Living standards and land – longitudinal village level perspectives from five African countries: broad based improvements amid rural differentiation

References

• Alobo Loison, S. 2015. “Rural Livelihood Diversification in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Literature Review.” The Journal of Development Studies 51 (9): 1125–1138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alobo Loison, S., and E. Hillbom. 2020. “Regional Evidence of Smallholder-Based Growth in Zambia’s Livestock Sector.” World Development Perspectives 19: 100229.
   Google Scholar
• Andersson Djurfeldt, A. 2012. “Seasonality and Farm Non-Farm Interactions in Western Kenya.” Journal of Modern African Studies 50 (1): 1–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson Djurfeldt, A. 2013. “African Re-Agrarianization? Accumulation or Pro-Poor Agricultural Growth?” World Development 41: 217–231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson Djurfeldt, A. 2017. Pro-Poor Agricultural Growth–Village Dynamics and Commercialisation Pathways (1781184224). APRA Working Paper number 3, Future Agricultures Consortium.
   Google Scholar
• Andersson Djurfeldt, A. 2018a. “Assets, Gender and Livelihoods.” In Agriculture, Diversification and Gender in Rural Africa: Longitudinal Perspectives from Six Countries, edited by A. Andersson Djurfeldt, F. M. Dzanku, and A. Isinika, 54–80. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Andersson Djurfeldt, A. 2018b. “Gender and Rural Livelihoods: Agricultural Commercialization and Farm Nonfarm Diversification.” In Agriculture, Diversification and Gender in Rural Africa: Longitudinal Perspectives from Six Countries, edited by A. Andersson Djurfeldt, F. M. Dzanku, and A. Isinika, 81–112. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Andersson Djurfeldt, A. 2020. “Gendered Land Rights, Legal Reform and Social Norms in the Context of Land Fragmentation - a Review of the Literature for Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda.” Land Use Policy 90 (104305): 1–22.
   Google Scholar
• Andersson Djurfeldt, A., and G. Djurfeldt. 2013. “Structural Transformation and African Smallholders: Drivers of Mobility Within and Between the Farm and Non-Farm Sectors for Eight Countries.” Oxford Development Studies 41 (3): 281–306.
   Google Scholar
• Andersson Djurfeldt, A., G. Djurfeldt, and D. B. Sarpong. 2014. “Community, Cohesion and Context: Agrarian Development and Religion in Eastern Region, Ghana.” Geoforum 52: 78–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson Djurfeldt, A., O. Hall, A. Isinika, E. Msuya, and G. Tambang Yengoh. 2020. “Sustainable Agricultural Intensification in Four Tanzanian Villages—A View from the Ground and the Sky.” Sustainability 12 (20): 8304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson Djurfeldt, A., and E. Hillbom. 2016. “Pro-poor Agricultural Growth–Inclusion or Differentiation? Village Level Perspectives from Zambia.” Geoforum 75: 220–233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson Djurfeldt, A., E. Hillbom, and E. E. Msuya. 2021. “Ricing Fortunes - Agricultural Growth, Farm Intensification and Paddy Specialization in Two Tanzanian Villages.” In Assets, Prosperity and Rural Livelihoods: Insights From Longitudinal Studies in Tanzania, edited by D. Brockington, and C. Noe, 237–257. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Andersson Djurfeldt, A., E. Hillbom, W. O. Mulwafu, P. Mvula, and G. Djurfeldt. 2018. “‘The Family Farms Together, the Decisions, However are Made by the Man’—Matrilineal Land Tenure Systems, Welfare and Decision Making in Rural Malawi.” Land Use Policy 70: 601–610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson Djurfeldt, A., A. Kalindi, K. Lindsjö, and M. Wamulume. 2019. “Yearning to Farm–Youth, Agricultural Intensification and Land in Mkushi, Zambia.” Journal of Rural Studies 71: 85–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson Djurfeldt, A., and S. K. Wambugu. 2011. “In-kind Transfers of Maize, Commercialization and Household Consumption in Kenya.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 5 (3): 447–464.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anseeuw, W., T. Jayne, R. Kachule, and J. Kotsopoulos. 2016. “The Quiet Rise of Medium-Scale Farms in Malawi.” Land 5 (3): 19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, H. 2010. Class Dynamics of Agrarian Change. Halifax and Winnipeg Sterling, VA: Fernwood Publishing, Kumarian Press.
   Google Scholar
• Binswanger-Mkhize, H. P., A. F. McCalla, and P. Patel. 2010. “Structural Transformation and African Agriculture.” Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies 2 (2): 113–152.
   Google Scholar
• Bryceson, D. 2002. “The Scramble in Africa: Reorienting Rural Livelihoods.” World Development 30 (5): 725–739.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryceson, D. F. 2019. “Gender and Generational Patterns of African Deagrarianization: Evolving Labour and Land Allocation in Smallholder Peasant Household Farming, 1980–2015.” World Development 113: 60–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chant, S. 2007. Gender, Generation and Poverty: Exploring the Feminisation of Poverty Thesis in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Chigumira, E. 2018. “Political Ecology of Agrarian Transformation: The Nexus of Mining and Agriculture in Sanyati District, Zimbabwe.” Journal of Rural Studies 61: 265–276.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cousins, B., A. Dubb, D. Hornby, and F. Mtero. 2018. “Social Reproduction of ‘Classes of Labour’ in the Rural Areas of South Africa: Contradictions and Contestations.” Journal of Peasant Studies 45 (5-6): 1060–1085.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, B., S. Di Giuseppe, and A. Zezza. 2017. “Are African Households (not) Leaving Agriculture? Patterns of Households’ Income Sources in Rural Sub-Saharan Africa.” Food Policy 67: 153–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorward, A., S. Anderson, Y. N. Bernal, E. S. Vera, J. Rushton, J. Pattison, and R. Paz. 2009. “Hanging in, Stepping up and Stepping Out: Livelihood Aspirations and Strategies of the Poor.” Development in Practice 19 (2): 240–247.
   Google Scholar
• Guyer, J. I. 1981. “Household and Community in African Studies.” African Studies Review 24 (1): 88–137.
   Google Scholar
• Haggblade, S., and P. Hazell. 2010. Successes in African Agriculture. Baltimore: IFPRI/Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Haggblade, S., P. Hazell, and T. Reardon. 2007. Transforming the Rural Non-Farm Economy: Opportunities and Threats in the Developing World. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Havnevik, K., D. Bryceson, L. E. Birgegård, P. Matondi, and A. Beyene. 2007. African Agriculture and the World Bank - Development or Impoverishment? Policy Dialogue No. 1. Uppsala.
   Google Scholar
• Headey, D. D., and T. Jayne. 2014. “Adaptation to Land Constraints: Is Africa Different?” Food Policy 48: 18–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hebinck, P. 2018. “De-/re-agrarianisation: Global Perspectives.” Journal of Rural Studies 61: 227–235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hebinck, P., N. Mtati, and C. Shackleton. 2018. “More Than Just Fields: Reframing Deagrarianisation in Landscapes and Livelihoods.” Journal of Rural Studies 61: 323–334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayne, T., J. Chamberlin, and R. Benfica. 2018. “Africa’s Unfolding Economic Transformation.” The Journal of Development Studies 54 (5): 777–787.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayne, T. S., J. Chamberlin, and D. D. Headey. 2014. “Land Pressures, the Evolution of Farming Systems, and Development Strategies in Africa: A Synthesis.” Food Policy 48: 1–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayne, T. S., D. Mather, and E. Mghenyi. 2006. Smallholder Farming under Increasingly Difficult Circumstances: Policy and Public Investment Priorities for Africa. MSU International Development Working Paper. Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University. East Lansing.
   Google Scholar
• Jayne, T. S., D. Mather, and E. Mghenyi. 2010. “Principal Challenges Confronting Smallholder Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa.” World Development 38 (10): 1384–1398.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jirström, M., M. Archila Bustos, and S. Alobo Loison. 2018. “African Smallholder Farmers on the Move: Farm and Non-Farm Trends for Six Sub-Saharan African Countries.” In Agriculture, Diversification and Gender in Rural Africa, edited by A. Andersson Djurfeldt, F. M. Dzanku, and A. Isinika, 17–53. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lindsjö, K., A. A. Andersson Djurfeldt, A. C. Isinika, and E. Msuya. 2020. “Youths' Participation in Agricultural Intesification in Tanzania.” AIMS Agriculture and Food 5 (4): 681–699.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masters, W. A., A. Andersson Djurfeldt, C. De Haan, P. Hazell, T. Jayne, M. Jirström, and T. Reardon. 2013. “Urbanization and Farm Size in Asia and Africa: Implications for Food Security and Agricultural Research.” Global Food Security 2 (3): 156–165. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2013.07.002.
   Google Scholar
• Muyanga, M., and T. S. Jayne. 2019. “Changing Farm Structure in Africa: Implications on Agricultural Transformation in Southern Africa.” In Transforming Agriculture in Southern Africa, edited by Richard A. Sikora, Eugene R. Terry, Paul L. G. Vlek, and Joyce Chitja, 288–297. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Noe, C., and D. Brockington. 2021. “Telling the Stories of Asset Accumulation.” In Assets, Prosperity and Rural Livelihoods: Insights from Longitudinal Studies in Tanzania, edited by D. Brockington, and C. Noe, 363–382. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Olofsson, M. 2020. “Socio-Economic Differentiation from a Class-Analytic Perspective: The Case of Smallholder Tree-Crop Farmers in Limpopo, South Africa.” Journal of Agrarian Change 20 (1): 37–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oya, C.. 2010. “5 Agro-Pessimism, Capitalism and Agrarian Change.” In The Political Economy of Africa. Vol. 85, edited by Vishnu Padayachee, 103–127. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ponte, S., and D. Brockington. 2020. “From Pyramid to Pointed egg? A 20-Year Perspective on Poverty, Prosperity, and Rural Transformation in Tanzania.” African Affairs 119 (475): 203–223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosegrant, M., and P. Hazell. 2000. Transforming the Rural Asian Economy: The Unfinished Revolution. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shackleton, S. E., and P. Hebinck. 2018. “Through the ‘Thick and Thin’ of Farming on the Wild Coast, South Africa.” Journal of Rural Studies 61: 277–289.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmer, P. 2009. A World Without Agriculture: The Structural Transformation Process in Historical Perspective. Washington D.C.: The American Enterprise Institute Press.
   Google Scholar
• Udry, C., and H. Woo. 2007. “Households and the Social Organization of Consumption in Southern Ghana.” African Studies Review 50 (2): 139–153.
   Google Scholar
• Wiggins, S. 2000. “Interpreting Changes from the 1970s to the 1990s in African Agriculture Through Village Studies.” World Development 28 (4): 631–662.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiggins, S. 2005. “Success Stories from African Agriculture: What are the Key Elements of Success?” IDS Bulletin 36 (2): 17–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamchiya, P. 2013. “The Role of Politics and State Practices in Shaping Rural Differentiation: A Study of Resettled Small-Scale Farmers in South-Eastern Zimbabwe.” Journal of Southern African Studies 39 (4): 937–953.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar