‘The power of being seen’: an interpretative phenomenological analysis of how experienced counselling psychologists describe the meaning and significance of personal therapy in clinical practice

References

• Bandura , A. 1977 . Social learning theory , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice–Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Brock , J. and Wearden , A. 2006 . A critical evaluation of the use of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) in health psychology . Psychology and Health , 21 ( 1 ) : 67 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamberlain , K. 2000 . Methodolatry and qualitative health research . Journal of Health Psychology , 5 ( 3 ) : 285 – 296 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Corrie , S. and Callahan , M. 2000 . A review of the scientist–practitioner model: A reflection on its potential contribution to counselling psychology within the context of current health-care trends . British Journal of Medical Psychology , 73 ( 3 ) : 413 – 427 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denzin , N. 1989 . Interpretive interactionism , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Dozier , M. , Cue , K. and Barrett , L. 1994 . Clinicans as caregivers: Role of attachment organisation in treatment . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 62 ( 4 ) : 793 – 800 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonagy , P. and Target , M. 1996 . Playing with reality: 1. Theory of mind and the normal development of psychic reality . International Journal of Psychoanalysis , 77 : 217 – 233 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonagy , P. , Steeele , H. , Moran , G. , Steeele , M. and Higgett , A. 1991 . The capacity for understanding mental states: The reflective self in parent and child and its significance for security of attachment . Infant Mental Health Journal , 13 : 200 – 217 .
   Google Scholar
• Glickhauf-Hughes , C. and Mehlman , E. 1995 . Narcissistic issues in therapists: Diagnostic and treatment considerations . Psychotherapy , 32 ( 2 ) : 231 – 221 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg , R. and Staller , J. 1981 . Personal therapy for therapists . American Journal of Psychiatry , 138 : 1467 – 1471 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimmer , A. and Tribe , R. 2001 . Counselling psychologists’ perceptions of the impact of mandatory personal therapy on professional development – An exploratory study . Counselling Psychology Quarterly , 14 ( 4 ) : 287 – 301 .
   Google Scholar
• Holmes , J. 1993 . John Bowlby and attachment theory , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Hoskins , M. and Stoltz , J. 2005 . Fear of offending; disclosing research discomfort when engaging in analysis . Qualitative Research , 5 ( 1 ) : 95 – 111 .
   Google Scholar
• Kernberg , O. 1973 . Summary and conclusions of ‘Psychotherapy and psychoanalysis’, final report of the Menniger Foundation's psychotherapy research project . International Journal of Psychiatric Medicine , 11 : 62 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Kolb , D. , Boyatzis , R. and Mainemelis , C. 2001 . “ Experiential learning theory: Previous research and new directions ” . In Perspectives on thinking, learning and cognitive styles , Edited by: Sternberg , R. and Zhang , L. The educational psychology series. London : Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Macaskill , N. 1988 . Personal therapy in the training of the psychotherapist: Is it effective? . British Journal of Psychotherapy , 4 : 199 – 226 .
   Google Scholar
• Macaskill , N. and Macaskill , A. 1992 . Psychotherapists-in-training evaluate their personal therapy: Results of a UK Survey . British Journal of Psychotherapy , 9 ( 2 ) : 133 – 138 .
   Google Scholar
• Macran , M. and Shapiro , S. 1998 . The role of personal therapy for therapists – A review . British Journal of Medical Psychology , 54 : 203 – 212 .
   Google Scholar
• Macran , S. , Stiles , W. and Smith , J. 1999 . How does personal therapy affect therapists’ practice? . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 46 ( 4 ) : 419 – 431 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Main , M. 1991 . “ Metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive monitoring and singular (coherent) vs. multiple (incoherent) models of attachment ” . In Attachment across the life-cycle , Edited by: Parkes , C.M. , Stevenson-Hinde , J. and Morris , P. 127 – 159 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Main , M. , Kaplan , N. , & Cassidy , J. 1985 . Security in infancy, childhood and adulthood: A move to the level of representation . In I. Bretherton & E. Waters Growing points in attachment theory and research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50 (Serial No. 209).
   Google Scholar
• Mander , G. 2004 . The selection of candidates for training in psychotherapy and counselling . Psychodynamic Practice , 10 ( 2 ) : 161 – 172 .
   Google Scholar
• Murphy , D. 2005 . A qualitative study into the experience of mandatory personal therapy during training . Counselling and Psychotherapy Research , 5 ( 1 ) : 27 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Norcross , J. , Strasser-Kirtland , D. and Missar , C. 1988 . The processes and outcomes of psychotherapists’ personal treatment experiences . Psychotherapy , 25 : 36 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orlinsky , D. , Ambuhl , H. , Ronnestad , M. , Davis , J. , Gerin , P. Davis , M. 1999 . Development of psychotherapists: Concepts, questions and methods of a collaborative international study . Psychotherapy Research , 9 : 127 – 153 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paley , B. , Cox , M. , Burchinall , M. and Payne , C. 1999 . Attachment and marital functioning. Comparison of spouses with continuous-secure, earned-secure, dismissive and preoccupied attachment stances . Journal of Family Psychology , 13 : 580 – 597 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton , M. 1990 . Qualitative evaluation and research methods , 2nd ed , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Pearson , J. , Cohn , D. , Cowan , P. and Cowan , C. 1994 . Earned- and continuous-security in adult attachment: Relation to depressive symptomatology and parenting style . Development and Psychopathology , 6 : 359 – 373 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peebles , M. 1980 . Personal therapy and ability to display empathy, warmth and genuineness in psychotherapy . Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice , 17 : 258 – 262 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phelps , J. , Belsky , J. and Crnic , K. 1997 . Earned security, daily stress and parenting: A comparison of five alternate models . Development and Psychopathology , 19 : 21 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Pope , K. and Tabachnik , B. 1994 . Therapists as patients: A national survey of psychologists’ experiences, problems and beliefs . Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 25 : 247 – 258 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Racusin , G. , Abramowitz , S. and Winter , W. 1981 . Becoming a therapist: Family dynamics and career choice . Professional Psychology , 12 ( 2 ) : 271 – 279 .
   Google Scholar
• Richardson , J. 1996 . Handbook of qualitative research methods of psychology and the social sciences , Leicester : BPS Books .
   Google Scholar
• Rizq , R. and Target , M. 2008 . Not a little Mickey Mouse thing: How experieced counselling psychologists describe the significance of personal therapy in clincal practice and training . Counselling Psychology Quarterly , 21 ( 1 ) : 1 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Rothery , N. 1992 . Personal growth work in the training of counselling and clinical psychologists in Ireland . The Irish Journal of Psychology , 13 ( 2 ) : 168 – 175 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuels , A. 1986 . A critical dictionary of Jungian analysis , London and New York : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , J. 1995 . “ Semi-structured interviewing and qualitative analysis ” . In Rethinking methods in psychology , Edited by: Smith , J. , Harre , R. and Van Langenhove , L. 9 – 26 . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , J. 2003 . Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , J. and Osborn , M. 2003 . “ Interpretative phenomenological analysis ” . In Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods , Edited by: Smith , J.A. London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Stein , C. and Mankowski , E. 2004 . Asking, witnessing, interpreting, knowing: Conducting qualitative research in community psychology . American Journal of Community Psychology , 33 : 21 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiles , W. 1993 . Quality control in qualitative research . Clinical Psychology Review , 13 : 593 – 618 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storr , A. 1979 . The art of psychotherapy , Oxford : Butterworth Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Strupp , H. 1955 . The effect of the psychotherapist's personal analysis upon his techniques . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 19 : 197 – 204 .
   Google Scholar
• Strupp , H. 1973 . “ The therapists’ performance: A comparison of two professional groups ” . In Psychotherapy: Clinical research and theoretical issues , Edited by: Strupp , H. New York : Jason Aronson .
   Google Scholar
• Target , M. and Fonagy , P. 1996 . Playing with reality: II. The development of psychic reality from a theoretical perspective . International Journal of Psychoanalysis , 77 : 459 – 479 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teyber , E. and McClure , F. 2000 . “ Therapist variables ” . In Handbook of psychological change , Edited by: Snyder , C.R. and Ingram , R.E. 62 – 87 . New York : John Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Wampold , B. 2001 . The great psychotherapy debate: Models, methods and findings , Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• West , M. 1997 . Reflective capacity and its significance to the attachment concept of self . British Journal of Medical Psychology , 70 : 17 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler , S. 1991 . Personal therapy: An essential aspect of counsellor training, or a distraction from focussing on the client? . International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling , 14 : 193 – 202 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , F. and Coyle , A. 1999 . How counselling psychologists view their personal therapy . British Journal of Medical Psychology , 72 : 545 – 555 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiseman , H. and Shefler , G. 2001 . Experienced psychoanalytically oriented therapists’ narrative accounts of their personal therapy: Impacts on professional and personal development . Psychotherapy , 38 : 129 – 141 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wogan , M. and Norcross , J. 1985 . Dimensions of therapeutic skills and techniques: Empirical identification, therapist correlates and predictive utility . Psychotherapy , 22 : 63 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar