References
- Almond, G. A., and S. Verba. 1989. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE.
- BBC News. 2014. “Hong Kong Protests.” Accessed 1 March 2017. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-29413349
- Binkley, C. 2018. “US Students Stage Massive Walkout to Protest Gun Violence.” Associated Press News, March 15. https://www.apnews.com/c183323b5e6546419ae08b8c469b065a
- Bland, B. 2017. Generation HK: Seeking Identity in China’s Shadow. London: Penguin.
- Burke, B. R., and A. F. Şen. 2018. “Social Media Choices and Uses: Comparing Turkish and American Young-adults’ Social Media Activism.” Palgrave Communications 4 (1): 40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0090-z.
- Chaaban, J. 2013. Expanding Youth Opportunities in the Arab Region. New York: United Nations Development Programme, Regional Bureau for Arab States.
- Chan, J. 2014a. “Hong Kong’s Umbrella Movement.” The Round Table: the Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs 103 (6): 571–580. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00358533.2014.985465.
- Chan, K. 2014b. “The Role of Higher Education in Hong Kong’s Competitiveness.” The 21st Century Director–The Magazine for Business Leaders 16: 6–8.
- Chi, B., J. Jastrzab, and A. Melchior. 2006. Developing Indicators and Measures of Civic Outcomes for Elementary School Students. Maryland: University of Maryland, Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning & Engagement.
- Cogan, J. J., P. Morris, and M. Print, ed. 2002. Civic Education in the Asia-Pacific Region: Case Studies across Six Societies. New York: RoutledgeFalmer.
- Cohen, L., L. Manion, and K. Morrison. 2007. Research Methods in Education. London: RoutledgeFalmer.
- Council of Europe. 1999. “Universities as Sites of Citizenship. Council of Europe.” Accessed 1 May 2016. http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/highereducation/CompletedActivities/UniSitesCitizenship_EN.asp
- Curris, C. 2003. “Reflections on Higher Education and Citizenship Preparation Academic Affairs Summer Meeting.” The New York Times. Accessed 18 March 2016. http://www.nytimes.com/ref/college/collegespecial2/coll_aascu_curris.html
- Eagleton, T. 1991. Ideology: An Introduction. London: Verso.
- Fairbrother, G. P. 2008. “Rethinking Hegemony and Resistance to Political Education in Mainland China and Hong Kong.” Comparative Education Review 52 (3): 381–412. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/588760.
- Fisher, S. R. 2016. “Life Trajectories of Youth Committing to Climate Activism.” Environmental Education Research 22 (2): 229–247. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2015.1007337.
- Hall, S. 1985. “Signification, Representation, Ideology: Althusser and the Post- Structuralist Debates.” Critical Studies in Mass Communication 2 (2): 91–114. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15295038509360070.
- Harriger, K. J., and J. J. McMillan. 2007. Speaking of Politics: Preparing College Students for Democratic Citizenship through Deliberative Dialogue. Dayton, OH: Kettering Foundation Press.
- Harrington, A. 2001. Hermeneutic Dialogue and Social Science: A Critique of Gadamer and Habermas. London: Routledge.
- Heater, D. B. 1999. What Is Citizenship? Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies. 2019. “One Out of Three Hongkongers Would Emigrate if They Could- Chinese University of Hong Kong Survey.” Hong Kong Free Press, January 3. https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/01/03/one-three-hongkongers-emigrate-chinese-university-hong-kong-survey/
- Hong Kong Transition Project. 2014. “Constitutional Reform: Confrontation Looms as Hong Kong Consults. Baptist University of Hong Kong.” Accessed 1 March 2017. http://www.hktp.org/list/constitutional-reform.pdf
- Jacomet, N. 2017. “How the Umbrella Movement Sparked New Concerns for Democracy in Hong Kong.” Accessed 14 October 2018. https://medium.com/open-source-politics/how-the-umbrella-movement-sparked-new-concerns-for-democracy-in-hong-kong-49b3af23c928
- Jenkins, R. 1996. Social Identity. London: Routledge.
- Kerr, D. 2003. “Citizenship Education in England: The Making of a New Subject.” JSSE-Journal of Social Science Education 2: 1–10.
- Ku, A. S. M., and N. Pun. 2004. Remaking Citizenship in Hong Kong: Community, Nation, and the Global City. London: Routledge.
- Lau, J. Y. F. 2017. “Reflections on the Umbrella Movement: Implications for Civic Education and Critical Thinking.” Educational Philosophy and Theory 51 (2): 163–174. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2017.1310014.
- Law, -W.-W., and H.-M. Ng. 2009. “Globalization and Multileveled Citizenship Education: A Tale of Two Chinese Cities, Hong Kong and Shanghai.” Teachers College Record 111 (4): 851–892.
- Lee, D. S. 2018. “Young Hongkongers are Anxious, Unhappy and Leaving.” South China Morning Post, September 3. https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/hong-kong/article/2162273/young-hongkongers-are-anxious-unhappy-and-leaving
- Lee, F. L. F. 2015. “Social Movement as Civic Education: Communication Activities and Understanding of Civil Disobedience in the Umbrella Movement.” Chinese Journal of Communication 8: 393–411. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17544750.2015.1057192.
- Lee, W. O. 2003. “Students’ Concepts and Attitudes toward Citizenship: The Case of Hong Kong.” International Journal of Educational Research 39 (6): 591–607. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2004.07.007.
- Leung, Y. W. 2006. “How Do They Become socially/politically Active? Cast Studies of Hong Kong Secondary Students’ Political Socialization.” Citizenship Teaching and Learning 2 (2): 51–67.
- Liaison Office in Hong Kong. 2017. “Tan Tie-niu Visited Hong Kong School Groups and Universities.” (In Chinese). Accessed 23 March 2017. http://www.locpg.hk/zxzx/ldjl.htm
- Lisman, C. D. 1998. Toward A Civil Society: Civic Literacy and Service Learning. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey.
- Lo, J. T.-Y. 2005. “Continuity and Change in the Meanings of Citizenship - A Case Study of the Primary Education Curriculum in Hong Kong, 1967–2002.” Pacific-Asian Education 17 (1): 54–68.
- Lo, J. T.-Y. 2007. “Nationalism and Globalism in the Junior Secondary History Curricula of Hong Kong and Shanghai.” Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education 37 (1): 37–51. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03057920601061745.
- Macfarlane, B. 2014. “Truly ‘higher’ Study Demands Critical Thinking, Not Faking It.” Times Higher Education, March 6. http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/comment/opin…
- Marshall, C., and G. B. Rossman, eds. 2006. Designing Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
- Marshall, T. H., and T. Bottomore. 1992. Citizenship and Social Class. London: Pluto Press.
- Mathews, G., D. Lü, and J. Ma. 2008. Hong Kong, China: Learning to Belong to a Nation. London: Routledge.
- McCormack, A., A. Carthy, and C. Doran. 2015. “The Pursuit of Civic Engagement: Youth Civic Engagement and the Role of Higher Education.” Paper presented at Higher Education in Transformation Conference, Dublin, 478–488.
- Middle East Business Intelligence. 2018. “Dissatisfied Arab Youth Speak Out.” Middle East Business Intelligence, June 26. https://www.meed.com/dissatisfied-arab-youth-speak-out/
- Mingpao Blogger. 2019. “A Low Desire Society Is Hong Kong’s 2019.” Mingpao Blog, January 2. https://www.mpfinance.com/fin/instantf2.php?node=1546421778740&issue=20190102
- Morris, P., and E. Vickers. 2015. “Schooling, Politics and the Construction of Identity in Hong Kong: The 2012 ‘moral and National Education’ Crisis in Historical Context.” Comparative Education 51 (3): 305–326. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2015.1033169.
- Ng, J. Y. 2016. Umbrellas in Bloom: Hong Kong’s Occupy Movement Uncovered. Hong Kong: Blacksmith Books.
- Ohmae, K. 2018. How to Ignite the Low Desire Society. Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Publishing House.
- Painter, J. 1998. “Multi-level Citizenship, Identity and Regions in Contemporary Europe.” Paper presented to an invited colloquium on The Possibilities of Transnational Democracy, University of Newcastle, UK, September.
- Putnam, R. D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon and Schuster.
- Sanford, S. 2012. Civic Life in the Information Age: Politics, Technology, and Generation X. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Schulz, W. 2009. “Questionnaire Construct Validation in the International Civic and Citizenship Education Study. Chap.5.” In IERI Monograph Series: Issues and Methodologies in Large-Scale Assessments, edited by M. von Davier and D. Hastedt, 113–135. Hamburg: IER Institute.
- Slack, J. D. 1996. “The Theory and Method of Articulation in Cultural Studies.” Chap.5 in Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies, edited by D. Morley and K.-H. Chen, 112–127. London: Routledge.
- South China Morning Post. 2012. “Thousands Boycott Classes in National Education Protest.” September 12. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1034426/thousands-boycott-classes-national-education-protest
- Stornaiuolo, A., and E. E. Thomas. 2017. “Disrupting Educational Inequalities Through Youth Digital Activism.” Review of Research in Education 41 (1): 337–357. doi:https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732X16687973.
- The Guardian. 2014. “Occupy Central Gives Downtown Hong Kong a Taste of Disobedience.” The Guardian, March 6. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/06/occupy-central-hong-kong-democracy-campaign
- The University of Hong Kong Public Opinion Programme. 2016. “People’s Ethnic Identity. The University of Hong Kong Public Opinion Programme.” Accessed 1 March 2017. https://www.hkupop.hku.hk/english/popexpress/ethnic/
- Ting, T.-Y. 2017. “Struggling for Tomorrow: The Future Orientations of Youth Activism in a Democratic Crisis.” Contemporary Social Science 12 (3–4): 242–257. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/21582041.2017.1385827.
- Tu, W.-M. 1991. “Cultural China: The Periphery as the Center.” Daedalus 120 (2): 1–32.
- Umbrella Movement Participant Record Group. 2014. “UMPP Survey.” Accessed 8 April 2019. http://goo.gl/EUM5ER
- University Grants Committee. 2012. “3+3+4” - A New Era of Holistic Education. Hong Kong: University Grants Committee.
- Vickers, E. 2003. In Search of an Identity: The Politics of History as a School Subject in Hong Kong, 1960s-2002. London: Routledge.
- Yee, V., and A. Blinder 2018. “National School Walkout: Thousands Protest against Gun Violence across the U.S.” The New York Times, March 14. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/14/us/school-walkout.html
- Yuen, S. 2015. “Hong Kong after the Umbrella Movement: An Uncertain Future for ‘one Country Two Systems’.” China Perspectives 1: 49.