Pathogenesis of Gallibacterium anatis in a natural infection model fulfils Koch’s postulates: 2. Epididymitis and decreased semen quality are the predominant effects in specific pathogen free cockerels

References

• Alispahic, M., Christensen, H., Hess, C., Razzazi-Fazeli, E., Bisgaard, M. & Hess, M. (2011). Identification of Gallibacterium species by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry evaluated by multilocus sequence analysis. International Journal of Medical Microbiology, 301, 513–522. 10.1016/j.ijmm.2011.03.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alispahic, M., Christensen, H., Hess, C., Razzazi-Fazeli, E., Bisgaard, M. & Hess, M. (2012). MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry confirms clonal lineages of Gallibacterium anatis between chicken flocks. Veterinary Microbiology, 160, 269–273. 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.05.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakst, M. (1993). Oviducal sperm storage in poultry: a review. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 5, 595–599. 10.1071/RD9930595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bojesen, A.M., Christensen, J.P. & Bisgaard, M. (2007). Gallibacterium infections and other avian Pasteurellaceae. In M. Pattison, P.F. McMullin, J.M. Bradbury & D.J. Alexander (Eds.). Poultry Diseases 6th edn (pp.160–163). Edinburgh: Saunders Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Bojesen, A.M., Nielsen, O.L., Christensen, J.P. & Bisgaard, M. (2004). In vivo studies of Gallibacterium anatis infection in chickens. Avian Pathology, 33, 145–152. 10.1080/03079450310001652059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bojesen, A.M., Nielsen, S.S. & Bisgaard, M. (2003). Prevalence and transmission of haemolytic Gallibacterium species in chicken production systems with different biosecurity levels. Avian Pathology, 32, 503–510. 10.1080/0307945031000154107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bojesen, A.M., Vazquez, M.E., Bager, R.J., Ifrah, D., Gonzalez, C., & Aarestrup, F.M. (2011). Antimicrobial susceptibility and tetracycline resistance determinant genotyping of Gallibacterium anatis. Veterinary Microbiology, 148, 105–110. 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.08.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cariou, N., Christensen, H., Salandre, O., Albaric, O., Bisgaard, M. & Malher, X. (2013). Genital form of pasteurellosis in breeding turkeys infected during artificial insemination and isolation of an unusual strain of Pasteurella multocida. Avian Diseases, 57, 693–697. 10.1637/10471-121812-Case.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen, H., Bisgaard, M., Bojesen, A. M., Mutters, R. & Olsen, J.E. (2003). Genetic relationships among avian isolates classified as Pasteurella haemolytica, ‘Actinobacillus salpingitidis’ or Pasteurella anatis with proposal of Gallibacterium anatis gen. nov., comb. nov. and description of additional genomospecies within Gallibacterium gen. nov. International Journal of Systemic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 53, 275–287. 10.1099/ijs.0.02330-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comhaire, F.H., Mahmoud, A.M., Depuydt, C.E., Zalata, A.A. & Christophe, A.B. (1999). Mechanisms and effects of male genital tract infection on sperm quality and fertilizing potential: the andrologist’s viewpoint. Human Reproduction Update, 5, 393–398. 10.1093/humupd/5.5.393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, N.A., Stern, N.J., Wilson, J.L., Musgrove, M.T., Buhr, R.J. & Hiett, K.L. (2002). Isolation of Campylobacter spp. from semen samples of commercial broiler breeder roosters. Avian Diseases, 46, 717–720. 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0717:IOCSFS]2.0.CO;2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauger, H.C. (1934). A chronic carrier of fowl typhoid with testicular focalization. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, 84, 248–251.
   Google Scholar
• Gerlach, H. (1994). Chlamydia. In B.W. Ritchie, G.J. Harrison, & L.R. Harrison (Eds.). Avian Medicine: Principles and Applications (pp.984–996). Lake Worth, FL: Wingers.
   Google Scholar
• Haines, M.D., Parker, H.M., McDaniel, C.D. & Kiess, A.S. (2013). Impact of 6 different intestinal bacteria on broiler breeder sperm motility in vitro. Poultry Science, 92, 2174–2181. 10.3382/ps.2013-03109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedger, M.P. (2011). Immunophysiology and pathology of inflammation in the testis and epididymis. Journal of Andrology, 32, 625–640. 10.2164/jandrol.111.012989
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokosharov, T., Petkov, I. & Dzhurova, I. (1984). Cocks with experimentally induced acute typhoid. Veterinarno-meditsinski nauki, 21, 18–26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDaniel, C., Hannah, J., Parker, H., Smith, T., Schultz, C. & Zumwalt, C. (1998). Use of a sperm analyzer for evaluating broiler breeder males. 1. Effects of altering sperm quality and quantity on the sperm motility index. Poultry Science, 77, 888–893. 10.1093/ps/77.6.888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monleon, R., Martin, M.P. & John Barnes, H. (2008). Bacterial orchitis and epididymo-orchitis in broiler breeders. Avian Pathology, 37, 613–617. 10.1080/03079450802499134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neubauer, C., De Souza-Pilz, M., Bojesen, A.M., Bisgaard, M. & Hess, M. (2009). Tissue distribution of haemolytic Gallibacterium anatis isolates in laying birds with reproductive disorders. Avian Pathology, 38, 1–7. 10.1080/03079450802577848
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen, M.W. & Neher, B.H. (1948). The site of fertilization in the domestic fowl. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 109, 355–366. 10.1002/jez.1401090303
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paudel, S., Alispahic, M., Liebhart, D., Hess, M. & Hess, C. (2013). Assessing pathogenicity of Gallibacterium anatis in a natural infection model: the respiratory and reproductive tracts of chickens are targets for bacterial colonization. Avian Pathology, 42, 527–535. 10.1080/03079457.2013.843160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paudel, S., Liebhart, D., Hess, M. & Hess, C. (2014). Pathogenesis of Gallibacterium anatis in a natural infection model fulfils Koch’s postulates: 1. Folliculitis and drop in egg production are the predominant effects in specific pathogen free layers. Avian Pathology, 43, 1–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiber, M.A., McInroy, J.A. & Conner, D.E. (1995). Enumeration and identification of bacteria in chicken semen. Poultry Science, 74, 795–799. 10.3382/ps.0740795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schäfer-Somi, S. & Aurich, C. (2007). Use of a new computer-assisted sperm analyzer for the assessment of motility and viability of dog spermatozoa and evaluation of four different semen extenders for predilution. Animal Reproduction Science, 102, 1–13. 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2005.03.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shalaby, A.A., Deeb, S., Sokkar, S.M., EI Begawi, M.B. & EI Menoufy, A.A. (1994). Pathological changes in the genitalia of cockerels experimentally infected with Salmonella. Egyptian Journal of Comparative Pathology and Clinial Pathology, 7, 443–452.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, D.P., Cook, D.B., Maheswaran, S.K., Lindeman, C.J. & Halvorson, D.A. (1990). Pasteurella haemolytica as a co-pathogen in pullets and laying hens. Avian Diseases, 34, 1005–1008. 10.2307/1591397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stepinska, U. & Bakst, M.R. (2007). Fertilization. In B.G.M. Jamieson (Ed.). Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Birds: Phylogeny, Morphology, Hormones, Fertilization (Volume 6 A, pp. 553–587). Enfield: Science.
   Google Scholar
• Villarreal, L.Y.B., Brandão, P.E., Chacón, J.L., Assayag, M.S., Maiorka, P.C., Raffi, P., Saidenberg, A.B.S., Jones, R.C. & Ferreira, A.J.P. (2007). Orchitis in roosters with reduced fertility associated with avian infectious bronchitis virus and avian metapneumovirus infections. Avian Diseases, 51, 900–904. 10.1637/7815-121306-REGR4.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vizzier-Thaxton, Y., Cox, N.A., Richardson, L.J., Buhr, R.J., McDaniel, C.D., Cosby, D.E., Wilson, J.L., Bourassa, D.V. & Ard, M.B. (2006). Apparent attachment of Campylobacter and Salmonella to broiler breeder rooster spermatozoa. Poultry Science, 85, 619–624. 10.1093/ps/85.4.619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wishart, G.J. (2009). Semen quality and semen storage. In P.M. Hocking (Ed.). Biology of Breeding Poultry, Poultry Science Symposium Series (Volume 29, pp. 151–161). Wallingford: CAB International.
   Google Scholar
• Zepeda, V.A., Calderón-Apodaca, N.L., Paasch, M.L., Martín, P.G., Paredes, D.A., Ramírez-Apolinar, S. & Soriano-Vargas, E. (2010). Histopathologic findings in chickens experimentally infected with Gallibacterium anatis by nasal instillation. Avian Diseases, 54, 1306–1309. 10.1637/9423-061410-ResNote.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar