Gender, politics and sugarcane commercialisation in Tanzania

References

• Adams, T., J. D. Gerber, M. Amacker, and T. Haller. 2018. “Who Gains from Contract Farming? Dependencies, Power Relations, and Institutional Change.” Journal of Peasant Studies. doi:10.1080/03066150.2018.1534100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal, B. 1994. A Field of One’s Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Agarwal, B. 1997. “‘Bargaining’ and Gender Relations: Within and Beyond the Household.” Feminist Economics 3 (1): 1–51.
   Google Scholar
• Bates, R. 1981. Markets and States in Tropical Africa: The Political Basis of Agricultural Policies. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Baum, E. 1968. “Land Use in the Kilombero Valley: From Shifting Cultivation Towards Permanent Farming.” In Smallholder Farming and Smallholder Development in Tanzania: Ten Case Studies, edited by H. Ruthenberg, 21–50. Munich: Weltforum Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Behrman, J., R. Meinzen-Dick, and A. R. Quisumbing. 2012. “The Gender Implications of Large-Scale Land Deals.” Journal of Peasant Studies 39 (1): 49–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, S. 1993. No Condition is Permanent: The Social Dynamics of Agrarian Change in Sub-Saharan Africa. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bonal, X. 2003. “The Neoliberal Educational Agenda and the Legitimation Crisis: Old and New State Strategies.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 24 (2): 159–175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buch-Hansen, M., and H. S. Marcussen. 1982. “Contract Farming and the Peasantry: Cases from Western Kenya.” Review of African Political Economy 9 (23): 9–36.
   Google Scholar
• Carney, J., and M. Watts. 1990. “Manufacturing Dissent: Work, Gender and the Politics of Meaning in a Peasant Society.” Africa 60 (2): 207–241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinsinga, B. 2017. “The Green Belt Initiative, Politics and Sugar Production in Malawi.” Journal of Southern African Studies 43 (3): 501–515.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotula, L. 2011. Land Deals in Africa: What is in the Contracts? London: International Institute for Environment and Development.
   Google Scholar
• Cousins, B. 2013. “Smallholder Irrigation Schemes, Agrarian Reform and ‘Accumulation from Above and from Below’ in South Africa.” Journal of Agrarian Change 13 (1): 116–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer, C., and N. Pontara. 1998. “Rural Poverty and Poverty Alleviation in Mozambique: What’s Missing from the Debate?” Journal of Modern African Studies 36 (1): 101–138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, K. 1989. “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics.” University of Chicago Legal Forum 1989: 139–167.
   Google Scholar
• Daley, E. 2011. Gendered Impacts of Commercial Pressures on Land. Rome: International Land Coalition.
   Google Scholar
• Dancer, H. 2015. Women, Land and Justice in Tanzania. Woodbridge: James Currey.
   Google Scholar
• Dancer, H., and N. Hossain. 2018. Social Difference and Women’s Empowerment in the Context of the Commercialisation of African Agriculture. Working Paper 8. Brighton: Agricultural Policy Research in Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Dancer, H., and D. Tsikata. 2015. Researching Land and Commercial Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa with a Gender Perspective: Concepts, Issues and Methods. Working Paper 132. Brighton: Future Agricultures Consortium.
   Google Scholar
• Deininger, K., and D. Byerlee. 2011. Rising Global Interest in Farmland: Can It Yield Sustainable and Equitable Benefits? Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Dolan, C. S., and K. Sorby. 2003. Gender and Employment in High-Value Agriculture Industries. Agricultural and Rural Development Working Paper 7. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Doss, C., G. Summerfield, and D. Tsikata. 2014. “Land, Gender and Food Security.” Feminist Economics 20 (1): 1–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubb, A. 2017. “Interrogating the Logic of Accumulation in the Sugar Sector in Southern Africa.” Journal of Southern African Studies 43 (3): 471–499.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubb, A., I. Scoones, and P. Woodhouse. 2017. “The Political Economy of Sugar in Southern Africa – Introduction.” Journal of Southern African Studies 43 (3): 447–470.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunaway, W. A. 2014. “Bringing Commodity Chain Analysis Back to Its World Systems Roots: Rediscovering Women’s Work and Households.” Journal of World Systems Research 20 (1): 64–81.
   Google Scholar
• European Commision. 2017. Fact Sheet: The End of the Sugar Production in the EU. Brusells: European Commision.
   Google Scholar
• FAO. 2011. The State of Food and Agriculture 2010–11. Women in Agriculture: Closing the Gender Gap for Development. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.
   Google Scholar
• FAO. 2018. Smallholders Dataportrait. Family Farming Knowledge Platform. http://www.fao.org/family-farming/data-sources/dataportrait/farm-size/en/.
   Google Scholar
• German, L. A., and L. Parker. 2019. “The Social Construction of ‘Shared Growth’: Zambia Sugar and the Uneven Terrain of Social Benefit.” Journal of Agrarian Change 19 (1): 181–201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glover, D. J. 1984. “Contract Farming and Smallholder Outgrower Schemes in Less-Developed Countries.” World Development 12 (11): 1143–1157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greco, E. 2016. “Village Land Politics and the Legacy of Ujamaa.” Review of African Political Economy 43 (Suppl. 1): 22–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, R. 2011. “Land Grabbing in Southern Africa: The Many Faces of the Investor Rush.” Review of African Political Economy 38 (128): 193–214.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, R. 2012. “The next Great Trek? South African Commercial Farmers Move North.” Journal of Peasant Studies 39 (3–4): 823–843.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, R., I. Scoones, and D. Tsikata. 2017. “Plantations, Outgrowers and Commercial Farming in Africa: Agricultural Commercialisation and Implications for Agrarian Change.” Journal of Peasant Studies 44 (3): 515–537.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayami, Y. 2010. “Plantations Agriculture.” In Handbook of Agricultural Economics, Volume 4, edited by P. Pingali and R. Evenson, 3305–3322. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Illovo. 2014. (Illovo Sugar Ltd). Integrated Report 2013. www.illovosugar.co.za/Financial/Annual_Reports/Annual_Report2013.aspx.
   Google Scholar
• Kabeer, N. 2003. Gender Mainstreaming in Poverty Eradication and the Millennium Development Goals. London: Commonwealth Secretariat/IDRC/CIDA.
   Google Scholar
• Kamuzora, A. K. 2011. “Contractual Governance in Agro-Industry Institutions in Tanzania: A Case Study Analysis.” PhD thesis., University of Groningen. http://dissertations.ub.rug.nl/faculties/jur/2011/a.k.n.kamuzora/.
   Google Scholar
• Kirsten, J., and K. Sartorius. 2002. “Linking Agribusiness and Small-Scale Farmers in Developing Countries: Is There a New Role for Contract Farming?” Development Southern Africa 19 (4): 503–529.
   Google Scholar
• Klerck, G., and M. Sycholt. 2010. “The State and Labour Relations: Walking the Tightrope Between Corporatism and Neo-Liberalism.” In State, Society and Democracy: A Reader in Namibian Politics edited by C. Keulder, 2nd ed., 200–236. Windhoek: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Lazzarini, A. H. 2017. “Gendered Labour, Migratory Labour: Reforming Sugar Regimes in Xinavane, Mozambique.” Journal of Southern African Studies 43 (3): 605–623.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, T. M. 2011. “Centering Labor in the Land Grab Debate.” Journal of Peasant Studies 38 (2): 281–298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoln, D. 2006. “‘The Historical Geography of the Southern African Development Community’s Sugar Protocol.” IllesiImperis 9: 117–130.
   Google Scholar
• Little, P. D. 1994. “Contract Farming and the Development Question.” In Living under Contract: Contract Farming and Agrarian Transformation in Sub-Saharan Africa, edited by P. D. Little and M. Watts, 216–247. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
   Google Scholar
• Loewenson, R. 1992. Modern Plantation Agriculture: Corporate Wealth and Labour Squalor. London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Mackintosh, M. 1989. Gender, Class and Rural Transition: Agribusiness and the Food Crisis in Senegal. London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Martiniello, G. 2017. “‘Don’t Stop the Mill’: South African Capital and Agrarian Change in Tanzania.” Third World Thematics 1 (5): 633–652.
   Google Scholar
• Mate, R. 2001. “Land, Women and Sugar in Chipiwa.” In Women, Men and Work: Rural Livelihoods and South-Eastern Zimbabwe, edited by P. Hebinck and M. Bourdillon, 37–59. Harare: Weaver Press.
   Google Scholar
• Matenga, C. 2017. “Outgrowers and Livelihoods: The Case of Magobbo Smallholder Block Farming in Mazabuka District in Zambia.” Journal of Southern African Studies 43 (3): 551–566.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matenga, C. R., and M. Hichaambwa. 2017. “Impacts of Land and Agricultural Commercialisation on Local Livelihoods in Zambia: Evidence from Three Models.” Journal of Peasant Studies 44 (3): 574–593.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mbilinyi, M. 1988. “Agribusiness and Women Peasants in Tanzania.” Development and Change 19: 549–583.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mbilinyi, M. 2010. “Sweet and Sour: Women Working for Wages on Tanzania’s Sugar Estates.” In How Africa Works: Occupational Change, Identity and Morality, edited by D. F. Bryceson, 51–73. Rugby: Practical Action Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Mbilinyi, M. 2016. “Analysing the History of Agrarian Struggles in Tanzania from a Feminist Perspective.” Review of African Political Economy 43 (sup1): 115–129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mbilinyi, M., and A. M. Semakafu. 1995. Gender and Employment on Sugar Cane Plantations in Tanzania. Sectoral and Working Discussion Papers, Agriculture, SAP 2.44/WP.85. Geneva: International Labour Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Meinzen-Dick, R., A. Quisumbing, J. Behrman, P. Biermayr-Jenzano, V. Wilde, M. Noordeloos, C. Ragasa, and N. Beintema. 2011. Engendering Agricultural Research, Development and Extension. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Odgaard, R. 1999. The Scramble for Women’s Land Rights in Tanzania, Researching Development. Copenhagen: Quarterly Newsletter from the Centre for Development Research.
   Google Scholar
• O’Laughlin, B., and Y. Ibraimo. 2013. The Expansion of Sugar Production and the Well-Being of Agricultural Workers and Rural Communities in Xinavane and Magude. IESE Caderno No. 12E/2013.
   Google Scholar
• Oya, C. 2010. Rural Inequality, Wage Employment and Labour Market Formation in Africa: Historical and Micro Level Evidence. Working Paper 97, Policy Integration Department. Geneva: International Labour Office.
   Google Scholar
• Oya, C. 2012. “Contract Farming in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Survey of Approaches, Debates and Issues.” Journal of Agrarian Change 12 (1): 1–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paradza, G., and E. Sulle. 2015. “Agrarian Struggles over Resources: Insights from two Sugarcane Plantations in Mozambique.” In Africa’s Land Rush: Implications for Rural Livelihoods and Agrarian Change, edited by R. Hall, I. Scoones, and D. Tsikata, 150–161. Oxford: James Currey.
   Google Scholar
• Pellizzoli, R. 2009. “Gender, Agriculture and the ‘Efficient Producer’ Discourse: A Case Study from Mozambique, and Lessons from South Africa.” Paper presented at the FAO-IFAD-ILO workshop on Gaps, Trends and Current Research in Gender Dimensions of Agricultural and Rural Employment: Differentiated Pathways out of Poverty, Rome, March 31–April 2.
   Google Scholar
• Peter, G., N. O. Simelane, and J. I. Matondo. 2008. “Socioeconomic Impacts of Small-Scale Irrigation Schemes on Women in Swaziland.” Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 33: 850–858.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Razavi, S. 2003. “Introduction: Agrarian Change, Gender and Land Rights.” Journal of Agrarian Change 3 (1–2): 2–32.
   Google Scholar
• Richardson, B. 2010. “Big Sugar in Southern Africa: Rural Development and the Perverted Potential of Sugar/Ethanol Exports.” Journal of Peasant Studies 37 (4): 917–938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocca, V. 2014. The Gendered Implications of the Expansion in Commercial Sugarcane Production: A Case Study of Contract Farming in Magobbo, Zambia. MA thesis., Carleton University.
   Google Scholar
• Satorius, K., and J. Kirsten. 2004. “The Boundaries of the Firm: Why Do Sugar Producers Outsource Sugarcane Production.” Management Accounting Research 16: 81–99.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, K., and M. K. Gugerty. 2010. Gender and Contract Farming in Sub-Saharan Africa: Literature Review. Evans School of Public Affairs, Washington, DC: University of Washington.
   Google Scholar
• Scoones, I., B. Mavedzenge, and F. Murimbarimba. 2016. “Tobacco, Contract Farming, and Agrarian Change in Zimbabwe.” Journal of Agrarian Change 18 (1): 22–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sender, J., and S. Smith. 1990. Poverty, Class and Gender in Rural Africa: A Tanzanian Case Study. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Siyao, P. O. 2012. “Barriers in Accessing Agricultural Information in Tanzania with a Gender Perspective: Case Study of Small-Scale Sugarcane Growers in Kilombero District.” Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries 51 (6): 1–19.
   Google Scholar
• Smalley, R. 2013. Plantations, Contract Farming and Commercial Farming Areas in Africa: A Comparative Review. Working Paper 55. Brighton: Future Agricultures Consortium.
   Google Scholar
• Smalley, R., and E. Corbera. 2012. “Large-scale Land Deals from the Inside Out: Findings from Kenya’s Tana Delta.” Journal of Peasant Studies 39 (3&4): 1039–1075.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smalley, R., E. Sulle, and L. Malale. 2014. The Role of the State and Foreign Capital in Agricultural Commercialisation: The Case of Sugarcane Outgrowers in Kilombero District, Tanzania. Working Paper 106, Brighton: Future Agricultures Consortium.
   Google Scholar
• Sprenger, E. L. M. 1989. Sugarcane Outgrowers and Kilombero Sugar Company in Tanzania. Nijmegen: Third World Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Standing, G. 1989. “Global Feminization Through Flexible Labour.” World Development 17 (7): 1077–1095.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulle, E. 2017. “Social Differentiation and the Politics of Land: Sugar Cane Outgrowing in Kilombero, Tanzania.” Journal of Southern African Studies 43 (3): 517–533.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulle, E., and F. Nelson. 2009. Biofuels, Land Access and Rural Livelihoods in Tanzania. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.
   Google Scholar
• Sulle, E., and R. Smalley. 2015. “The State and Foreign Capital in Agricultural Commercialization in Tanzania: The Case of Kilombero Sugar Company.” In Africa’s Land Rush: Implications for Rural Livelihoods and Agrarian Change, edited by R. Hall, I. Scoones, and D. Tsikata, 114–131. Oxford: James Currey.
   Google Scholar
• Sulle, E., R. Smalley, and L. Malale. 2014. Opportunities and Challenges in Tanzania’s Sugar Industry: Lessons for SAGCOT and the New Alliance. Policy Brief 76. Brighton: Future Agricultures Consortium and PLAAS.
   Google Scholar
• Tomlinson, D. 2005. “Social Development through Outgrower Schemes: The Private Sector Kilombero Business Linkage Program.” Paper presented at the Partners for Africa Policy Dialogue Conference, Dar es Salaam, June 22–24. www.partners4africa.org/docs/S2-9-PfA-Tanzania-Tomlinson-Illovo.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Von Bülow, D., and A. Sørensen. 1993. “Gender and Contract Farming: Tea Outgrower Schemes in Kenya.” Review of African Political Economy 20 (56): 38–52.
   Google Scholar
• White, B., S. M. Borras Jr, R. Hall, I. Scoones, and W. Wolford. 2012. “The New Enclosures: Critical Perspectives on Corporate Land Deals.” Journal of Peasant Studies 39 (3&4): 619–647.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehead, A. 2009. “The Gendered Impacts of Liberalization Policies on African Agricultural Economies and Rural Livelihoods.” In The Gendered Impacts of Liberalization: Towards “Embedded Liberalism”?, edited by S. Razavi, 37–62. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Woodend, J. 2003. “Potential of Contract Farming as a Mechanism for the Commercialisation of Smallholder Agriculture: The Zimbabwe Case Study.” Report Prepared for Food and Agriculture Organisation. Rome: FAO.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2007. World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
   Google Scholar