A battle of values: a case study of a blacklisted heritage tree represented by European silver fir Abies alba Mill. in a protected landscape in Norway

References

• Aas Høiere Landbrugsskole. (1874). Prisfortegnelse over Træer og Busker, der Høsten 1874 og Vaaren 1875 kunne selges fra Planteskolen ved Aas Høiere Landbrugsskole [Price list of trees and shrubs for sale, autumn 1874 and spring 1875 at the plant nursery of Aas School of Agriculture]. Kristiania: Planteskolen, Aas Høiere Landbrugsskole.
   Google Scholar
• Blicharska, M., & Mikusinski, G. (2014). Incorporating social and cultural significance of large old trees in conservation policy. Conservation Biology, 28(6), 1558–1567.10.1111/cobi.12341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boncina, A. (2011). History, current status and future prospects of uneven-aged forest management in the Dinaric region: An overview. Forestry, 84(5), 1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruun, M. (2007). Norske hager gjennom tusen år [Norwegian gardens through one thousand years]. Oslo: Andresen & Butenschøn.
   Google Scholar
• Carrillo-Gavilán, M. A., & Vilà, M. (2010). Little evidence of invasion by alien conifers in Europe. Diversity and Distributions, 16, 203–213.10.1111/ddi.2010.16.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahl Kjær, E., Lobo, A., & Myking, T. (2014). The role of exotic tree species in Nordic forestry. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 29, 323–332.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietze, A. (2007). Garden Art and the Bourgeoisie 1750–1850. Social, political and economic aspects of garden art in the south of Norway with a focus on plant import ( Doctoral dissertation). Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås.
   Google Scholar
• eKlima. (2016). Månedsnormaler [Monthly normals]. Retrieved December 12, 2016 from http://eklima.met.no/
   Google Scholar
• Elieson. (1881). Det mest lønnende arbeide i vore Skove [The most rewarding work in our Forests]. In Den Norske Forstforenings Aarbog for 1881 [The Norwegian Forest Association’s yearbook 1881] (pp. 36–44). Kristiania: Alb. Cammermeyer.
   Google Scholar
• Engan, G., & Bratli, H. (2003). Biologisk mangfold i Ørland kommune [Biodiversity in Ørland Municipality]. Aas: Norsk institutt for jord- og skogkartlegging.
   Google Scholar
• Fylkesmannen i Sør-Trøndelag. (2011). Austråttlunden landskapsvernområde – revidering av forvaltningsplan [Austråttlunden protected landscape – Revision of the management plan]. Trondheim: Miljøvernavdelingen, Fylkesmannen i Sør-Trøndelag. Retrieved September 20, 2017 from http://84.49.104.166/eInnsyn/RegistryEntry/DocumentDetails/142619
   Google Scholar
• Gangås, L. (foreman) (1988). Forvaltningsplan for Austråttlunden landskapsvernområde 1988–1998 [Management plan of Austråttlunden’s landscape conservation area 1988–1998]. Trondheim: Fylkesmannen i Sør-Trøndelag, Tilsynsnemnda for Austråttlunden landskapsvernområde.
   Google Scholar
• Gederaas, L., Loennechen Moen, T., Skjelseth, S., & Larsen, L.-K. (Eds.). (2012). Alien species in Norway – With the Norwegian Black List 2012. Trondheim: The Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Häsler, H., & Senn, J. (2012). Ungulate browsing on European silver fir Abies alba: The role of occasions, food shortage and diet preferences. Wildlife Biology, 18(1), 67–74.10.2981/09-013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobhouse, P. (1992). Plants in garden history. London: Pavilion Books.
   Google Scholar
• Holten, J. I. (2010). Undersøkelser av flora og vegetasjon i Austråttlunden og Lundahaugen i Ørland kommune i 2009 som grunnlag for ny forvaltningsplan [Investigations of the flora and vegetation in Austråttlunden and Lundahaugen in Ørland municipality 2009, as basis for a new management plan]. Trondheim: Fylkesmannen.
   Google Scholar
• Invasive Species Specialist Group. (2000). IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved April 30, 2016 from https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/Rep-2000-052.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Jäger, H., Tye, A., & Kowarik, I. (2007). Tree invasion in naturally treeless environments: Impacts of quinine (Cinchona pubescens) trees on native vegetation in Galapagos. Biological Conservation, 140, 297–307.10.1016/j.biocon.2007.08.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kartverket. (2016). Norgeskart, Kartverket. Retrieved April 30, 2016 from http://data.kartverket.no/download/
   Google Scholar
• Langdahl Andresen, B., & Arneberg, E. (2013). Fremdriftsplan forvaltningsplan Austråttlunden landskapsvernområde [Progress plan for management plan of Austråttlunden protected landscape]. Trondheim: Miljøvernavdelingen, Fylkesmannen i Sør-Trøndelag. Retrieved September 20, 2017 from http://84.49.104.166/eInnsyn/RegistryEntry/DocumentDetails/192380
   Google Scholar
• Linnell, J. D. C., Kaczensky, P., Wotschikowsky, U., Lescureux, N., & Boitani, L. (2015). Framing the relationship between people and nature in the context of European conservation. Conservation Biology, 29(4), 978–985. doi:10.1111/cobi.12534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovdata. (2015). Kulturminneloven [Norwegian Cultural Heritage Act]. Retrieved September 23, 2017 from https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/1978-06-09-50?q=Kulturminneloven
   Google Scholar
• Moen, S. (1986). Vegetasjon, suksesjonsforhold og skjøtselsproblemer i Austråttlunden landskapsvernområde [Vegetation, ecological condition and management problems in Austråttlunden protected landscape] ( Unpublished master’s thesis). Trondheim: University of Trondheim.
   Google Scholar
• Myers, J. H., & Bazely, D. R. (2003). Ecology and control of introduced plants. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511606564
   Google Scholar
• Myking, T. (2013). Ecological risk assessment of alien forest tree species in Norway according to criteria of the 2012 Black list. In H. Kjær & M. Buttenschøn (Eds.), Introduction of exotic tree species to meet challenges from climate change in Nordic forestry: Report to SNS on ‘Risk assessment of new forest tree species’ (pp. 21–36). Copenhagen: Nordic Forest Research. Retrieved March 31, 2016 from http://www.nordicforestresearch.org/wpcontent/uploads/2012/06/Invasive-species_Scientific-report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Njøs, E. (1963). Østråt: Gården, slottet, haven. Del I [Østråt: The farm, the castle, the garden. part I] ( Unpublished degree thesis). Norges Landbrukshøgskole, Ås.
   Google Scholar
• Opheim, T. (1977). Austråttlunden landskapsvernområde: Skjøtselsplan for Austråttlunden og Borgområdet [Austråttlunden landscape conservation area: Management plan for Austråttlunden and the manor area]. Trondheim: University of Trondheim.
   Google Scholar
• Ordbog over det danske Sprog. (1921). Dyrehave. Retrieved July 31, 2016 from http://ordnet.dk/ods_en/dictionary-1?query=dyrehave&set_language=en
   Google Scholar
• Østraat, R. (1999). Registration of natural regeneration in ten stands of foreign conifers (Unpublished master’s thesis). Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås.
   Google Scholar
• Øyen, B.-H., Lie Andersen, H., Myking, T., Holm Nygaard, P., & Stabbetorp, O. E. (2007). En vurdering av økologisk risiko ved bruk av introduserte bartreslag i Norge [An assessment of the ecological risk when using introduced conifers in Norway]. In B. Langerud (Ed.), Forskning fra Skog og landskap 1/09 (pp. 2–13). Aas: Skog & Landskap.
   Google Scholar
• Rejmánek, M., & Richardson, D. M. (2003). Invasiveness of conifers: Extent and possible mechanisms. In R. R. Mill (Ed.), Proceedings of the fourth International Conifer conference; Acta Horticulturae 615 (pp. 327–380). Leuven: International Society for Horticultural Science.
   Google Scholar
• Richardson, D. M., Macdonald, I. A. W., & Forsyth, G. G. (1989). Reductions in plant species richness under stands of alien trees and shrubs in the fynbos biome. South African Forestry Journal, 149, 1–8.10.1080/00382167.1989.9628986
   Google Scholar
• Richardson, D. M., Pysek, P., Rejmánek, M., Barbour, M. G., Panetta, F. D., & West, C. J. (2000). Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: Concepts and definitions. Diversity and Distributions, 6(2), 93–107.10.1046/j.1472-4642.2000.00083.x
   Google Scholar
• Richardson, D. M., & Rejmánek, M. (2004). Conifers as invasive aliens: A global survey and predictive framework. Diversity and Distributions, 10, 321–331.10.1111/ddi.2004.10.issue-5-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robakowski, P., Wyka, T., Samardakiewicz, S., & Kierzkowski, D. (2004). Growth, photosynthesis, and needle structure of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) seedlings under different canopies. Forest Ecology and Management, 201, 211–227.10.1016/j.foreco.2004.06.029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roll-Hansen, F. (1956). Skogbotanikk: Trærne, 1. De nakenfrøete [Forest botany: Trees, 1. Angiosperms]. Oslo: Norges Landbrukshøgskole.
   Google Scholar
• Rossi, J.-P., Garcia, J., Roques, A., & Rousselet, J. (2016). Trees outside forests in agricultural landscapes: Distribution and impact on habitat connectivity for forest organisms. Landscape Ecology, 31, 243–254.10.1007/s10980-015-0239-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotherham, I. D. (2015). Bio-cultural heritage and biodiversity: Emerging paradigms in conservation and planning. Biodiversity and Conservation, 24(13), 3405–3429.10.1007/s10531-015-1006-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santopuoli, G., Lasserre, B., Di Martino, P., & Marchetti, M. (2016). Dynamics of the silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) natural regeneration in a mixed forest in the Central Apennine. Plant Biosystems, 150(2), 217–226.10.1080/11263504.2014.948525
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saure, H. I., Vandvik, V., Hassel, K., & Vetaas, O. R. (2013). Effects of invasion by introduced versus native conifers on coastal heathland vegetation. Journal of Vegetation Science, 24, 744–754.10.1111/jvs.2013.24.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saure, H. I., Vandvik, V., Hassel, K., & Vetaas, O. R. (2014). Do vascular plants and bryophytes respond differently to coniferous invasion of coastal heathlands? Biological Invasions, 16, 775–791.10.1007/s10530-013-0536-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schøning, G. (1910). Reise til Statsbygden, Reins-Klostret, Øreland, Stor-Fosen, Aafiorden etc. d. 13 Juni, 1774 [A journey to Statsbygden, Reins-Klostret, Øreland, Stor-Fosen, Aafiorden etc. 13th of June 1774]. In K. Rygh (Ed.), Reise som giennem en deel af Norge i de aar 1773, 1774, 1775 paa Hans Majestæt Kongens bekostning er giort og beskreven av Gerhard Schøning [A journey through a part of Norway in the years 1773–1775, on the expense of His Majesty the King, carried out and described by Gerhard Schøning] (pp. 260–327). Trondheim: Det Kgl. Norske Videnskabers Selskab i Trondheim.
   Google Scholar
• Schübeler, F. C. (1862). Die Culturpflanzen Norwegens: Mit einem Anhange über die altnorwegische Landwirtschaft [The cultivated plants of Norway: With an appendix on old Norwegian agriculture]. Christiania: Brøgger & Christie.
   Google Scholar
• Skanke, S. (2014). Innspill til arbeid med forvaltningsplan for Austråttlunden landskapsvernområde [Input to work on a management plan for Austråttlunden protected landscape]. Ørland kommune eInnsyn. Retrieved September 20, 2017 from http://84.49.104.166/eInnsyn/RegistryEntry/DocumentDetails/218641
   Google Scholar
• Skjoldager, I. C. (2012). Austrått – The encounter between nature management and management of cultural heritage ( Unpublished Master’s thesis). Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås.
   Google Scholar
• Skogen, A. (1974). Karplantefloraen i Ørland herred, Sør-Trøndelag: Nyfunn og forandringer etter 10 år [The flora of vascular plants in Ørland parish, Sør-Trøndelag: New findings and changes after 10 years]. Trondheim: Museet.
   Google Scholar
• Skogheim, R., Simon, V. K., Gao, L., & Dietze-Schirdewahn, A. (2017). Gjennomgang og tentativ analyse av workshopen, 01.02.2017 [Review and preliminary analysis of the workshop, 01.02.2017] ( Unpublished report). Oslo: Høgskolen i Oslo og Akershus.
   Google Scholar
• Skre, O. (2001). Registrering av framande treslag i verneområde for barskog i Hordaland med vurdering av spreiingsfare [Records of alien tree species in conservation area of conifers in Hordaland with evaluation of invasion risk]. Aas: Norsk institutt for skogforskning, NISK.
   Google Scholar
• Stusdal, V. (2006). Rapport: Ørland Kommune [Report: Ørland Municipality]. Trondheim: Fylkesmannen i Sør-Trøndelag.
   Google Scholar
• Tonjer, A.-T. (2011). Dispersal of alien trees and shrubs in Nordskogen, Aas ( Unpublished master’s thesis). Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås.
   Google Scholar
• Vetaas, O. R., Vikane, J. H., Saure, H. I., & Vandvik, V. (2014). North Atlantic Islands with native and alien trees: Are there differences in diversity and species-area relationships? Journal of Vegetation Science, 25, 213–225.10.1111/jvs.2013.25.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vikane, J. H., Vandvik, V., & Vetaas, O. R. (2013). Invasion of Calluna heath by native and non-native conifers: The role of succession, disturbance and allelopathy. Plant Ecology, 214, 975–985.10.1007/s11258-013-0223-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar