An experimental model to quantify horizontal transmission of Mycoplasma gallisepticum

References

• Becker , N.G. 1989 . Analysis of Infectious Disease Data. Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability. Vol 1 , 1st edn , London : Chapman and Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Bouma , A. , de Jong , M.C.M. and Kimman , T.G. 1997 . Comparison of two pseudorabies virus vaccines, that differ in capacity to reduce virus excretion after challenge infection, in their capacity of reducing transmission of pseudorabies virus . Veterinary Microbiology , 54 : 113 – 122 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter , T.E. , Mallinson , E.T. , Miller , K.F. , Gentry , R.F. and Schwartz , L.D. 1981 . Vaccination with F strain Mycoplasma gallisepticum to reduce production losses in layer chickens . Avian Diseases , 25 : 404 – 409 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Jong , M.C.M. and Diekman , O. 1992 . A method to calculate for computer simulated infections the threshold value R 0, that predicts whether or not the infection will spread . Preventive Veterinary Medicine , 12 : 269 – 285 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Jong , M.C.M. and Kimman , T.G. 1994 . Experimental quantification of vaccine-induced reduction in virus transmission . Vaccine , 12 : 761 – 766 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Smit , A.J. , de Jong , M.C.M. , de Kluijver , E.P. and Moorman , R.J.M. 2000 . Determination of the onset of the herd-immunity induced by the E2 sub-unit vaccine against classical swine fever virus . Vaccine , 18 : 1374 – 1381 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Wit , J.J. , de Jong , M.C.M. , Pijpers , A. and Verheijden , J.M.H. 1997 . Transmission of infectious bronchitis virus within vaccinated and unvaccinated groups of chickens . Avian Pathology , 27 : 464 – 471 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , R.D. and Hafez , Y.S. 1992 . Evaluation of a Mycoplasma gallisepticum strain exhibiting reduced virulence for prevention and control of poultry mycoplasmosis . Avian Diseases , 36 : 197 – 201 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , R.D. , Hafez , Y.S. and Orthel , F.W. 1992 . Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccination-challenge: an egg-production model . Avian Diseases , 36 : 956 – 963 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feberwee , A. , Mekkes , D.R. , De Wit , J.J. , Hartman , E.G. & Pijpers , A. (2005) . Comparison of culture, PCR and different serological tests for detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae infections . Avian Diseases , 49 , 260 – 268 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glisson , J.R. and Kleven , S.H. 1983 . Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccination: effects on egg transmission and egg production . Avian Diseases , 28 : 406 – 415 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glisson , J.R. and Kleven , S.H. 1985 . Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccination: further studies on egg transmission and egg production . Avian Diseases , 29 : 408 – 415 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hildebrand , D.G. , Page , D.E. and Berg , J.R. 1983 . Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG)—laboratory and field studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of an inactivated MG bacterin . Avian Diseases , 27 : 792 – 802 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan , F.T.W. 1975 . Immunity to mycoplasma infections of the repiratory system in the domestic fowl and turkey . International Symposium on Immunity to Infections of the Respiratory System in Man and Animals , 28 : 590 – 596 .
   Google Scholar
• Jungherr , E.L. 1958 . The control of chronic respiratory disease. Symposium on chronic respiratory diseases, IV . American Journal of Veterinary Research , 19 : 464 – 467 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleven , S.H. 1981 . Transmissibility of F strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in Leghorn chickens . Avian Diseases , 25 : 1005 – 1018 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleven , S.H. 1985 . Tracheal populations of Mycoplasma gallisepticum after challenge of bacterin-vaccinated chickens . Avian Diseases , 29 : 1012 – 1017 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleven , S.H. , Khan , M.I. and Yamamoto , R. 1990 . Fingerprinting of Mycoplasma gallisepticum strains isolated from multiple age-layers vaccinated with live F strain . Avian Diseases , 34 : 984 – 990 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klinkenberg , D. , de Bree , J. , Laevens , H. and de Jong , M.C.M. 2002 . Within- and between-pen transmission of Classical Swine Fever Virus: a new method to estimate the basic reproduction ratio from transmission experiments . Epidemiology and Infection , 128 : 293 – 299 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroese , A.H. & De Jong , M.C.M. (2001) . Design and analysis of transmission experiments . Proceedings of the Society of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine ( pp. 22 – 37 ). Noordwijkerhout , The Netherlands .
   Google Scholar
• Lehmann , E.L. and D'Abrera , H.J.M. 1975 . Nonparametrics: Statistical Methods Based on Ranks , San Francisco : Holden-Day .
   Google Scholar
• Landman , W.J.M. , Corbanie , A.A. , Feberwee , A. and van Eck , J.H.H. 2004 . Aerosolisation of Mycoplasma synoviae compared to M. gallisepticum and Enterococcus faecalis . Avian Pathology , 3 : 210 – 215 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauerman , L.H. , Chilina , A.R. , Closser , J.A. and Johansen , D. 1995 . Avian mycoplasma identification using polymerase chain reaction amplicon and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis . Avian Diseases , 39 : 804 – 811 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levisohn , S. and Kleven , S.H. 1981 . Vaccination of chickens with nonpathogenic M. gallisepticum as a means for displacement of pathogenic strains . Israel Journal of Medical Science , 20 : 982 – 984 .
   Google Scholar
• Ley , D.H. , McLaren , J.M. , Niles , A.M. , Barnes , H.J. , Miller , S.H. and Granz , G. 1997 . Transmissibility of live Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine strains ts-11 and 6/85 from vaccinated layer pullets to sentinel poultry . Avian Diseases , 41 : 187 – 194 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mars , H.M. , de Jong , M.C.M. and van Oirschot , J.T. 2000 . A gE-negative BHV1 vaccine virus strain cannot perpetuate in cattle populations . Vaccine , 18 : 2120 – 2124 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMartin , D.A. and Adler , H.E. 1961 . An immunological phenomenon in chickens following infection with Mycoplasma gallisepticum . Journal of Comparative Pathology , 71 : 311 – 323 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMartin , D.A. , Khan , M.I. , Farver , T.B. and Christie , G. 1987 . Delineation of the lateral spread of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in chickens . Avian Diseases , 31 : 814 – 819 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mekkes , D.R. & Feberwee , A. (2005) . Real-time PCR for the qualitative and quantitative detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum . Avian Pathology , in press .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nodelijk , G. , de Jong , M.C.M. and van Leengoed , L. 2001 . A quantitative assessment of the effectiveness of PRRSV vaccination in pigs under experimental conditions . Vaccine , 19 : 3636 – 3644 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olesiuk , M. and van Roekel , H. 1960 . Transmission of chronic respiratory disease in chickens . Avian Diseases , 4 : 348 – 368 .
   Google Scholar
• Petri , A. and Watson , P. 1999 . Statistics for Veterinary and Animal Science , Oxford : Blackwell Science .
   Google Scholar
• R Development Core Team (2003) . R: A language and Environment for Statistical Computing . Vienna : R Foundation for Statistical Computing . Available online at: http://www.R-project.org
   Google Scholar
• Sasipreeyajan , J. , Halvorson , D.A. and Newman , J.A. 1987 . Effect of Mycoplasma gallisepticum bacterin on egg transmission and egg production . Avian Diseases , 31 : 776 – 781 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soeripto , Whithear , K.G. , Cottew , G.S. and Harrigan , K.E. 1989 . Virulence and transmissibility of Mycoplasma gallisepticum . Australian Veterinary Journal , 66 : 365 – 372 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talkington , F.D. and Kleven , S.H. 1985 . Evaluation of protection against colonization of the chicken trachea following administration of Mycoplasma gallisepticum bacterin . Avian Diseases , 29 : 998 – 1003 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner , K.S. and Kleven , S.H. 1998 . Eradication of Live F strain Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine using live ts-11 on a multi-age commercial layer farm . Avian Diseases , 42 : 404 – 407 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Goot , J.A. , Koch , G. , de Jong , M.C.M. and van Boven , M. 2003 . Transmission dynamics of low and high pathogenicity A/Chicken/Pennsylvania/83 avian influenza viruses . Avian Diseases , 47 : 939 – 941 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velthuis , A.G.J. , de Jong , M.C.M. , de Bree , J. , Nodelijk , G. and van Boven , M. 2002 . Quantification of transmission of one-to-one experiments . Epidemiology and Infection , 128 : 193 – 204 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whithear , K.G. 1996 . Control of avian mycoplasmosis by vaccination . Revue Scientifique et Technique , 15 : 1527 – 1553 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yagihashi , T. and Tajima , M. 1986 . Antibody responses in sera and respiratory secretions from chickens infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum . Avian Diseases , 30 : 543 – 550 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar