A purposeful classification of tree decay detection tools

References

• Albers , J. and Hayes , E. 1993 . How to detect, assess, and correct hazard trees in recreational areas , St. Paul : Minnesota Department of Natural Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Avdelidis , N. P. , Almond , D. P. , Ibarra-Castanedo , C. , Bendada , A. , Kenny , S. and Maldague , X. 2006, September . Structural integrity assessment of materials by thermography Paper presented at the CDCM 2006 Conference on Damage in Composite Materials, Stuttgart, Germany
   Google Scholar
• Baietto , M. , Wilson , A. D. , Bassi , D. and Ferrini , F. 2010 . Evaluation of three electronic noses for detecting incipient wood decay . Sensors , 10 ( 2 ) : 1062 – 1092 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellett-Travers , M. and Morris , S. 2010 . The relationship between surface temperature and radial wood thickness of twelve trees harvested in Nottinghamshire . Arboricultural Journal , 33 : 15 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Bethge , K. , Mattheck , C. and Hunger , E. 1996 . Equipment for detection and evaluation of incipient decay in trees . Arboricultural Journal , 20 : 13 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Boddy , L. and Rayner , A. D. M. 1983 . Origins of decay in living deciduous trees: The role of moisture content and a re-appraisal of the expanded concept of tree decay . New Phytologist , 94 : 623 – 641 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucur , V. 1995 . Acoustics of wood , Boca Raton, FL : CRC Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Burcham , D. C. , Ghosh , S. , Leong , E. C. and Fong , Y. K. 2011 . Evaluation of an infrared camera techniques for detecting internal voids in Syzygium grande . Arboriculture & Urban Forestry , 37 ( 3 ) : 93 – 98 .
   Google Scholar
• Burcham , D. C. , Leong , E. C. and Fong , Y. K. 2012 . Passive infrared camera measurements demonstrate modest effect of mechanically induced internal voids on Dracaena fragrans stem temperature . Urban Forestry & Urban Greening , 11 ( 2 ) : 169 – 178 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catena , A. 2003 . Thermography reveals hidden tree decay . Arboricultural Journal , 27 : 27 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Catena , A. and Catena , G. 2008 . Overview of thermal imaging for tree assessment . Arboricultural Journal , 30 : 259 – 270 .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , J. and Matheny , N. 1993 . A handbook of hazard tree evaluation for utility arborists , Champaign, IL : International Society of Arboriculture .
   Google Scholar
• Comino , E. , Socco , L. V. , Martinis , R. , Nicolotti , G. and Sambuelli , L. 2000 . “ Ultrasonic tomography for wood decay diagnosis ” . In International symposium on plant health in urban horticulture Edited by: Backhaus , G. F. , Balder , H. and Idczak , E. (p. 279). Berlin: Parey Buchverlag
   Google Scholar
• Costello , L. and Quarles , S. 1999 . Detection of wood decay in blue gum and elm: An evaluation of the IML-Resistograph and the portable drill . Journal of Arboriculture , 25 : 311 – 317 .
   Google Scholar
• Davner , L. 1986 . Vilken rota! Hunden i jakten på skadade träd [Watch rot! Dogs in hunts for injured trees] . Skogen , 5 : 48
   Google Scholar
• Derby , R. W. and Gates , D. M. 1966 . The temperature of tree trunks-calculated and observed . American Journal of Botany , 53 ( 6 ) : 580 – 587 .
   Google Scholar
• Dolwin , J. A. , Lonsdale , D. and Barnett , J. 1999 . Detection of decay in trees . Arboricultural Journal , 23 ( 2 ) : 139 – 149 .
   Google Scholar
• Ellison , M. 2005 . Quantified tree risk assessment used in the management of amenity trees . Journal of Arboriculture , 30 : 137 – 143 .
   Google Scholar
• Fakopp Enterprise (2010). Fakopp microsecond timer user's guide [User manual]. Agfalva, Hungary: Author
   Google Scholar
• Ganesan , S. K. and Hamid , M. A. 2010 . Survey of wood strength properties of urban trees in Singapore using the Fractometer II . Journal of Tropical Forest Science , 22 ( 1 ) : 97 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrett, S. (1997). Tree decay detection. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Technology & Development Program, 2400—Timber Management
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert , E. A. and Smiley , E. T. 2004 . Quantification of decay in White Oak (Quercus Alba) and Hickory (Carya spp.) . Journal of Arboriculture , 30 ( 5 ) : 277 – 281 .
   Google Scholar
• Habermehl , A. and Ridder , H. W. 1995 . Computerised tomographic investigations of street and park trees . Arboricultural Journal , 19 : 419 – 437 .
   Google Scholar
• Habermehl , A. and Ridder , H. W. 1997 . “ Gamma-ray tomography in forest and tree sciences ” . In Proceedings of SPIE Volume 3149 – Developments in X-Ray Tomography, ?? Edited by: Bonse , U. 234 – 244 .
   Google Scholar
• Hagrey , S. A. 2006 . Electrical resistivity imaging of wooden tree trunks . Near Surface Geophysics , 4 : 177 – 185 . Al
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagrey , S. A. 2007 . Geophysical imaging of root-zone, trunk, and moisture heterogeneity . Journal of Experimental Botany , 58 : 839 – 854 . Al
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kol , H. Ş. 2009 . The transverse thermal conductivity coefficients of some hardwood species grown in Turkey . Forest Products Journal , 59 ( 10 ) : 58 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helliwell , D. R. 2007 . A short note on effects of boring holes in trees . Arboricultural Journal , 30 : 245 – 248 .
   Google Scholar
• Hengst , G. E. and Dawson , J. O. 1993 . “ Bark thermal properties of selected central hardwood species ” . In Proceedings of the 9th Central Hardwood Forest Conference, General Technical Report NC-161 , Edited by: Gillespie , A. R. , Parker , G. R. , Pope , P. E. and Rink , G. 55 – 75 . St. Paul, MN : US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service .
   Google Scholar
• Johnstone , D. M. , Ades , P. K. , Moore , G. M. and Smith , I. W. 2007 . Predicting wood decay in eucalypts using an expert system and the IMLResistograph drill . Arboriculture & Urban Forestry , 33 : 76 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnstone , D. , Moore , G. , Tausz , M. and Nicolas , M. 2010 . The measurement of wood decay in landscape trees . Arboriculture & Urban Forestry , 36 ( 3 ) : 121 – 127 .
   Google Scholar
• Kappel , R. 1999 . Field experience with tree decay detecting tools . Acta Horticulturae , 496 : 221 – 227 .
   Google Scholar
• Kennard , D. K. , Putz , F. E. and Niederhofer , M. 1996 . The predictability of tree decay based on visual assessments . Journal of Arboriculture , 22 ( 6 ) : 249 – 254 .
   Google Scholar
• Kersten , W. and Schwarze , F. W. M. R. 2005 . Development of decay in the sapwood of trees wounded by the use of decay-detecting devises . Arboricultural Journal , 28 : 165 – 181 .
   Google Scholar
• Larsson , B. , Bengtsson , B. and Gustafsson , M. 2004 . Nondestructive detection of decay in living trees . Tree Physiology , 24 : 853 – 858 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawday , G. and Hodges , P. A. 2000 . The analytical use of stress waves for the detection of decay in standing trees . Forestry , 73 : 447 – 456 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leininger, T. D., Schmoldt, D. L., & Tainter, F. H. (2001). Using ultrasound to detect defects in trees: Current knowledge and future needs. In Proceedings of the First International Precision Forestry Cooperative Symposium (pp. 99–108). Seattle, WA: Institute of Forest Resources
   Google Scholar
• Liang, S., Wang, X., Wiedenbeck, J., Cai, Z., & Fu, F. (2008, September). Evaluation of acoustic tomography for tree decay detection. In Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing of Wood. Symposium conducted at the meeting of The Forest Products Society, Duluth, MN
   Google Scholar
• Lin , C. -J. , Kao , Y. -C. , Lin , T. -T. , Tsai , M. -J. , Wang , S. -Y. , Lin , L. -D. , Wang , Y. -N. and Chan , M. -H. 2008 . Application of an ultrasonic tomographic technique for detecting defects in standing trees . International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation , 62 : 434 – 441 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lofroth , E. 1998 . “ The dead wood cycle ” . In Conservation biology principles for forested landscapes , Edited by: Voller , J. and Harrison , S. 185 – 214 . Vancouver, BC : UBC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lorenz , R. C. 1944 . Discolorations and decay resulting from increment borings in hardwoods . Journal of Forestry , 42 : 37 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Manning , E. T. and Deans , A. 2010 . Evaluation of tree condition and tree safety assessment procedures in beetlekilled and fire-damaged lodgepole pine stands in central interior British Columbia . BC Journal of Ecosystems and Management , 10 ( 3 ) : 90 – 103 .
   Google Scholar
• Mantgem , P. J. van and Stephenson , N. L. 2004 . Does coring contribute to tree mortality? . Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 34 : 2394 – 2398 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matheny , N. P. and Clark , J. R. 1994 . A photographic guide to the evaluation of risk trees in urban areas , Champaign, IL : International Society of Arboriculture .
   Google Scholar
• Matheny , N. , Clark , J. , Attewell , D. , Hillery , K. , Graham , A. and Posner , G. 1999 . Assessment of fracture moment and fracture angle in 25 tree species in the United States using the fractometer . Journal of Arboriculture , 25 : 18 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Mattheck , C. 2007 . Updated field guide for visual tree assessment , Karlsruhe, Germany : Karlsruhe Research Center .
   Google Scholar
• Mattheck , C. and Bethge , K. 1993 . Detection of decay in trees with the Metriguard stress wave timer . Journal of Arboriculture , 19 : 374 – 378 .
   Google Scholar
• Mattheck , C. and Breloer , H. 1994 . Field guide for visual tree assessment (VTA) . Arboricultural Journal , 18 : 1 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Mattheck , C. , Breloer , H. and Bethge , K. 1994 . A guide to fractometer tree assessment . Arborist News , 3 ( 2 ) : 9 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Mattheck , C. G. , Breloer , H. , Bethge , K. A. , Albrecht , W. A. and Zipse , A. W. 1995 . Use of the fractometer to determine the strength of wood with incipient decay . Journal of Arboriculture , 21 ( 3 ) : 105 – 112 .
   Google Scholar
• McCracken, F. I., & Vann, S. R. (1983). Sound can detect decay in standing hardwood trees. (Research Paper SO195). New Orleans, LA: USDA Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station
   Google Scholar
• Moropoulou, A., Avdelidis, N. P., Koui, M., & Kakaras, K. (2002). Flaw detection and valuation of airport pavements by means of infrared thermography. Retrieved from: http://www.flirthermography.com/media/Detection_Evaluation_Airport_Paving.pd
   Google Scholar
• NEC Avio Infrared Technologies Co., Limited . 2010 . Infrared thermography H2640 , [User Manual] Tokyo, Japan : NEC Avio Infrared Technologies Co .
   Google Scholar
• Nicolotti , G. and Miglietta , P. 1998 . Using high-technology instruments to assess defects in trees . Journal of Arboriculture , 24 : 297 – 302 .
   Google Scholar
• Nicolotti , G. , Socco , L. V. , Martinis , R. , Godio , A. and Sambuelli , L. 2003 . Application and comparison of three tomographic techniques for detection of decay in trees . Journal of Arboriculture , 29 ( 2 ) : 66 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (2012). Guidance for radiation management. Retrieved from: http://orise.orau.gov/reacts/guide/safety.htm
   Google Scholar
• Ouis , D. 2003 . Non-destructive techniques for detecting decay in standing trees . Arboricultural Journal , 27 : 159 – 177 .
   Google Scholar
• Panshin , A. J. and Zeeuw , C., de . 1970 . Textbook of wood technology , 3rd Ed , New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Paysen, T. E., Narog, M. G., & Zavala, M. A. (1992, April). Monitoring electrical resistance in Canyon Live Oak using a Shigometer. Symposium on Ecology and Management of Oak and Associated Woodlands: Perspectives in the Southwestern United States and New Mexico, Symposium conducted at the meeting of US Department of Agriculture, Sierra Vista USA
   Google Scholar
• Pearce , R. B. 1996 . Antimicrobial defences in the wood of living trees . New Phytologist , 132 : 203 – 233 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter , B. E. and Andresen , J. A. 2002 . A finite-difference model of temperatures and heat flow within a tree stem . Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 32 : 548 – 555 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayner , A. D. M. and Boddy , L. 1988 . Fungal decomposition of wood: Its biology and ecology , Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Rinn , F. 1994 . “ Resistographic visualization of tree-ring density variations in Tree Rings ” . In Proceedings of International Conference on Tree-Rings, Environment and Humanity: Processes and Relationships, Radiocarbon Edited by: Dean , J. S. , Meko , D. M. and Swetnam , T. W. 871 – 878 . Tucson: University of Arizona
   Google Scholar
• Romeralo, C. (2010). Reliability of Rotfinder instrument for detecting decay in standing trees (Master's thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
   Google Scholar
• Ross , R. J. , Brashaw , B. K. , Wang , X. , White , R. and Pellerin , R. F. 2004 . Wood and timber condition assessment manual , Madison, WI : Forest Products Society .
   Google Scholar
• Rust , S. 1999 . Comparison of three methods for determining the conductive xylem area of Scots pine (Pinus Sylvestris) . Forestry , 72 ( 2 ) : 103 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rust, S., & Göcke, L. (2008, September). Combining sonic and electrical impedance tomography for the non-destructive testing of trees. In Proceedings of 15th international symposium on nondestructive testing of wood, Symposium conducted at the meeting of The Forest Products Society, Duluth, MN
   Google Scholar
• Sambuelli , L. , Socco , L. V. , Godio , A. , Nicolotti , G. and Martinis , R. 2003 . Ultrasonic, electric and radar measurements for living trees assessment . Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica ed Applicata , 44 ( 3–4 ) : 253 – 279 .
   Google Scholar
• Sandoz , J. L. 1999 . “ Standing tree quality assessments using ultrasound ” . Edited by: Lemattre , M. , Lemattre , P. and Lemaire , F. International symposium on urban tree health, Acta Hortculturae, 496, 269–277
   Google Scholar
• Sasaki , Y. , Iwata , T. and Ando , K. 1998 . Acoustoelastic effect of wood II: Effect of compressive stress on the velocity of ultrasonic longitudinal waves parallel to the transverse direction of the wood . Journal of Wood Science , 44 : 21 – 27 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato , Y. , Konishi , T. and Takahashi , A. 2004 . Development of insulation material using natural tree bark . Transactions of Material Research Society of Japan , 29 ( 5 ) : 1937 – 1940 .
   Google Scholar
• Schubert , S. , Gsell , D. , Dual , J. , Motavalli , M. and Niemz , P. 2009 . Acoustic wood tomography on trees and the challenge of wood heterogeneity . Holzforschung , 63 : 107 – 112 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz , T. P. and Nicholas , D. D. 1999 . “ Lignin influence on angiosperm susceptibility to white-rot fungal colonization: A hypothesis ” . In Lignin: Historical, Biological, and Materials Perspectives. ACS Symposium Series , Edited by: Glasser , W. G. , Northey , R. A. and Scultz , T. P. Vol. 47 , 205 – 213 . Washington, DC : American Chemical Society .
   Google Scholar
• Schwarze , F. W. M. R. , Engels , J. and Mattheck , C. 2000 . Fungal strategies of wood decay in trees , Berlin Heiderberg, Germany : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Schwarze , F. W. M. R. and Heuser , C. 2006 . Stem wounds – Potential entry courts for wood decay fungi? . Arboricultural Journal , 29 : 101 – 119 .
   Google Scholar
• Schwarze , F. W. M. R. , Rabe , C. , Ferner , D. and Fink , S. 2004 . Detection of decay in trees with stress waves and interpretation of acoustic tomograms . Arboricultural Journal , 28 : 3 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Seaby , D. A. 1991 . “ Recent advances in detection of wood decay ” . In Research for practical arboriculture , Edited by: Hodge , S. J. 168 – 176 . York : University of York/HMSO .
   Google Scholar
• Shaikh , M. U. 1972 . Lead shielding calculations for transport containers for commonly used radioisotopes . Nuclear Engineering and Design , 23 : 228 – 234 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shigo , A. and Marx , H. 1977 . Compartmentalization of decay in trees. Agricultural information bulletin , Washington, DC : USDA Forest Service .
   Google Scholar
• Shigo , A. L. and Shigo , A. 1974 . Detection of discoloration and decay in living trees and utility poles , (USDA Forest Service Research Paper NE-294) Newtown Square, PA : Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture .
   Google Scholar
• Shigo , A. L. and Shortle , W. C. 1985 . Shigometry – A reference guide , Forest Service Agricultural Handbook No. 646 Washington, DC : US Department of Agriculture .
   Google Scholar
• Shortle , W. C. 2001 . “ Shigometer ” . In Encylopedia of plant pathology , Edited by: Maloy , O. C. and Murray , D. T. 902 – 903 . New York, NY: : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Shortle , W. C. and Smith , K. C. 1987 . Electrical properties and rate of decay in Spruce and Fir wood . Phytopathology , 77 : 811 – 814 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson , W. and TenWolde , A. 1999 . Wood handbook: Wood as an engineering material , (General technical report FPL, GTR-113) Madison, WI : USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory .
   Google Scholar
• Skaar , C. 1988 . Wood–water relations , Berlin Heidelberg : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Socco, L. V., Sambuelli, L., & Nicolotti, G. (2010). Ultrasonic tomography for non destructive testing of living trees. In GNGTS – Atti del 19° Convegno Nazionale [Proceedings of 19th National Conference, National Group for Solid Earth Geophysics]. Trieste: National Institute of Oceanography and Experimental Geophysics
   Google Scholar
• Stoutjesdijk , P. 1977 . High surface temperatures of trees and pine litter in the winter and their biological importance . International Journal of Biometeorology , 21 ( 4 ) : 325 – 331 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suleiman , B. M. , Larfeldt , J. , Leckner , B. and Gustavsson , M. 1999 . Thermal conductivity and diffusivity of wood . Wood Science and Technology , 33 ( 6 ) : 465 – 473 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiitta, M. (2006). Non-destructive methods for characterization of wood materials. (Doctoral Thesis). University of Kuopio, Finland
   Google Scholar
• Torgovnikov , G. I. 1993 . Dielectric properties of wood and woodbased materials , Berlin : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Toussaint , A. , Baudoin , J. P. , Campanella , B. and Paul , R. 2004 . “ The impact of Resistograph on tree decay ” . In Proceedings of International Congress on the Trees of History , Edited by: Nicolotti , G. and Gonthier , P. 148 – 150 . Torino : Università di Torino .
   Google Scholar
• Ukrainetz , N. K. and O'Neill , G. A. 2010 . An analysis of sensitivities contributing measurement error to Resistograph values . Canadian Journal of Forrest Research , 40 : 806 – 811 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Department of Agriculture . 2007 . Encyclopedia of wood , New York, NY : Skyhorse .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , X. , Allison , R. B. , Wang , L. and Ross , R. J. 2007 . Acoustic tomography for decay detection in red oak trees , (Research Paper FPL-RP-642) Madison, WI : Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , X. and Allison , R. B. 2008 . Decay detection in red oak trees using a combination of visual inspection, acoustic testing, and resistance microdrilling . Arboriculture & Urban Forestry , 34 ( 1 ) : 1 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Wassenaer , P. van and Michael Richardson , M. 2009 . A review of tree risk assessment using minimally invasive technologies and two case studies . Arboricultural Journal , 32 : 275 – 292 .
   Google Scholar
• Weber , K. and Mattheck , K. 2006 . The effect of excessive drilling on wood decay in trees . Trees – Structure and Function , 20 ( 2 ) : 224 – 228 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster , J. G. 1998 . The measurement, instrumentation and sensors handbook , Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wenger , K. F. 1984 . Forestry handbook , New York, NY: : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation (2010). World Health Statistics. Retrieved from: http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/2010/en/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Wilkes , J. 1983 . Use of the Shigometer technique to detect decay in eucalypts . Australian Forestry , 46 ( 1 ) : 35 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilkes , J. and Heather , W. A. 1983 . Correlation of resistance to a pulsed current with several wood properties in living eucalypts . New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science , 13 : 139 – 135 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu , Z. , Leininger , T. D. , Williams , J. G. and Tainter , F. H. 2000 . Examination of the arborsonic decay detector for detecting bacterial wetwood in red oaks . Southern Journal of Applied Forestry , 24 : 6 – 10 .
   Google Scholar