References
- Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles. University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families.
- Angold, A., Costello, E. J., Messer, S. C., Pickles, A., Winder, F., & Silver, D. (1995). Development of a short questionnaire for use in epidemiological studies of depression in children and adolescents. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 5(4), 237–249.
- Basten, M., Tiemeier, H., Althoff, R. R., van de Schoot, R., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Hofman, A., … van der Ende, J. (2016). The stability of problem behavior across the preschool years: An empirical approach in the general population. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(2), 393–404.
- Bradshaw, C. P., Waasdorp, T. E., & Leaf, P. J. (2015). Examining variation in the impact of school-wide positive behavioral interventions and supports: Findings from a randomized controlled effectiveness trial. Journal of Educational Psychology, 107(2), 546–557. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037630
- Brdar, I., Anie, P., & Rijavec, M. (2011). Character strengths and well-being: Are there gender differences? In I. Brdar (Ed.), Human pursuit of well-being: A cultural approach (pp. 145–156). Springer. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1375-8_13
- Brown, D. J., Arnold, R., Fletcher, D., & Standage, M. (2017). Human thriving a conceptual debate and literature review. European Psychologist, 22(3), 167–179. doi:https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000294
- Capaldi, D. M., & Stoolmiller, M. (1999). Co-occurrence of conduct problems and depressive symptoms in early adolescent boys: III. Prediction to young-adult adjustment. Development and Psychopathology, 11(1), 59–84. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579499001959
- Celeux, G., & Soromenho, G. (1996). An entropy criterion for assessing the number of clusters in a mixture model. Journal of Classification, 13(2), 195–212. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/Bf01246098
- Chan, Y. F., Dennis, M. L., & Funk, R. R. (2008). Prevalence and comorbidity of major internalizing and externalizing problems among adolescents and adults presenting to substance abuse treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 34(1), 14–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2006.12.031
- Derogatis, L. R. (1992). The brief symptom inventory (BSI): Administration, scoring and procedures manual-II. Clinical Pscyhometric Research.
- Duan, W., Bai, Y., Tang, X., Siu, P. Y., Chan, R. K. H., & Ho, S. M. Y. (2012). Virtues and positive mental health. Hong Kong Journal of Mental Health, 38(5), 24–31.
- Duan, W. J., & Bu, H. (2017). Development and initial validation of a short three-dimensional inventory of character strengths. Quality of Life Research, 26(9), 2519–2531. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-017-1579-4
- Duan, W. J., & Guo, P. F. (2015). Association between virtues and posttraumatic growth: Preliminary evidence from a Chinese community sample after earthquakes. Peerj, 3. doi:https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.883
- Duan, W. J., Guo, P. F., & Gan, P. (2015). Relationships among trait resilience, virtues, post-traumatic stress disorder, and post-traumatic growth. Plos One, 10(5), doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125707
- Duan, W. J., Ho, S. M. Y., Siu, B. W. P. Y., Li, T. T., & Zhang, Y. H. (2015). Role of virtues and perceived life stress in affecting psychological symptoms among Chinese college students. Journal of American College Health, 63(1), 32–39. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2014.963109
- Duan, W. J., Ho, S. M. Y., Yu, B., Tang, X. Q., Zhang, Y. H., Li, T. T., & Yuen, T. (2012). Factor structure of the Chinese virtues questionnaire. Research on Social Work Practice, 22(6), 680–688. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731512450074
- Duan, W., Qi, B., Sheng, J., & Wang, Y. (2019). Latent character strength profile and grouping effects. Social Indicators Research, 1–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02105-z
- Duan, W., & Wang, Y. (2018). Latent profile analysis of the three-dimensional model of character strengths to distinguish at-strengths and at-risk populations. Quality of Life Research, 27(11), 2983–2990. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-018-1933-1
- Erol, N., & Şimşek, Z. (2010). Okul çağı çocuk ve gençler için davranış değerlendirme ölçekleri el kitabı (CBCL, YSR Ve TRF) achenbach ampirik temelli değerlendirme sistemi (ASEBA). Mentis.
- Essex, M. J., Kraemer, H. C., Armstrong, J. M., Boyce, T., Goldsmith, H. H., Klein, M. H., … Kupfer, D. J. (2006). Exploring risk factors for the emergence of children’s mental health problems. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63(11), 1246–1256. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.63.11.1246
- Freidlin, P., Littman-Ovadia, H., & Niemiec, R. M. (2017). Positive psychopathology: Social anxiety via character strengths underuse and overuse. Personality and Individual Differences, 108, 50–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.12.003
- Gander, F., Hofmann, J., Proyer, R. T., & Ruch, W. (2020). Character strengths – stability, change, and relationships with well-being changes. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 15(2), 349–367. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-018-9690-4
- Gusewell, A., & Ruch, W. (2012). Are only emotional strengths emotional? Character strengths and disposition to positive emotions. Applied Psychology-Health and Well Being, 4(2), 218–239. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2012.01070.x
- Hall-Simmonds, A., & McGrath, R. E. (2017). Character strengths and clinical presentation. The Journal of Positive Psychology, doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2017.1365160
- Harzer, C., & Ruch, W. (2015). The relationships of character strengths with coping, work-related stress, and job satisfaction. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00165
- Hausler, M., Strecker, C., Huber, A., Brenner, M., Hoge, T., & Hofer, S. (2017). Associations between the application of signature character strengths, health and well-being of health professionals. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01307
- Heintz, S., Kramm, C., & Ruch, W. (2019). A meta-analysis of gender differences in character strengths and age, nation, and measure as moderators. Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(1), I-I. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2018.1426551
- IBM Corporation. (2015). IBM SPSS statistics for windows, version 23.0. IBM Corporation.
- Ingoldsby, E. M., Kohl, G. O., McMahon, R. J., Lengua, L., & Gr, C. P. P. R. (2006). Conduct problems, depressive symptomatology and their co-occurring presentation in childhood as predictors of adjustment in early adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34(5), 603–621. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-006-9044-9
- Ivanova, M. Y., Achenbach, T. M., Rescorla, L. A., Dumenci, L., Almqvist, F., Bilenberg, N., … Verhulst, F. C. (2007). The generalizability of the youth self-report syndrome structure in 23 societies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(5), 729–738. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.75.5.729
- Joos, C. M., Wodzinski, A. M., Wadsworth, M. E., & Dorn, L. D. (2018). Neither antecedent nor consequence: Developmental integration of chronic stress, pubertal timing, and conditionally adapted stress response. Developmental Review, 48, 1–23. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2018.05.001
- Koth, C. W., Bradshaw, C. P., & Leaf, P. J. (2009). Teacher observation of classroom adaptation-checklist: Development and factor structure. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 42(1), 15–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175609333560
- Lanza, S. T., & Cooper, B. R. (2016). Latent class analysis for developmental research. Child Development Perspectives, 10(1), 59–64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12163
- Li, T. T., Duan, W. J., & Guo, P. F. (2017). Character strengths, social anxiety, and physiological stress reactivity. Peerj, 5, doi:https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3396
- Li, T., & Liu, X. (2016). Role of character strengths and stress in psychological symptoms among Chinese secondary vocational school students. Psychology, 7(1), 52–61. doi:https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2016.71007
- Ling, Y., Huebner, E. S., He, Y. S., & Zhong, M. T. (2016). Three subtypes of internalizing and externalizing behaviors in Chinese adolescents: Results of a latent class analysis. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 11(4), 1309–1320. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-015-9438-3
- Liu, J. W., Bolland, J. M., Dick, D., Mustanski, B., & Kertes, D. A. (2016). Effect of environmental risk and externalizing comorbidity on internalizing problems among economically disadvantaged African American youth. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 26(3), 552–566. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12213
- March-Llanes, J., Marques-Feixa, L., Mezquita, L., Fananas, L., & Moya-Higueras, J. (2017). Stressful life events during adolescence and risk for externalizing and internalizing psychopathology: A meta-analysis. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 26(12), 1409–1422. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-017-0996-9
- Mezulis, A., Vander Stoep, A., Stone, A. L., & McCauley, E. (2011). A latent class analysis of depressive and externalizing symptoms in nonreferred adolescents. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 19(4), 247–256. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1063426610377763
- Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998/2006). MPlus user’s guide (4th ed.). Muthén & Muthén.
- Niemiec, R. M. (2013). VIA character strengths: Research and practice (the first 10 years). In H. H. Knoop & A. D. Fave (Eds.), Well-being and Cultures (pp. 11–29). Springer.
- Niemiec, R. M. (2020). Six functions of character strengths for thriving at times of adversity and opportunity: A theoretical perspective. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 15(2), 551–572. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-018-9692-2
- Nock, M. K., Kazdin, A. E., Hiripi, E., & Kessler, R. C. (2006). Prevalence, subtypes, and correlates of DSM-IV conduct disorder in the national comorbidity survey replication. Psychological Medicine, 36(5), 699–710. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291706007082
- Nylund, K. L., Asparoutiov, T., & Muthen, B. O. (2007). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling-a Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(4), 535–569. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701575396
- Park, N. (2004). Character strengths and positive youth development. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 591, 40–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716203260079
- Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2008). Positive psychology and character strengths: Application to strengths-based school counseling. Professional School Counseling, 12(2), 85–92.
- Petersen, K. J., Qualter, P., & Humphrey, N. (2019). The application of latent class analysis for investigating population child mental health: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01214
- Peterson, C. (2006). The values in action (VIA) classification of strengths. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. S. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), A life worth living: Contributions to positive psychology (pp. 29–48). Oxford University Press.
- Peterson, C., & Park, N. (2009). Classifying and measuring strengths of character. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Oxford handbook of positive psychology (2nd ed., pp. 25–33). Oxford University Press.
- Peterson, C., Park, N., Pole, N., D’Andrea, W., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2008). Strengths of character and posttraumatic growth. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21(2), 214–217. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20332
- Peterson, C., Park, N., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2005). Assessment of character strengths. In G. P. Koocher, J. C. Norcross, & S. S. Hill III (Eds.), Psychologists’ desk reference (Vol. 3, pp. 93–98). Oxford University Press.
- Peterson, C., Ruch, W., Beermann, U., Park, N., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2007). Strengths of character, orientations to happiness, and life satisfaction. Journal of Positive Psychology, 2, 149–156. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760701228938
- Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Oxford University Press and American Psychological Association.
- Prinstein, M. J., Cheah, C. S. L., & Guyer, A. E. (2005). Peer victimization, cue interpretation, and internalizing symptoms: Preliminary concurrent and longitudinal findings for children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34(1), 11–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3401_2
- Proyer, R. T., Gander, F., Wyss, T., & Ruch, W. (2011). The relation of character strengths to past, present, and future life satisfaction among German-speaking women. Applied Psychology-Health and Well Being, 3(3), 370–384. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2011.01060.x
- Raaijmakers, Q., Engels, R., & Van Hoof, A. (2005). Delinquency and moral reasoning in adolescence and young adulthood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29(3), 247–258. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250544000035
- Racz, S. J., O’Brennan, L. M., Bradshaw, C. P., & Leaf, P. J. (2016). The influence of family and teacher factors on early disruptive school behaviors: A latent profile transition analysis. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 24(2), 67–81. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1063426615599541
- Ramaswamy, V., Desarbo, W. S., Reibstein, D. J., & Robinson, W. T. (1993). An empirical pooling approach for estimating marketing mix elasticities with PIMS data. Marketing Science, 12(1), 103–124. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.12.1.103
- Rashid, T. (2015). Strength-based assessment. In S. Joseph (Ed.), Positive psychology in practice: Promoting human flourishing in work, health, education, and everyday life (2nd ed., pp. 519–542). Wiley.
- Ruch, W., & Proyer, R. T. (2015). Mapping strengths into virtues: The relation of the 24 VIA-strengths to six ubiquitous virtues. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00460
- Ruch, W., Proyer, R. T., Harzer, C., Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2010). Values in action inventory of strengths (VIA-IS) adaptation and validation of the German version and the development of a peer-rating form. Journal of Individual Differences, 31(3), 138–149. doi:https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000022
- Sahin, N. H., & Durak, A. (1994). An adaptation of Brief Symptom Inventory on Turkish youth. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 9, 44–56.
- Sahin, N. H., Durak Batigun, A., & Ugurtas, S. (2002). The validity, reliability and factor structure of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Turkish Journal of Pyschiatry, 13(2), 125–135. (Kisa Semptom Envanteri (KSE): ergenler icin kullaniminin gecerlik, guvenilirlik ve faktor yapisi.).
- Schwarz, G. (1978). Estimating the dimension of a model. Annals of Statistics, 6(2), 461–464. doi:https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1176344136
- Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.5
- Shek, D. T. L., Sin, A. M. H., & Lee, T. Y. (2007). The Chinese positive youth development scale: A validation study. Research on Social Work Practice, 17(3), 380–391. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731506296196
- Shek, D. T. L., & Zhu, X. (2019). Reciprocal relationships between moral competence and externalizing behavior in junior secondary students: A longitudinal study in Hong Kong. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 528. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00528
- Steen, T. A., Kachorek, L. V., & Peterson, C. (2003). Character strengths among youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 32(1), 5–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021024205483
- Stemmler, M., & Lösel, F. (2015). Developmental pathways of externalizing behavior from preschool age to adolescence: An application of general growth mixture modeling. In M. Stemmler, A. von Eye, & W. Wiedermann (Eds.), Dependent data in social sciences research (pp. 91–106). Springer.
- Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The posttraumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455–471. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/Bf02103658
- Vaughn, M. G., DeLisi, M., Gunter, T., Fu, Q. A., Beaver, K. M., Perron, B. E., & Howard, M. O. (2011). The severe 5%: A latent class analysis of the externalizing behavior spectrum in the United States. Journal of Criminal Justice, 39(1), 75–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.12.001
- Wadsworth, M. E., Broderick, A. V., Loughlin-Presnal, J. E., Bendezu, J. J., Joos, C. M., Ahlkvist, J. A., … McDonald, A. (2019). Co-activation of SAM and HPA responses to acute stress: A review of the literature and test of differential associations with preadolescents’ internalizing and externalizing. Developmental Psychobiology, 61(7), 1079–1093. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.21866
- Weiss, B., Jackson, E. W., & Susser, K. (1997). Effect of co-occurrence on the referability of internalizing and externalizing problem behavior in adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 26(2), 198–204. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2602_8
- Wiesner, M. (2003). A longitudinal latent variable analysis of reciprocal relations between depressive symptoms and delinquency during adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(4), 633–645. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.112.4.633
- Yuan, K. H., & Bentler, P. M. (2000). Three likelihood-based methods for mean and covariance structure analysis with nonnormal missing data. Sociological Methodology, 30, 165–200. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/0081-1750.00078