The imperial maize assemblage: maize dialectics in Malawi and India

References

• Access to Seeds Foundation. 2019. “Access to Seeds Index 2019 Synthesis Report: Bridging the Gap between the World’s Leading Seed Companies and the Smallholder Farmer.” Access to Seeds Foundation Amsterdam.
   Google Scholar
• Asturias, M. A. 1949. Men of Maize. Losada.
   Google Scholar
• Banik, D., and M. Chasukwa. 2019. “The Politics of Hunger in an SDG Era: Food Policy in Malawi.” Journal of Food Ethics 4: 189–206.
   Google Scholar
• Bellon, M. R., A. Mastretta-Yanes, A. Ponce-Mendoza, D. Ortiz-Santamaría, O. Oliveros-Galindo, H. Perales, F. Acevedo, and J. Sarukhán. 2018. “Evolutionary and Food Supply Implications of Ongoing Maize Domestication by Mexican Campesinos.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285 (1885): 20181049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berlan, J. P., & Lewontin, R. C. 1986. “The Political Economy of Hybrid Corn.” Monthly Review, 38: 35–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bezner Kerr, R. 2013. “Seed Struggles and Food Sovereignty in Northern Malawi.” Journal of Peasant Studies 40: 867–897.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bezner Kerr, R. 2014. “Lost and Found Crops: Agrobiodiversity, Indigenous Knowledge, and a Feminist Political Ecology of Sorghum and Finger Millet in Northern Malawi.” J Annals of the Association of American Geographers 104: 577–593.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake, M. 2015. Maize for the Gods: Unearthing the 9,000-Year History of Corn. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Borras Jr., S. M., J. C. Franco, S. R. Isakson, L. Levidow, and P. Vervest. 2016. “The Rise of Flex Crops and Commodities: Implications for Research.” Journal of Peasant Studies 43 (1): 93–115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braudel, F. 1977. Afterthoughts on Material Civilization and Capitalism. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brush, S. B., and H. R. Perales. 2007. “A Maize Landscape: Ethnicity and Agro-Biodiversity in Chiapas Mexico.” Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 121: 211–221.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Challinor, A., J. Watson, D. Lobell, S. Howden, D. Smith, and N. Chhetri. 2014. “A Meta-Analysis of Crop Yield Under Climate Change and Adaptation.” Nature Climate Change 4: 287–291.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinsinga, B. 2011. “Seeds and Subsidies: The Political Economy of Input Programmes in Malawi.” IDS Bulletin 42: 59–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinsinga, B., and M. J. A. R. Chasukwa. 2018. “Narratives, Climate Change and Agricultural Policy Processes in Malawi.” Future Agriculture Working Papers 10: 140–156.
   Google Scholar
• Chinsinga, B., and C. Poulton. 2014. “Beyond Technocratic Debates: The Significance and Transience of Political Incentives in the Malawi Farm Input Subsidy Programme (FISP).” Development Policy Review 32: s123–s150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chirwa, E., M. Matita, P. Mvula, and W. Mhango. 2016. Evaluation of the 2015/16 Farm Input Subsidy Programme in Malawi: 2015/16 Reforms and their Implications.
   Google Scholar
• CIMMYT. 2015. “Maize Workshop Sets Stage for Doubling Production in India by 2025.” https://www.cimmyt.org/news/maize-workshop-sets-stage-for-doubling-production-in-india-by-2025/.
   Google Scholar
• Crosby, A. W. 1972. The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Cullather, N. 2010. The Hungry World: America's Cold War Battle against Poverty in Asia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Denning, G., P. Kabambe, P. Sanchez, A. Malik, R. Flor, R. Harawa, P. Nkhoma, et al. 2009. “Input Subsidies to Improve Smallholder Maize Productivity in Malawi: Toward an African Green Revolution.” Plos Biology 7: 2–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devereux, S. 2002. “The Malawi Famine of 2002.” IDS Bulletin 33: 70–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2002.tb00046.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorward, A., and E. Chirwa. 2011. “The Malawi Agricultural Input Subsidy Programme: 2005/06 to 2008/09.” International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 9 (1): 232–247. doi:https://doi.org/10.3763/ijas.2010.0567
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, R. 1959. “The Food Properties of Flint and Dent Maize.” The East African Agricultural Journal 24: 251–253.
   Google Scholar
• FICCI/PWC. 2018. “Maize Vision 2022: A Knowledge Report.” New Delhi: FICCI.
   Google Scholar
• Fitting, E. 2011. The Struggle for Maize: Campesinos, Workers, and Transgenic Corn in the Mexican Countryside. Durham: Durham University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2021. FAOSTAT Statistical Database.
   Google Scholar
• Fussell, B. 1999. “Translating Maize Into Corn: The Transformation of America's Native Grain.” Social Research 66: 41–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goergen, G., P. L. Kumar, S. B. Sankung, A. Togola, and M. Tamò. 2016. “First Report of Outbreaks of the Fall Armyworm Spodoptera Frugiperda (J E Smith) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), a New Alien Invasive Pest in West and Central Africa.” PLOS ONE 11 (10): e0165632. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guthman, J. 2019. Wilted: Pathogens, Chemicals, and the Fragile Future of the Strawberry Industry. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Haraway, D. 2015. “Anthropocene, Capitalocene, Plantationocene, Chthulucene: Making Kin.” Environmental Humanities 6: 159–165.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrigan, J. 2003. “U-turns and Full Circles: Two Decades of Agricultural Reform in Malawi 1981–2000.” World Development 31: 847–863.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartigan, J. Jr. 2017. Care of the Species: Races of Corn and the Science of Plant Biodiversity. Minneapolis: Universiy of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Haug, R., and B. K. Wold. 2017. “Social Protection or Humanitarian Assistance: Contested Input Subsidies and Climate Adaptation in Malawi.” IDS Bulletin 48: 79–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard, P. H. 2019. “Corporate Concentration in Global Meat Processing: The Role of Feed and Finance Subsidies.” In Global Meat: Social and Environmental Consequences of the Expanding Meat Industry, 31–55 edited by B. Winders and E. Ransom. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Huff, L. A. 2006. “Sacred Sustenance: Maize, Storytelling, and a Maya Sense of Place.” Journal of Latin American Geography 5: 79–96.
   Google Scholar
• Indian Council of Food and Agriculture. 2015. Indian Seed Market.
   Google Scholar
• IPES-FOOD. 2017. Too Big to Feed: Exploring the Impacts of Mega-Mergers, Consolidation and Concentration of Power in the Agri-Food Sector.
   Google Scholar
• Jafri, Afsar. 2018. Politics of Seeds: Common Resource or a Private Property. New Delhi: Focus on the Global South.
   Google Scholar
• Jakobsen, J. 2019. “Neoliberalising the Food Regime ‘Amongst its Others’: The Right to Food and the State in India.” Journal of Peasant Studies 46 (6): 1219–1239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobsen, J. 2020a. “The Maize Frontier in Rural South India: Exploring the Everyday Dynamics of the Contemporary Food Regime.” Journal of Agrarian Change 20 (1): 137–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobsen, J., and A. Hansen. 2020b. “Geographies of Meatification: an Emerging Asian Meat Complex.” Globalizations 17 (1): 93–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaul, Jyoti, Ramesh Kumar, Usha Nara, Khushbu Jain, Dhirender Olakh, Tanu Tiwari, Om Prakash Yadav, and Sain Dass. 2018. “An Overview of Registration of Maize Genetic Resources in India.” International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Science 7 (2): 933–950.
   Google Scholar
• Kloppenburg, J. R. 1988. First the Seed. The Political Economy of Plant Biotechnology 1492-2000. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, R., K. Srinivas, and N. Sivaramane. 2013. “Assessment of the Maize Situation, Outlook and Investment Opportunities in India.” Country Report – Regional Assessment Asia (MAIZE-CRP), National Academy of Agricultural Research Management, Hyderabad, India.
   Google Scholar
• Kydd, J. 1989. “Maize Research in Malawi: Lessons from Failure.” Journal of International Development 1: 112–144.
   Google Scholar
• Kydd, J., and R. Christiansen. 1982. “Structural Change in Malawi Since Independence: Consequences of a Development Strategy Based on Large-Scale Agriculture.” World Development 10: 355–375.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lave, R. 2015. “Reassembling the Structural: Political Ecology and Actor-Network Theory.” In The Routledge Handbook of Political Ecology, edited by T. Perreault, G. Bridge, and J. McCarthy, 213–223. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lele, U., and A. A. Goldsmith. 1989. “The Development of National Agricultural Research Capacity: India's Experience with the Rockefeller Foundation and Its Significance for Africa.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 37: 305–343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loftus, A. 2020. “Political Ecology III: Who are ‘the People’?” Progress in Human Geography 44 (5): 981–990.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lunduka, R., M. Fisher, and S. Snapp. 2012. “Could Farmer Interest in a Diversity of Seed Attributes Explain Adoption Plateaus for Modern Maize Varieties in Malawi?.” Food Policy 37: 504–510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCann, J. 2005. Maize and Grace: Africa's Encounter with a New World Crop, 1500-2000. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• McMichael, P. 2013. Food Regimes and Agrarian Questions. Winnipeg: Rugby, Fernwood Publishing and Practical Action Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Messina, J. P., B. G. Peter, and S. S. Snapp. 2017. “Re-evaluating the Malawian Farm Input Subsidy Programme [Published Correction Appears in Nat Plants. 2017 Mar 13;3:17044].” Nature Plants 3: 17013. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nplants.2017.13. Published 2017 Mar 6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. 2011. Biology of Zea mays (Maize). New Delhi: Government of India.
   Google Scholar
• Mir, C., T. Zerjal, V. Combes, F. Dumas, D. Madur, C. Bedoya, S. Dreisigacker, J. Franco, P. Grudloyma, and P. Hao. 2013. “Out of America: Tracing the Genetic Footprints of the Global Diffusion of Maize.” Theoretical and Applied Genetics 126: 2671–2682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, J. W. 2015. Capitalism in the Web of Life: Ecology and the Accumulation of Capital. London: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Morris, M. L., R. P. Singh, and S. Pal. 1998. “India's Maize Seed Industry in Transition: Changing Roles for the Public and Private Sectors.” Food Policy 23 (1): 55–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mzamu, J. J. 2012. “The Ways of Maize: Food, Poverty, Policy and the Politics of Meaning Among the Chewa of Malawi.” PhD Thesis. University of Bergen.
   Google Scholar
• Pandey, B. 1994. “Hybrid Seed Controversy in India.” Biotechnology and Development Monitor 19: 9–11.
   Google Scholar
• Patel, R. 2013. “The Long Green Revolution.” Journal of Peasant Studies 40 (1): 1–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavithra, S., C. Boeber, S. A. Shah, S. P. Subash, P. S. Birthal, and S. Mittal. 2018. “Adoption of Modern Maize Varieties in India: Insights Based on Expert Elicitation Methodology.” Agricultural Research 7 (4): 391–401.
   Google Scholar
• Pionetti, C. 1997. “The Evolution of the Seed Industry in India.” http://base.d-p-h.info/es/fiches/premierdph/fiche-premierdph-4106.html.
   Google Scholar
• Pollan, M. 2009. The Omnivore's Dilemma: The Search for a Perfect Meal in a Fast-Food World. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Pray, C. E., and B. Ramaswami. 1999. “Liberalization’s Impact on the Indian Seed Industry: Competition, Research, and Impact on Farmers.” The International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 2 (3): 407–420.
   Google Scholar
• Richard, A., 2012. Sin Maíz No Hay País, in Latta, A. and Wittman, H. eds. 2012. Environment and Citizenship in Latin America: Natures, Subjects and Struggles (Vol. 101, 59–76). London: Berghahn Books.
   Google Scholar
• Ricker-Gilbert, J., T. Jayne, and G. Shively. 2013. “Addressing the “Wicked Problem” of Input Subsidy Programs in Africa.” Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 35: 322–340. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/aepp/ppt001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robbins, P. 2007. Lawn People: How Grasses, Weeds, and Chemicals Make us Who we Are. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Robbins, P. 2019. Political Ecology: A Critical Introduction. 3rd ed. Malden: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Roy, T. 2006. The Economic History of India, 1857-1947. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sachs, J. 2012. “How Malawi Fed its Own People.” The New York Times.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, J. C. 2009. The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia. New Haven: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, J. C. 2017. Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States. New Haven: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sen, A. 2016, May 26. “Maize Cultivation Needs to Double by 2025: Agriculture Minister.” The Hindu.
   Google Scholar
• Shiva, V., and C. Tom. 1998. “Monopoly and Monoculture: Trends in Indian Seed Industry.” Economic and Political Weekly 33 (39): A137–A151.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, B. 1977. Races of Maize in India. New Delhi: Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, A. R., S. Kumar Dutta, S. Basanta Singh, and T. Boopathi. 2016. “Multi cob-Bearing Popcorn (Puakzo) Maize: a Unique Landrace of Mizoram, North East, India.” Current Science 110 (8): 1392–1393.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smale, M. 1995. ““Maize is Life”: Malawi's Delayed Green Revolution.” World Development 23: 819–831.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smale, M., D. Byerlee, and T. Jayne. 2013. “Maize Revolutions in Sub-Saharan Africa.” In An African Green Revolution: Finding Ways to Boost Productivity on Small Farms, edited by K. Otsuka and D. F. Larson, 168–196. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Smale, M., and T. Jayne. 2003. “Maize in Eastern and Southern Africa:” Seeds” of Success in Retrospect. Washington, DC: Environment and Production Technology Division, International Food Policy Research Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, M. 2018. “Climate-smart Agriculture: What is it Good for?” The Journal of Peasant Studies 45 (1): 89–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, M. 2020. “Hybrid Realities: Making a new Green Revolution for Rice in South India.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 47 (3): 483–502.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tigchelaar, M., D. S. Battisti, R. L. Naylor, and D. K. Ray. 2018. “Future Warming Increases Probability of Globally Synchronized Maize Production Shocks.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115 (26): 6644–6649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsing, A. 2013. “More-Than-Human Sociality: A Call for Critical Description.” In Anthropology and Nature, edited by K. Hastrup, 27–42. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Warman, A. (1988) 2003. Corn and Capitalism: How a Botanical Bastard Grew to Global Dominance. Translated by Nancy L. Westrate. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weis, T. 2013. The Ecological Hoofprint: The Global Burden of Industrial Livestock. New York: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Westengen, O. T., P. R. Berg, M. P. Kent, and A. K. Brysting. 2012. “Spatial Structure and Climatic Adaptation in African Maize Revealed by Surveying SNP Diversity in Relation to Global Breeding and Landrace Panels.” Plos One 7 (10): e47832. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westengen, O. T., R. Haug, P. Guthiga, and E. Macharia. 2019. “Governing Seeds in East Africa in the Face of Climate Change: Assessing Political and Social Outcomes.” Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 3: 53.
   Google Scholar
• Westengen, O. T., K. H. Ring, P. R. Berg, and A. K. Brysting. 2014. “Modern Maize Varieties Going Local in the Semi-Arid Zone in Tanzania.” BMC Evolutionary Biology 14: 1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winders, B. 2017. Grains. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Yadav, O. P., C. G. Firoz Hossain, B. Karjagi, P. H. Kumar, S. L. Zaidi, J. S. Jat, J. Chawla, et al. 2015. “Genetic Improvement of Maize in India: Retrospect and Prospects.” Agricultural Research 4 (4): 325–338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadav, O. P., B. M. Prasanna, P. Yadava, S. L. Jat, D. Kumar, B. S. Dhillon, I. S. Solanki, and J. S. Sandhu. 2016. “Doubling Maize (Zea Mays) Production of India by 2025 – Challenges and Opportunities.” Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 86 (4): 427–434.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar