Tourism and the politics of the global land grab in Tanzania: markets, appropriation and recognition

References

• Agrawal , A. and Gibson , C. 1999 . Enchantment and disenchantment: The role of community in natural resource conservation . World Development , 27 ( 4 ) : 629 – 649 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander , C. 1993 . The brigadier's shooting party . The New York Times , 13 November Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/13/opinion/the-brigadier-s-shooting-party.html [Accessed 26 February 2012]
   Google Scholar
• Århem , K. 1985a . The Maasai and the state: the impact of rural development policies on a pastoral people in Tanzania , Copenhagen : IWGIA . IWGIA Document 52
   Google Scholar
• Århem , K. 1985b . Pastoral man in the Garden of Eden: the Maasai of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania , Uppsala : Scandinavian Institute of African Studies .
   Google Scholar
• Århem , K. 1985c . Two sides of development: Maasai pastoralism and wildlife conservation in Ngorongoro, Tanzania . Ethnos , 49 ( 3–4 ) : 186 – 210 .
   Google Scholar
• Benjaminsen , T. A. and Svarstad , H. 2010 . The death of an elephant: conservation discourses versus practices in Africa . Forum for Development Studies , 37 ( 3 ) : 385 – 408 .
   Google Scholar
• Bergin , P. 2001 . “ Accommodating new narratives in a conservation bureaucracy: TANAPA and community conservation ” . In African wildlife and livelihoods: the promise and performance of community conservation , Edited by: Hulme , D. and Murphree , M. 88 – 105 . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Borras , S. M. Jr. 2011 . Towards a better understanding of global land grabbing . Journal of Peasant Studies , 38 ( 2 ) : 209 – 216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockington , D. 2002 . Fortress conservation. The preservation of the Mkomazi Game Reserve, Tanzania , Oxford : James Currey .
   Google Scholar
• Brockington , D. and Igoe , J. 2006 . Eviction for conservation: a global overview . Conservation and Society , 4 ( 3 ) : 424 – 470 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castree , N. 2008 . Neoliberalising nature: processes, effects, and evaluations . Environment and Planning A , 40 ( 1 ) : 153 – 173 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charnley , S. 2005 . From nature tourism to ecotourism? The case of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania . Human Organization , 64 ( 1 ) : 75 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deininger , K. 2011 . Challenges posed by the new wave of farmland investment . Journal of Peasant Studies , 38 ( 2 ) : 217 – 247 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Schutter , O. 2011 . How not to think of land-grabbing: three critiques of large-scale investments in farmland . Journal of Peasant Studies , 38 ( 2 ) : 249 – 279 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorobo Tours and Safaris and Oliver's Camp Ltd. 1996 . “ Potential models for community-based conservation among pastoral communities adjacent to protected areas in northern Tanzania ” . In Community-based conservation in Tanzania , Edited by: Leader Williams , N. Switzerland , UK : IUCN . Occasional paper of the IUCN species survival commission, no.15. Gland
   Google Scholar
• Dowie , M. 2011 . Conservation refugees: the hundred-year conflict between global conservation and native peoples , Cambridge : MIT University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dressler , W. 2010 . From hope to crisis and back again? A critical history of the global CBNRM narrative . Environmental Conservation , 37 ( 1 ) : 5 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Due , J. M. 1993 . Liberalization and privatization in Tanzania and Zambia . World Development , 21 ( 12 ) : 1981 – 1988 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FEMACT (Feminist Activist Coalition) . 2009 . Tanzania: Loliondo report of findings . Pambazuka News , 23 September Issue 449. Available from: http://pambazuka.org/en/category/advocacy/58956 [Accessed 26 February 2012]
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson , J. 2006 . Global shadows: Africa in the neoliberal world order , Durham , NC : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gardner , B. 2007 . “ Producing pastoral power: territory, identity and rule in Tanzanian Maasailand ” . Berkeley : Department of Geography, University of California . PhD thesis
   Google Scholar
• Goldman , M. 2003 . Partitioned nature, privileged knowledge: community-based conservation in Tanzania . Development and Change , 34 ( 5 ) : 833 – 862 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammer , J. 2010 . Last days of the Maasai? . Conde Nast Traveler , November Available at:http://www.cntraveler.com/features/2010/11/Last-Days-of-the-Masai [Accessed 26 February 2012]
   Google Scholar
• Hart , G. 2001 . Development critiques in the 1990s: cul de sacs and promising paths . Progress in Human Geography , 25 ( 4 ) : 649 – 658 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey , D. 2006 . Spaces of global capitalism: towards a theory of uneven geographical development , New York : Verso .
   Google Scholar
• Hodgson , D. L. 2001 . Once intrepid warriors: gender, ethnicity, and the cultural politics of Maasai development , Bloomington : Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hodgson , D. L. 2011 . Being Maasai, becoming indigenous: Postcolonial politics in a neoliberal world , Bloomington : Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hodgson , D. L. and Schroeder , R. A. 2002 . Dilemmas of counter-mapping community resources in Tanzania . Development and Change , 33 ( 1 ) : 79 – 100 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Igoe , J. 2003 . Scaling up civil society: donor money, NGOs and the pastoralist land rights movement in Tanzania . Development and Change , 34 ( 5 ) : 863 – 885 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Igoe , J. 2006 . Becoming indigenous peoples: difference, inequality and the globalization of East African identity politics . African Affairs , 105 ( 420 ) : 399 – 420 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Igoe , J. and Brockington , D. 1999 . “ Pastoral land tenure and community conservation: a case study from north-east Tanzania ” . London , UK : IIED .
   Google Scholar
• Igoe , J. and Croucher , B. 2007 . Conservation, commerce, and communities: the story of community-based wildlife management areas in Tanzania's northern tourist circuit . Conservation and Society , 5 ( 4 ) : 534 – 561 .
   Google Scholar
• Ihucha , A. 2010 . United front to fight renewal of Emirates hunting contract . The East African , 16 August Available at: http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/United% 20front%20to%20fight%20renewal%20of%20Emirates%20hunting%20contract/-/2558/976818/-/r4qemkz/-/index.html [Accessed 26 February 2012]
   Google Scholar
• Kipobota , C. 2010 . “ Community mobilization against the government proposed land use planning in Loliondo division, Arusha region, Tanzania: research and opinion ” . Dar es Salaam : Legal and Human Rights Center .
   Google Scholar
• Lele , S. 2010 . Beyond exclusion: alternative approaches to biodiversity conservation in the developing tropics . Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability , 2 ( 1–2 ) : 94 – 100 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letara , J. , MacGregor , J. and Hesse , C. 2006 . Estimating the economic significance of pastoralism: the example of the ‘nyama choma’ sector in Tanzania , Nakuru, Kenya : Amu Press .
   Google Scholar
• Li , T. M. 2000 . Constituting tribal space: indigenous identity and resource politics in Indonesia . Comparative Studies in Society and History , 42 ( 1 ) : 149 – 179 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , T. M. 2001 . “ Boundary work: community, market, and state reconsidered ” . In Communities and the environment: ethnicity, gender, and the state in community-based conservation , Edited by: Agrawal , A. and Gibson , C. C. 157 – 179 . New Jersey : Rutgers University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Massey , D. 2009 . Concepts of space and power in theory and in political practice . Documents d'Anàlisi Geogràfica , 55 : 15 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Mbattiany , O. 2009 . Tanzania: Loliondogate 2 has become a police project . Pambazuka News , 17 September Available at: http://pambazuka.org/en/category/advocacy/58811 [Accessed 26 February 2012]
   Google Scholar
• Mbiro, M. 2001. ‘‘Bogus'' Loliondo hunting deal annulled, Daily News, 18 December 2001
   Google Scholar
• Mbiro, M. 2002. Loliondo saga: Villagers appeal for thorough investigation, The Guardian, 31 December 2002
   Google Scholar
• Murphree , M. 2004 . Communal approaches to natural resource management in Africa: from whence and to where? . Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy , 7 ( 3–4 ) : 203 – 216 .
   Google Scholar
• Monbiot , G. 2003 . No man's land: an investigative journey through Kenya and Tanzania , Totnes, UK : Green Books Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , D. S. 1998 . Subaltern struggles and the politics of place: remapping resistance in Zimbabwe's eastern highlands . Cultural Anthropology , 13 ( 3 ) : 344 – 381 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson , F. 2004 . The evolution and impacts of community-based ecotourism in northern Tanzania , London , UK : IIED .
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , F. 2007 . Emergent or illusory? Community wildlife management in Tanzania , London , UK : IIED .
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , F. 2010 . “ Democratizing natural resource governance: searching for institutional change ” . In Community rights, conservation and contested lands: the politics of natural resource governance in Africa , Edited by: Nelson , F. Washington, DC : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , F. and Agrawal , A. 2008 . Patronage or participation? Community-based natural resource management reform in sub-Saharan Africa . Development and Change , 39 ( 4 ) : 557 – 585 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson , F. 2009 . “ Community-based conservation and Maasai livelihoods in Tanzania ” . In Staying Maasai? Livelihoods, conservation and development in East African rangelands , Edited by: Homewood , K. , Kristianson , P. and Trench , P. 299 – 333 . New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , F. and Makko , S. O. 2005 . “ Communities, conservation, and conflicts in the Tanzanian Serengeti ” . In Natural resources as community assets: lessons from two continents , Edited by: Lyman , M. W. and Child , B. 121 – 145 . Madison, WI : Sand County Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , F. , Nshala , R. and Rodgers , W. A. 2010 . The evolution and reform of Tanzanian wildlife management . Conservation and Society , 5 ( 2 ) : 232 – 261 .
   Google Scholar
• Neumann , R. P. 1992 . Political ecology of wildlife conservation in the Mt Meru area of Northeast Tanzania . Land Degradation and Development , 3 ( 2 ) : 85 – 98 .
   Google Scholar
• Neumann , R. P. 1995 . Local challenges to global agendas: conservation, economic liberalization and the pastoralists' rights movement in Tanzania . Antipode , 27 ( 4 ) : 363 – 382 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann , R. P. 1998 . Imposing wilderness: struggles over livelihood and nature preservation in Africa , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• NGONET (Ngorongoro NGO Network) . Pastoralists' eviction in Loliondo: history, process and impact . NGONET working paper and power point presentation . Arusha .
   Google Scholar
• Nkolimwa , D. 2010 . Minister: Loliondo stand-off resolved . The Guardian , 28 July Available at: http://www.ippmedia.com/frontend/?l=19259 [Accessed 26 February 2012]
   Google Scholar
• Nyerere , J. K. 1974 . Freedom and socialism , Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ortello Business Corporation. 1992. Loliondo Game Controlled Area: A Proposal for Wildlife Conservation, Management and Rural Development. In Concept Paper of His Excellency Brigadier Mohamed Abdul Rahim Al Ali for the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania
   Google Scholar
• Parkipuny , M. S. 1975 . “ Maasai predicament beyond pastoralism ” . University of Dar Es Salaam . MA thesis
   Google Scholar
• Parkipuny , M. S. 1979 . “ Some crucial aspects of the Maasai predicament ” . In African socialism in practice: the Tanzanian experience , Edited by: Coulson , A. 136 – 157 . Nottingham, UK, Spokesman Books .
   Google Scholar
• Parkipuny , M. S. Pastoralism, conservation and development in the greater Serengeti region . Paper No. 26 . London , UK : IIED .
   Google Scholar
• Pastoral Research and Development Programme . 1998 . Pastoralism in Tanzania Maasailand: its status, challenges and development alternatives , Arusha : Pastoral Research and Development Programme .
   Google Scholar
• Peck , J. and Tickell , A. 2002 . Neoliberalizing space . Antipode , 34 ( 3 ) : 380 – 404 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Povinelli, E.A. The cunning of recognition: Indigenous alterities and the making of Australian multiculturalism. Durham: Duke University Press
   Google Scholar
• Renton , A. 2009 . Tourism is a curse to us . The Guardian , 6 September Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/06/masai-tribesman-tanzania-tourism [Accessed 26 February 2012]
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , Peter . 2002 . “ The political ecology of pastoralism, conservation, and development in the Arusha region of northern Tanzania ” . University of Florida . PhD thesis
   Google Scholar
• Sachedina , H. T. 2008 . “ Wildlife is our oil: conservation, livelihoods and NGOs in the Tarangire ecosystem, Tanzania ” . University of Oxford . PhD thesis
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder , R. 2008 . Environmental justice and the market: the politics of sharing wildlife revenues in Tanzania . Society and Natural Resources , 21 ( 7 ) : 583 – 596 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serengeti Regional Conservation Strategy . 1986 . Toward a regional conservation strategy for the Serengeti 2–4 December 1985, Workshop at Serengeti Wildlife Research Centre, Seronera, Tanzania
   Google Scholar
• Shivji , I. G. and Kapinga , W. L. 1998 . Maasai rights in Ngorongoro, Tanzania , London , UK : IIED .
   Google Scholar
• Shivji, I.G. 1999. The land acts 1999: a cause for celebration or a celebration of a cause? Keynote address to the workshop on land held at Morogoro, Tanzania 19–20 February 1999
   Google Scholar
• Sikor , T. and Lund , C. 2009 . Access and property: a question of power and authority . Development and Change , 40 ( 1 ) : 1 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The East African . 14 September 14 2009 . “ Loliondo residents must come first ” . 14 September 14 , Available at: http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/OpEd/editorial/-/434752/657210/-/121dew0z/-/index.html [Accessed on 26 February 2012]
   Google Scholar
• United Republic of Tanzania . 2002a . Wildlife Conservation Act 1974 – Wildlife Conservation (Wildlife Management Areas) Regulations Government Notice 543
   Google Scholar
• United Republic of Tanzania. 2002b. Wildlife Conservation Act 1974 – Wildlife Conservation (Tourist Hunting) Regulations: Government Notice 306
   Google Scholar
• Vandergeest , P. and Peluso , N. L. 1995 . Territorialization and state power in Thailand . Theory and Society , 24 ( 3 ) : 385 – 426 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar