Education at the intersection of conflict and peace: the inclusion and framing of education provisions in African peace agreements from 1975-2017

References

• Angola. 1994. Lusaka Protocol. https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/file/resources/collections/peace_agreements/lusaka_11151994.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Barnett, M. 2006. “Building a Republican Peace: Stabilizing States after War.” International Security 30 (4): 87–112. doi:10.1162/isec.2006.30.4.87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bar-Tal, D., and Y. Rosen. 2009. ““Peace Education in Societies Involved in Intractable Conflicts: Direct and Indirect Models.” Review of Educational Research 79 (2): 557–575. doi:10.3102/0034654308330969.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bekerman, Z., M. Zembylas, and C. McGlynn. 2009.“Working toward the De-Essentialization of Identity Categories in Conflict and Postconflict Societies: Israel, Cyprus, and Northern Ireland.” Comparative Education Review 53 (2): 213–234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, G. K. 2011. “The Influence of Education on Violent Conflict and Peace: Inequality, Opportunity and the Management of Diversity.” Prospects 41: 191-204. doi: 10.1007/s11125-011-9186-6.
   Google Scholar
• Burde, D. 2014. Schools for Conflict and Peace in Afghanistan. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Burundi. 2000. Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement. https://peaceaccords.nd.edu/accord/arusha-peace-and-reconciliation-agreement-burundi
   Google Scholar
• Bush, K., and D. Saltarelli. 2000. The Two Faces of Education and Conflict: Towards a Peacebuilding Education for Children. Florence, Italy: Innocenti Research Centre, UNICEF.
   Google Scholar
• Call, C. 2012. Why Peace Fails: The Causes and Prevention of Civil War Recurrence. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cieslik, K., M. Giani, J.-C. Muñoz Mora, R. L. Ngenzebuke, and P. Verwimp. 2014. Inequality in Education, School-Dropout and Adolescent Lives in Burundi. Brussels: UNICEF-Burundi/Université Libre de Bruxelles.
   Google Scholar
• Cochrane, F. 2008. Ending Wars. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Collier, P., V. L. Elliott, H. Hegre, A. Hoeffler, M. Reynal-Querol, and N. Sambanis. 2003. Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Develop Policy. Washington, DC: World Bank and Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Congo. 1999. Agreement on Ending the Hostilities in Congo. https://peaceaccords.nd.edu/sites/default/files/accords/Republic_of_Congo_-_CPA_1999-12-29.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Davies, L. 2005.“Teaching about Conflict through Citizenship Education.” International Journal of Teacher and Citizenship Education 1 (2): 17–34.
   Google Scholar
• Democratic Republic of Congo. 2002. Global and Inclusive Agreement on Transition in DRC. https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/CD_021216_Global%20and%20Inclusive%20Agreement%20on%20Transition%20in%20DRC.pdf
   Google Scholar
• DeRouen, K., Jr., M. Ferguson, S. Norton, Y. H. Park, J. Lea, and A. Streat-Bartlett. 2010. “Civil War Peace Agreements Implementation and State Capacity.” Journal of Peace Research 47 (3): 333–346. doi:10.1177/0022343310362169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djibouti. 1994. Accord de Paix et de Reconciliation Nationale. https://peacemaker.un.org/djibouti-accordpaix94
   Google Scholar
• Djibouti. 2000. Accord Cadre de la Reform et Concorde Civile. https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/DJ_000207_Accord%20Cadre%20de%20reforme%20et%20de%20concorde%20civile.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Djibouti. 2001. Agreement for the Reform and Civil Accord. https://peaceaccords.nd.edu/sites/default/files/accords/Agreement_for_Reform_and_Civil_Concord_2001-05-12.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Doyle, M. 2005. “Three Pillars of Liberal Peace.” American Political Science Review 99 (3): 463–466. doi:10.1017/S0003055405051798.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du Preez, P., and A. Beker. 2016. “Ontologies and Possibilities of Human Rights: Exploring Dissensus to Facilitate Reconciliation in Post-Conflict Education Contexts.” Perspectives in Education 34 (3): 1–14. doi:10.18820/2519593X/pie.v34i3.1.
   Google Scholar
• Dupuy, K. 2008a. “Education in Peace Agreements, 1989–2005.” Conflict Resolution Quarterly 26 (2): 149–166. doi:10.1002/crq.v26:2.
   Google Scholar
• Dupuy, K. 2008b. Where Peace Begins: Education’s Role in Conflict Prevention and Peacebuilding. London, UK: Save the Children Alliance.
   Google Scholar
• Edloe, L. L. 2007. “Best Practices for Successful Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR).” New Voices in Public Policy 1. George Mason University: School of Public Policy. Available at: http://ebot.gmu.edu/bitstream/handle/1920/6502/20-99-1-PB.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
   Google Scholar
• Elyse, N. 2013. “Program of Education and Patriotic Training (PEFP): The support of journalists solicited” Iwacu-Burundi, February 9. Accessed July 26 2017. www.iwacu-burundi.org/education-pour-tous-des-exclusions-a-linclusion/
   Google Scholar
• Fearon, J. D. 2004. “Why Do Some Civil Wars Last So Much Longer Than Others?” Journal of Peace Research 41 (3): 275–301. doi:10.1177/0022343304043770.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontana, G. 2016. Education Policy and Power Sharing in Post-Conflict Societies: Lebanon, Northern Ireland, and Macedonia. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Fontana, G. 2018. “Mapping the Relationship between Education Reform and PowerSharing in and after Intrastate Peace Agreements: A Multi-Methods Study.” Journal of Education in Emergencies 4 (1): 74–113.
   Google Scholar
• Fontana, G., A. Katsonaki, D. Walsh, S. Wolff, and C. Yakinthou. forthcoming. ICCS Dataset of Political Agreements in Internal Conflicts (PAIC). Birmingham: University of Birmingham.
   Google Scholar
• Fortna, V. P. 2003. “Scraps of Paper? Agreements and the Durability of Peace.” International Organization 57 (Spring): 337–372. doi:10.1017/S0020818303572046.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GCPEA. 2018. Education Under Attack 2018. New York: GCPEA.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, I. M. 2004. “Peace Education Theory.” Journal of Peace Education 1 (1): 5–20. doi:10.1080/1740020032000178276.
   Google Scholar
• Hartzell, C. 2007. “Deconstructing Civil War Settlements: What Makes for an Enduring Peace?” Paper prepared for the annual meeting of the Midwestern Political Science Association, Chicago, April 12–15
   Google Scholar
• Hartzell, C., and M. Hoddie. 2003. “Institutionalize Peace: Power Sharing and Post-Civil War Conflict Management.” American Journal of Political Science 47 (2): 318–332. doi:10.1111/1540-5907.00022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Högbladh, S. 2012. “Peace Agreements 1975–2011 – Updating the UCDP Peace Agreement Dataset.” In States in Armed Conflict 2012, edited by L. Themnér, 39–56. Uppsala: Uppsala University. Department of Peace and Conflict Research Report 99.
   Google Scholar
• Humphreys, M., and J. Weinstein. 2008. “Who Fights? the Determinants of Participation in Civil Wars.” American Journal of Political Science 52 (2): 436–455. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00322.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IEFS, 2015. Civic Education for Free and Fair Elections in Burundi. https://www.ifes.org/news/civic-education-free-and-fair-elections-burundi
   Google Scholar
• Ishiyama, J., and M. Breunnig. 2012. “Educational Access and Peace Duration in Post-Conflict Countries.” International Interactions 38 (1): 58–78. doi:10.1080/03050629.2012.640211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, T. 2000. Equal Access to Education: A Peace Imperative for Burundi. London: International Alert.
   Google Scholar
• Joshi, M., and J. Darby. 2013. “Introducing the Peace Accords Matrix (PAM): A Database of Comprehensive Peace Agreements and Their Implementation, 1989–2007.” Peacebuilding 1: 256–274. doi:10.1080/21647259.2013.783259.
   Google Scholar
• King, E. 2011. “The Multiple Relationships between Education and Conflict: Reflections of Rwandan Teachers and Students.” In Educating Children in Conflict Zones: Research, Policy, and Practice for Systemic Change - A Tribute to Jackie Kirk, edited by K. Mundy and S. Dryden-Peterson, 137–151. New York: Teachers College Press.
   Google Scholar
• King, E. 2014. From Classrooms to Conflict in Rwanda. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• King, E., and C. Samii. 2018. “Minorities and Mistrust: On the Adoption of Ethnic Recognition to Manage Conflict.” Journal of Peace Research 20 (10): 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• King, J. 2009. “Teaching and Learning about Controversial Issues: Lessons from Northern Ireland.” Theory and Research in Social Education 37 (2, Spring): 215–246. doi:10.1080/00933104.2009.10473395.
   Google Scholar
• Langer, A. 2005. “Horizontal Inequalities and Violent Group Mobilization in Côte d’Ivoire.” Oxford Development Studies 33 (1): 25–45. doi:10.1080/13600810500099634.
   Google Scholar
• Lemarchand, R. 1995. Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lieberman, E. 2005. “Nested Analysis as a Mixed-Method Strategy for Comparative Research.” American Political Science Review 99 (3): 435–452. doi:10.1017/S0003055405051762.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maina, G. 2016. “Introduction.” In Peace Agreements and Durable Peace in Africa, edited by G. Maina and E. Melander, 1–15. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.
   Google Scholar
• Matsumoto, M. 2016. “Three Strands of Explanations on Root Causes of Civil War in Low-Income and Weak States in sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for Education.” International Journal of Educational Development 49: 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2016.01.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattes, M., and B. Savun. 2009. “Fostering Peace after Civil War: Commitment Problems and Agreement Design.” International Studies Quarterly 53: 737–759. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2009.00554.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGlynn, C. 2009. “Negotiating Cultural Difference in Divided Societies: An Analysis of Approaches to Integrated Education in Northern Ireland.” In Peace Education in Post-Conflict Societies: Comparative Perspectives, edited by C. McGlynn, M. Zembylas, Z. Bekerman, and T. Gallagher, 9–26. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• MEFTP (Burundi), 2017. Patriotic and Human Rights Education. Bujumbura: Burundi.
   Google Scholar
• MENRS (Burundi). 2007. Plan D’Action De Formation Civique Et Humain Et d’Education a La Paix Et Aux Droits De l’Homme, 2007–2008. Burundi: Bujumbura.
   Google Scholar
• MENRS (Burundi). 2008. Le Développement De L’éducation: Rapport National Du Burundi. Bujumbura: Burundi.
   Google Scholar
• Ndikumana, L. 2005. “Institutional Failure and Ethnic Conflicts in Burundi.” African Studies Review 41 (1): 29–47.
   Google Scholar
• Nkurunziza, P. 2017. Address by HE Pierre Nkurunziza on the 26th Anniversary on the Charter of National Unity. Burundi: Bujumbura.
   Google Scholar
• Novelli, M., M. T. A. Lopes Cardozo, and A. Smith. 2015. A Theoretical Framework for Analysing the Contribution of Education to Sustainable Peacebuilding: 4Rs in Conflict‐Affected Contexts. University of Amsterdam. http://learningforpeace.unicef.org/partners/research‐consortium/research‐outputs/
   Google Scholar
• Novelli, M., M. T. A. Lopes Cardozo, and A. Smith. 2017. “The 4R’s Framework: Analyzing Education’s Contribution to Sustainable Peacebuilding with Social Justice in Conflict-Affected Contexts.” Journal on Education in Emergencies 3 (1): 14–43.
   Google Scholar
• Olson Lounsbery, M., and K. DeRouen Jr. 2016. “The Viability of Civil War Peace Agreements.” Civil Wars 18 (3): 311–337. doi:10.1080/13698249.2016.1215637.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paris, R. 2004. At War’s End. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Poppema, M. 2009. “Guatemala, the Peace Accords and Education: A Post-Conflict Struggle for Equal Opportunities and Participation in Education.” Globalization, Societies and Education 7 (4): 383–408. doi:10.1080/14767720903412218.
   Google Scholar
• Republic of Burundi. 2011. Law N°1/22, Article 7. Bujumbura, Burundi.
   Google Scholar
• Richards, P. 1996. Fighting for the Rain Forest: War, Youth, and Resources in Sierra Leone. Oxford: James Currey.
   Google Scholar
• Richmond, O. 2010. “A Genealogy of Peace and Conflict Theory.” In Palgrave Advances in Peacebuilding: Critical Development Approaches, edited by O. Richmond, 14–38. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Rwanda. 1993. Peace Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Rwanda and the Rwandan Patriotic Front. https://peaceaccords.nd.edu/sites/default/files/accords/Rwanda_Peace_Accord.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Save the Children. 2009. Where Peace Begins: The Pivotal Roel of Education for Lasting Peace. Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina: Save the Children.
   Google Scholar
• Sisk, T. 1996. Power Sharing and International Mediation in Ethnic Conflict. Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace.
   Google Scholar
• Stedman, S. J. 2002. Implementing Peace Agreements in Civil Wars: Lessons and Recommendation for Policymakers. New York: International Peace Academy.
   Google Scholar
• Sudan. 2005. Sudan Comprehensive Peace Agreement. https://peaceaccords.nd.edu/sites/default/files/accords/SudanCPA.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Thyne, C. L. 2006. “Abc’s, 123’s and the Golden Rule: The Pacifying Effect of Education on Civil War, 1980–1999.” International Studies Quarterly 50 (4): 733–754. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2006.00423.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toft, M. D. 2010. “Ending Civil Wars: A Case of Rebel Victory.” International Security 34 (4): 7–36. doi:10.1162/isec.2010.34.4.7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torsti, P. 2005. “Peace Agreements Must Address Education.” Forced Migration Review 22: 64.
   Google Scholar
• Torsti, P. 2009. “Segregate Education and Texts: A Challenge to Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina.” International Journal on World Peace 26 (2): 65–82.
   Google Scholar
• Uganda. 2008. Agreement on Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration. https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/UG_080229_Agreement%20on%20Disarmament%2C%20Demobilization%20and%20Reintegration.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UIS-UNESCO. 2017. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Data. http://data.uis.unesco.org/
   Google Scholar
• UN. 2000. Millennium Development Goals and Beyond 2015. http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. 2016. Education for People and Planet: Creating Sustainable Futures for All. Paris, France: UNESCO Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF. 2011. The Role of Education in Peacebuilding: Literature Review. New York, NY: UNICEF.
   Google Scholar
• Vandeginste, S. 2015. “Burundi’s electoral crisis: back to power-sharing as usual?” African Affairs 114 (457): 624–636. doi:10.1093/afraf/adv045.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter, B. 2001. Committing to Peace: The Successful Settlement of Civil Wars. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zasloff, B., A. Shapiro, and A. Heather Coyne. 2009. An Education Track for the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process. Washington, DC: United States Institute for Peace.
   Google Scholar