. McBride, 242–259. Vancouver: British Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rubenson, K. 2018. “Conceptualizing Participation in Adult Learning and Education: Equity Issues.” In The Palgrave International Handbook on Adult and Lifelong Education and Learning, edited by M. Milana, S. Webb, J. Holford, R. Waller, and P. Jarvis, 337–357. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Sahlberg, P. 2009. A Short History of Educational Reform in Finland. Accessed May 24, 2017. http://www2.disal.it/Resource/Finland-Sahlberg.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Smith, A. N. 2014. “Exploring Human Resource Development: Adult Learning and Education in the U.S.” FIRE: Forum for International Research in Education 1 (3): 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Stenström, M.-L., and M. Virolainen. 2014. The Current State and Challenges of Vocational Education and Training in Finland. The Finnish Country Report 1 B. Nord-VET – The Future of Vocational Education in the Nordic Countries. Accessed on May 5, 2017. http://nord-vet.dk/indhold/uploads/finnish-country-report-1B_0912_2014.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Tamassia, C., M. Lennon, K. Yamamoto, and I. Kirsch. 2007. Adult Education in America: A First Look at Results from the Adult Education Program and Learner Surveys. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. 2016. 3rd Global Report on Adult Learning and Education. Hamburg: UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation). 2005. Decentralization in Education: National Policies and Practices. Paris: UNES.
   Google Scholar
• USC-OTA (U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment). 1993. Adult Literacy and New Technologies: Tools for a Lifetime. OTA-SET-550. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
   Google Scholar
• USDOE (U.S. Department of Education). 2016. “Fiscal Years 2015-2017 State Tables for the U.S. Department of Education.” https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/statetables/17stbystate.pdf
   Google Scholar