Deception and default in a global marketplace: the political economy of livestock export trade in Ethiopia

References

• Agricultural Growth Program-Livestock Market Development. 2013. Value Chain Analysis for Meat/Live Animals, Leather and Leather Products, Dairy Products Value Chains: Expanding Livestock Markets for the Small-Holder Producers. Addis Ababa: United States Agency for International Development (USAID).
   Google Scholar
• Aklilu, Y. 2006. “A Review of Policies and Their Impact on Livestock Trade in Ethiopia During Three Regimes (1965-2005).” In Pastoral Livestock Marketing in Eastern Africa: Research and Policy Challenges, edited by J. G. McPeak and P. D. Little, 187–202. Warwickshire: ITDG.
   Google Scholar
• Aklilu, Y., and A. Catley. 2010a. Mind the Gap: Commercialization, Livelihoods and Wealth Disparity in Pastoralist Areas of Ethiopia. Medford, MA: Feinstein Center, Tufts University.
   Google Scholar
• Aklilu, Y., and A. Catley. 2010b. Livestock Exports from Pastoralist Areas: An Analysis of Benefits by Wealth Group and Policy Implications. Inter-Governmental Agency for Development (IGAD). LPI Working Paper No. 01–10. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
   Google Scholar
• Babiker, M. 2013. “Mobile Pastoralism and Land Grabbing in Sudan.” In Development at the Margins: Pathways of Change in the Horn of Africa, edited by A. Catley, J. Lind, and I. Scoones, 177–185. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bachewe, F., B. Minten, and F. Yimer. 2017. The Rising Costs of Animal-Source Foods in Ethiopia: Evidence and Implications. Working Paper 108. Addis Ababa: Ethiopian Development Research Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Bair, J. 2009. “Global Commodity Chains: Genealogy and Review.” In Frontiers of Commodity Chain Research, edited by J. Bair, 1–33. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Banaji, J. 2016. “Merchant Capitalism, Peasant Households and Industrial Accumulation: Integration of a Model.” Journal of Agrarian Change 16 (3): 410–431.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassi, M. 2005. Decisions in the Shade: Political and Judicial Processes among the Oromo Borana. Trenton, NJ: Red Sea Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein, Henry. 1981. “Concepts for the Analysis of Contemporary Peasantries.” In The Political Economy of Rural Development, edited by Rosemary E. Galli, 3–24. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein, Henry. 2010. Class Dynamics of Agrarian Change. Halifax: Fernwood Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein, Henry, and L. Campling. 2006. “Commodity Studies and Commodity Fetishism I: Trading Down.” Journal of Agrarian Change 6 (2): 239–264.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bissonnette, Jean-François, and Rodolphe De Koninck. 2017. “The Return of the Plantation? Historical and Contemporary Trends in the Relation Between Plantations and Smallholdings in Southeast Asia.” Journal of Peasant Studies 44 (4): 918–938.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borras, Saturnino M, Jr. 2009. “Agrarian Change and Peasant Studies: Changes, Continuities and Challenges – an Introduction.” Journal of Peasant Studies 36 (1): 5–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brasesco, F., D. Asgedom, and V. Sommacal. 2019. Strategic Analysis and Intervention Plan for Live Animals and Red Meat in the Agro-Commodities Procurement Zone of the Pilot Integrated Agro-Industrial Park in Central Eastern Oromia, Ethiopia. Addis Ababa: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
   Google Scholar
• Buchanan-Smith, R., A. Jabbar, A. R. Tahir, and Y. Aklilu. 2012. On the Hoof: Livestock Trade in Darfur. Medford, MA: Tufts University Feinstein International Center.
   Google Scholar
• Catley, A., J. Lind, and I. Scoones. 2013. Development at the Margins: Pathways of Change in the Horn of Africa. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Debsu, D. N., P. D. Little, W. Tiki, S. A. J. Guagliardo, and U. Kitron. 2016. “Mobile Phone for Mobile People: The Role of Communication Technology in Supporting Pastoralism and Livestock Trade in Borana, Southern Ethiopia.” Nomadic Peoples 20: 35–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desta, Solomon, and D. L. Coppock. 2004. “Pastoralism under Pressure: Tracking System Change in Southern Ethiopia.” Human Ecology 32 (4): 465–486.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolan, C. S. 2010. “Virtual Moralities: The Mainstreaming of Fair Trade in Kenyan Tea Fields.” Geoforum; Journal of Physical, Human, and Regional Geosciences 41 (1): 33–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endeshaw, D. 2016. “Paradox of the Cattle Market.” Addis Fortune Weekly. January 11. https://allafrica.com/stories/201601130883.html. Accessed 3/19/21.
   Google Scholar
• FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 2015a. Analysis of Price Incentives for Live Cattle in Ethiopia. Technical Notes Series. Rome: FAO.
   Google Scholar
• FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 2015b. Analysis of Price Incentives for Live Cattle in Ethiopia for the Time Period 2005–2012. Rome: FAO. Technical notes series.
   Google Scholar
• Flintan, F., B. Tache, and A. Eid. 2011. Rangeland Fragmentation in Traditional Grazing Areas and Its Impact on Drought Resilience of Pastoral Communities: Lessons from Borana, Oromia and Harshin, Somali Regional States, Ethiopia. A Report for the Regional Learning and Advocacy Programme, Save-the-Children, Addis Ababa.
   Google Scholar
• Gabbert, Echi C., Fana Gebresenbet, John G. Galaty, and Gunther Schlee. 2021. Lands of the Future: Anthropological Perspectives on Pastoralism, Land Deals and Tropes of Modernity in Eastern Africa. Oxford: Berghahn Books.
   Google Scholar
• Galaty, J. G. 2016. “Reasserting the Commons: Pastoral Contestations of Private and State Lands in East Africa.” International Journal of the Commons 10 (2): 709–727.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebresenbet, F. 2016. “Land Acquisitions, the Politics of Dispossession, and State-Re-Making in Gambella, Western Ethiopia.” Africa Spectrum 51 (1): 5–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbon, P. 1997. “Prawns and Piranhas: The Political Economy of a Tanzanian Private Sector Marketing Chain.” Journal of Peasant Studies 25 (4): 1–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbon, P., and S. Pointe. 2005. Trading Down: Africa, Value Chains, and the Global Economy. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hagar, Gihad A., Tamador-ELkhansaa Angara, and Mohammed Ibrahim. 2015. “Evaluation of Rehabilitations of Livestock Markets for Rural Development Project: The Case of Rehabilitations for Damazine and Sinjah Livestock Markets [Sudan].” International Journal of Technical Research and Applications 3 (2): 177–183.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, R., I. Scoones, and D. Tsikata. 2015. Africa’s Land Rush: Rural Livelihoods and Agrarian Change. Oxford: James Currey.
   Google Scholar
• Legesse, A. 1973. Gada: Three Approaches to the Study of African Society. New York: The Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Li, T. M. 2014. Land’s End: Capitalist Relations on an Indigenous Frontier. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lind, J., D. Okwena, and I. Scoones. 2020. “Introduction: Latest Investments in Land, Resources and Infrastructure.” In Land, Investment & Politics: Reconfiguring Eastern Africa’s Pastoral Drylands, edited by J. Lind, D. Okwena, and I. Scoones, 1–32. Suffolk: James Currey.
   Google Scholar
• Little, P. D. 2003. Somalia: Economy without state. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Little, P. D. 2021. “Global Trade, Local Realities: Why African States Undervalue Pastoralism.” In Lands of the Future: Anthropological Perspectives on Pastoralism, Land Deals and Tropes of Modernity in Eastern Africa, edited by E. Gabbert, F. Gebresenbet, J. G. Galaty, and G. Schlee, 78–95. Oxford: Berghahn Books.
   Google Scholar
• Little, P. D., D. N. Debsu, and W. Tiki. 2014. “How Pastoralists Perceive and Respond to Market Opportunities: The Case of the Horn of Africa.” Food Policy 49 (2014): 389–397.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little, P. D., J. McPeak, C. B. Barrett, and P. Kristjanson. 2008. “Challenging Orthodoxies: Understanding Pastoral Poverty in East Africa.” Development and Change 39 (4): 587–611.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little, P. D., K. Smith, B. A. Cellarius, D. L. Coppock, and C. Barrett. 2001. “Avoiding Disaster: Diversification and Risk Management among East African Herders.” Development and Change 32 (3): 401–433.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little, Peter D., W. Tiki, and D. N. Debsu. 2015. “Formal or Informal, Legal or Illegal: The Ambiguous Nature of Cross-Border Livestock Trade in the Horn of Africa.” Journal of Border Studies 30 (1): 405–421.
   Google Scholar
• Little, P. D., and M. J. Watts. 1994. Living Under Contract: Contract Farming and Agrarian Transformation in Sub-Saharan Africa. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mahmoud, H. A. 2006. “Innovations in Pastoral Livestock Marketing: The Emergence of ‘Somali Cattle Traders-cum-Ranchers’ in Kenya.” In Pastoral Livestock Marketing in Eastern Africa: Research and Policy Challenges, edited by J. G. McPeak and P. D. Little, 129–144. Warwickshire: ITDG.
   Google Scholar
• Mahmoud, H. A. 2008. “Risky Trade, Resilient Traders: Trust and Livestock Marketing in Northern Kenya.” Africa 78 (4): 561–581.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majid, N. 2010. Livestock Trade in the Djibouti, Somali and Ethiopian Borderlands. London: Chatham House. Chatham House Briefing Paper, AFP BP 2010/01.
   Google Scholar
• Mamo, G. D. 2019. “Assessment on Impact of Live Animal Export on Meat Export Performance in Ethiopia: Policy Implications.” Business and Management Studies 1 (3): 21–28.
   Google Scholar
• Mariam, S. G., S. Amare, D. Baker, A. Solomon, and R. Davies. 2013. Study of the Ethiopian Live Cattle and Beef Value Chain. Addis Ababa: International Livestock Research Institute. ILRI Discussion Paper 23.
   Google Scholar
• McMichael, Philip. 2013. “Value-Chain Agriculture and Debt Relations: Contradictory Outcomes.” Third World Quarterly 34 (4): 671–690.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPeak, J. G., and P. D. Little. 2018. “Mobile Peoples, Contested Borders: Land Use Conflicts and Resolution Mechanisms among Borana and Guji Communities, Southern Ethiopia.” World Development 103: 119–132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPeak, J., P. D. Little, and C. Doss. 2012. Risk and Social Change in an African Rural Economy: Livelihoods in Pastoralist Communities. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MOFED). 2010. Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP). Addis Ababa: MOFED.
   Google Scholar
• Musa, Ahmed M. 2019. From Trust to Oligopoly: Institutional Change in Livestock Trade in Somaliland After 1991. Copenhagen: Danish Institute of International Studies. DIIS Working paper 2019: 8.
   Google Scholar
• Musa, Ahmed M., Oliver Wasonga, and Nadhem Mtimet. 2020. “Factors Influencing Livestock Exports in Somaliland’s Terminal Markets.” Pastoralism 10 (1): 1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Ng’asike, O. P., T. Hagmann, and O. V. Wasonga. 2021. “Brokerage in the Borderlands: The Political Economy of Livestock Intermediaries in Northern Kenya.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 15 (1): 168–188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Laughlin, B. 2016. “Bernstein’s Puzzle: Peasants, Accumulation and Class Alliances in Africa.” Journal of Agrarian Change 16 (3): 390–409.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regassa, Asebe, Yebarek Hizekiel, and Benedikt Korf. 2019. “Civilizing’ the Pastoral Frontier: Land Grabbing, Dispossession and Coercive Agrarian Development in Ethiopia.” Journal of Peasant Studies 46 (5): 935–955.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samatar, A. 1989. The State and Rural Transformation in Northern Somalia, 1884-1986. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
   Google Scholar
• Samatar, A., L. Salisbury, and J. Bascom. 1988. “The Political Economy of Livestock Marketing in Northern Somalia.” African Economic History 17: 81–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scoones, I. 2021. “Pastoralists and Peasants: Perspectives on Agrarian Change.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 48 (1): 1–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro, B., G. Gebru, S. Desta, A. Negassa, K. Negussie, G. Aboset, and H. Mechal. 2015. Ethiopia Livestock Master Plan: A Contribution to the Growth and Transformation Plan II (2015-2020), Roadmaps for Growth and Transformation. Addis Ababa: International Livestock Research Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Stepputat, F., and T. Hagmann. 2019. “Politics of Circulation: The Makings of the Berbera Corridor in Somali East Africa.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 37 (5): 794–813.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tache, Boku, and Gufu Oba. 2010. “Is Poverty Driving Borana Herders in Southern Ethiopia to Crop Cultivation?” Human Ecology 38 (4): 639–649.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teklebrhan, T., and M. Urge. 2013. “Assessment of Commercial Feedlot Finishing Practices at Eastern Shoa, Ethiopia.” Open Journal of Animal Sciences 03 (4): 273–280.
   Google Scholar
• USAID. 2011. Ethiopia: Multi-Year Strategy (2011-2015). Washington, DC: USAID.
   Google Scholar