Composition of junior research groups and PhD completion rate: disciplinary differences and policy implications

References

• Adams, J. D., G. C. Black, J. R. Clemmons, and P. E. Stephan. 2005. “Scientific Teams and Institutional Collaborations: Evidence from U.S. Universities, 1981–1999.” Research Policy 34: 259–85. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2005.01.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander, J., B. Nochols, J. Bloom, and S.-Y. Lee. 1995. “Organizational Demography and Turnover: An Examination of Multiform and Nonlinear Heterogeneity.” Human Relations 48: 1455–80. doi: 10.1177/001872679504801204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ancona, D. G., and D. F. Caldwell. 1992. “Bridging the Boundary: External Activity and Performance in Organizational Teams.” Administrative Science Quarterly 37: 634–65. doi: 10.2307/2393475
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Audretsch, D. B., E. E. Lehmann, and S. Warning. 2004. “University Spillovers: Does the Kind of Science Matter?” Industry and Innovation 11: 193–206. doi: 10.1080/1366271042000265375
   Google Scholar
• Bantel, K. A., and S. E. Jackson. 1989. “Top Management and Innovations in Banking: Does the Composition of the Top Team Make a Difference?” Strategic Management Journal 10: 107–24. doi: 10.1002/smj.4250100709
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, M. P., and D. A. Kravitz. 2008. “From the Guest Co-editors: What Do We Know and Need to Learn About Heterogeneity Education and Training?” Academy of Management Learning & Education 7: 301–8. doi: 10.5465/AMLE.2008.34251669
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biglan, A. 1973. “Relationships Between Subject Matter Characteristics and the Structure and Output of University Departments.” Journal of Applied Psychology 57: 204–13. doi: 10.1037/h0034699
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black, G. C., and P. E. Stephan. 2008. “The Economics of University Lab Science and the Role of Foreign Graduate Students and Postdoctoral Scholars.” Andrew Young School of Policy Studies: Working Paper 2008–12–2. Accessed November 13, 2014. http://ayspsprodweb.gsu.edu/drupal/sites/default/files/documents/uwrg/files/Economics%20University%20Lab.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Blau, P. M. 1977. Inequality and Heterogeneity. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Breneman, D. W. 1976. “The Ph.D. Production Process.” In Education as an Industry, edited by J. T. Froomkin, D. T. Jaminson, and R. Radner, 3–52. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, J. S., and P. Duguid. 1998. “Organizing Knowledge.” California Management Review 40: 90–111. doi: 10.2307/41165945
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, D. 1971. The Attraction Paradigm. New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carayol, N., and M. Matt. 2004. “Does Research Organization Influence Academic Production? Laboratory Level Evidence from a Large European University.” Research Policy 33: 1081–1102. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2004.03.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleveland, W. S. 1994. The Elements of Graphing Data. Revised Edition. Summit: Hobart Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ely, R. J., I. Padavic, and D. A. Thomas. 2012. “Racial Diversity, Racial Asymmetries, and Team Learning Environment: Effects on Performance.” Organization Studies 33: 341–62. doi: 10.1177/0170840611435597
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European University Association. 2007. “Doctoral Programmes in Europe's Universities: Achievements and Challenges.” Report Prepared for European Universities and Ministers of Higher Education. Brussels. Accessed October 23, 2014. http://www.voced.edu.au/content/ngv64865.
   Google Scholar
• Gibson, C. B., and J. L. Gibbs. 2006. “Unpacking the Concept of Virtuality: The Effects of Geographic Dispersion, Electronic Dependence, Dynamic Structure, and National Heterogeneity on Team Innovation.” Administrative Science Quarterly 51: 451–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles, C. L., and I. G. Councill. 2004. “Who Gets Acknowledged: Measuring Scientific Contributions through Automatic Acknowledgment Indexing.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101: 17599–604. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0407743101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruenfeld, D. H., E. A. Mannix, K. Y. Williams, and M. A. Neale. 1996. “Group Composition and Decision Making: How Member Familiarity and Information Distribution Affect Process and Performance.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 67: 1–15. doi: 10.1006/obhd.1996.0061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagedoorn, J., A. N. Link, and N. S. Vonortas. 2000. “Research Partnerships.” Research Policy 29: 567–86. doi: 10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00090-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagstrom, W. O. 1964. “Anomy in Scientific Communities.” Social Problems 12: 186–95. doi: 10.2307/798981
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hambrick, D. C., and R. A. D'Aveni. 1992. “Top Team Deterioration as Part of the Downward Spiral of Large Corporate Bankruptcies.” Management Science 38: 1445–66. doi: 10.1287/mnsc.38.10.1445
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hambrick, D. C., and Ph. A. Mason. 1984. “Upper Echelons: The Organization as a Reflection of Its Top Managers.” Academy of Management Review 9: 193–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, L. C. 2006. Statistics with STATA. Belmont, CA: Thomson, Brooks/Cole.
   Google Scholar
• Henderson, J. K. 2005. “Language Heterogeneity in International Management Teams.” International Studies of Management & Organization 35: 66–82.
   Google Scholar
• Huntington, S. P. 1996. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon & Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Jehn, K. A., G. B. Northcraft, and M. A. Neale. 1999. “Why Differences Make a Difference: A Field Study of Heterogeneity, Conflict and Performance in Workgroups.” Administrative Science Quarterly 44: 741–63. doi: 10.2307/2667054
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanter, R. 1977a. Men and Women of the Organization. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Kanter, R. 1977b. “Some Effects of Proportions on Group Life: Skewed Sex Ratios and Responses to Token Women.” American Journal of Sociology 82: 965–90. doi: 10.1086/226425
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller, R. T. 2001. “Cross-functional Project Groups in Research and New Product Development: Heterogeneity, Communications, Job Stress, and Outcomes.” Academy of Management Journal 44: 547–55. doi: 10.2307/3069369
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knorr-Cetina, K. 1992. “The Couch, the Cathedral, and the Laboratory: On the Relationship between Experiment and Laboratory Science.” In Science as Practice and Culture, edited by A. Pickering, 113–38. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, J., S. Ross, and T. Holden. 2012. “The How and Why of Academic Collaboration: Disciplinary Differences and Policy Implications.” Higher Education 64: 693–708. doi: 10.1007/s10734-012-9521-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPherson, M., L. Smith-Lovin, and J. M. Cook. 2001. “Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks.” Annual Review of Sociology 27: 415–44. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.415
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milliken, F. J., and L. L. Martins. 1996. “Searching for Common Threads: Understanding the Multiple Effects of Heterogeneity in Organizational Groups.” Academy of Management Review 21: 402–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuijten, E. 2011. “Combining Research Styles of the Natural and Social Sciences in Agricultural Research.” NJAS-Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences 57: 197–205. doi: 10.1016/j.njas.2010.10.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilbeam, C., G. Lloyd-Jones, and D. Denyer. 2013. “Leveraging Value in Doctoral Student Networks Through Social Capital.” Studies in Higher Education 38: 1472–89. doi: 10.1080/03075079.2011.636800
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porac, J. F., J. B. Wade, H. M. Fischer, J. Brown, A. Kanfer, and G. Bowker. 2004. “Human Capital Heterogeneity, Collaborative Relationships, and Publication Patterns in a Multidisciplinary Scientific Alliance: A Comparative Case Study of Two Scientific Teams.” Research Policy 33: 661–78. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2004.01.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigby, J., and J. Edler. 2005. “Peering Inside Research Networks: Some Observations on the Effect of the Intensity of Collaboration on the Variability of Research Quality.” Research Policy 34: 784–94. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2005.02.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rip, A. 2000. “Fashions, Lock-ins and the Heterogeneity of Knowledge Production.” In The Future of Knowledge Production in the Academy, edited by J. Merle, and T. Hellström, 28–39. Buckingham: Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sadowski, D., and P. Schneider. 2010. “The Impact of New Public Management Instruments on PhD Education.” Higher Education 59: 543–65. doi: 10.1007/s10734-009-9264-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, K. G., K. A. Smith, J. D. Olian, H. P. Sims, Jr., D. P. O'Bannon, and J. A. Scully. 1994. “Top Management Team Demography and Process: The Role of Social Integration and Communication.” Administrative Science Quarterly 39: 412–38. doi: 10.2307/2393297
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snow, C. P. 1964. The Two Cultures: And a Second Look. An Expanded Version of the Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution. Cambridge: University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stanford University. 2014. “How Is Humanities Research Conducted.” Accessed October 23, 2014. http://shc.stanford.edu/how-humanities-research-conducted.
   Google Scholar
• Stephan, P. E. 1996. “The Economics of Science.” Journal of Economic Literature 34: 1199–1235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramanian, A. M., K. Lim, and P.-H. Soh. 2013. “When Birds of a Feather Don't Flock Together: Different Scientists and the Roles They Play in Biotech R&D Alliances.” Research Policy 3: 595–612. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2012.12.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H. 1974. “Social Identity and Intergroup Behaviour.” Social Science Information 13: 65–93. doi: 10.1177/053901847401300204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H. 1981. Human Groups and Social Categories: Studies in Social Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, J. C. 1975. “Social Comparison and Social Identity: Some Comparisons for Intergroup Behavior.” European Journal of Social Psychology 5: 1–34. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.2420050102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, J. C. 1987. Rediscovering the Social Group: A Social Categorization Theory. Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Wanner, R. A., L. S. Lewis, and D. I. Gregorio. 1981. “Research Productivity in Academia: A Comparative Study of the Sciences, Social Sciences and Humanities.” Sociology of Education 54: 238–53. doi: 10.2307/2112566
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warning, S. 2004. “Performance Differences in German Higher Education: Empirical Analysis of Strategic Groups.” Review of Industrial Organization 24: 393–408. doi: 10.1023/B:REIO.0000037538.48594.2c
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiersema, M. F., and K. A. Bantel. 1992. “Top Management Team Demography and Corporate Strategic Change.” Academy of Management Journal 35: 91–121. doi: 10.2307/256474
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, K. Y., and Ch. A. O'Reilly. 1998. “Demography and Heterogeneity in Organizations: A Review of 40 Years of Research.” Research in Organizational Behavior 20: 77–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar