Analysis of signs and pathology of H5N1-infected ducks from the 2010–2011 Korean highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak suggests the influence of age and management practices on severity of disease

References

• Aiello, R., Beato, M.S., Mancin, M., Rigoni, M., Tejeda, A.R., Maniero, S., Capua, I. & Terregino, C. (2013). Differences in the detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus in feather samples from 4-week-old and 24-week-old infected Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos var. Domestica). Veterinary Microbiology, 165, 443–447. 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.03.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander, D.J., Parsons, G. & Manvell, R.J. (1986). Experimental assessment of the pathogenicity of eight avian influenza a viruses of H5 subtype for chickens, turkeys, ducks and quail. Avian Pathology, 15, 647–662. 10.1080/03079458608436328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bingham, J., Green, D.J., Lowther, S., Klippel, J., Burggraaf, S., Anderson, D.E., Wibawa, H., Hoa, D.M., Long, N.T., Vu, P.P., Middleton, D.J. & Daniels, P.W. (2009). Infection studies with two highly pathogenic avian influenza strains (Vietnamese and Indonesian) in Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos), with particular reference to clinical disease, tissue tropism and viral shedding. Avian Pathology, 38, 267–278. 10.1080/03079450903055371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capua, I. & Mutinelli, F. (2001). Mortality in Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata) and domestic geese (Anser anser var. Domestica) associated with natural infection with a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of H7N1 subtype. Avian Pathology, 30, 179–183. 10.1080/03079450120044597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, J.-G., Kang, H.-M., Jeon, W.-J., Choi, K.-S., Kim, K.-I., Song, B.M., Lee, H.-S., Kim, J.-H. & Lee, Y.-J. (2013). Characterization of clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds (mandarin duck and Eurasian eagle owl) in 2010 in Korea. Viruses, 5, 1153–1174. 10.3390/v5041153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guan, Y. & Smith, G.J.D. (2013). The emergence and diversification of panzootic H5N1 influenza viruses. Virus Research, 178, 35–43. 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.05.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H.-R., Lee, Y.-J., Park, C.-K., Oem, J.-K., Lee, O.-S., Kang, H.-M., Choi, J.-G. & Bae, Y.-C. (2012). Highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) outbreaks in wild birds and poultry, South Korea. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18, 480–483. 10.3201/1803.111490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H.-R., Park, C.-K., Lee, Y.-J., Woo, G.-H., Lee, K.-K., Oem, J.-K., Kim, S.-H., Jean, Y.-H., Bae, Y.-C., Yoon, S.-S., Roh, I.-S., Jeong, O.-M., Kim, H.-Y., Choi, J.-S., Byun, J.-W., Song, Y.-K., Kwon, J.-H. & Joo, Y.-S. (2010). An outbreak of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in Korea, 2008. Veterinary Microbiology, 141, 362–366. 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.09.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuiken, T., van den Brand, J., van Riel, D., Pantin-Jackwood, M. & Swayne, D.E. (2010). Comparative pathology of select agent influenza A virus infections. Veterinary Pathology, 47, 893–914. 10.1177/0300985810378651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon, Y.-K., Joh, S.-J., Kim, M.-C., Sung, H.-W., Lee, Y.-J., Choi, J.-G., Lee, E.-K. & Kim, J.-H. (2005). Highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) in the commercial domestic ducks of South Korea. Avian Pathology, 34, 367–370. 10.1080/03079450500181257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon, Y.K., Thomas, C. & Swayne, D.E. (2010). Variability in pathobiology of South Korean H5N1 high-pathogenicity avian influenza virus infection for 5 species of migratory waterfowl. Veterinary Pathology, 47, 495–506. 10.1177/0300985809359602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munch, M., Nielsen, L.P., Handberg, K.J. & Jørgensen, P.H. (2001). Detection and subtyping (H5 and H7) of avian type A influenza virus by reverse transcription-PCR and PCR-ELISA. Archives of Virology, 146, 87–97. 10.1007/s007050170193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann, G., Shinya, K. & Kawaoka, Y. (2007). Molecular pathogenesis of H5N1 influenza virus infections. Antiviral Therapy, 12, 617–626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantin-Jackwood, M.J., Smith, D.M., Wasilenko, J.L., Cagle, C., Shepherd, E., Sarmento, L., Kapczynski, D.R. & Afonso, C. L. (2012). Effect of age on the pathogenesis and innate immune responses in Pekin ducks infected with different H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Virus Research, 167, 196–206. 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.04.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantin-Jackwood, M.J., Suarez, D.L., Spackman, E. & Swayne, D.E. (2007). Age at infection affects the pathogenicity of Asian highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses in ducks. Virus Research, 130, 151–161. 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.06.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins, L.E. & Swayne, D.E. (2002). Pathogenicity of a Hong Kong–origin H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus for emus, geese, ducks, and pigeons. Avian Diseases, 46, 53–63. 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0053:POAHKO]2.0.CO;2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonnberg, S., Webby, R.J. & Webster, R.G. (2013). Natural history of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1. Virus Research, 178, 63–77. 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.05.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturm-Ramirez, K.M., Ellis, T., Bousfield, B., Bissett, L., Dyrting, K., Rehg, J.E., Poon, L., Guan, Y., Peiris, M. & Webster, R.G. (2004). Reemerging H5N1 influenza viruses in Hong Kong in 2002 are highly pathogenic to ducks. Journal of Virology, 78, 4892–4901. 10.1128/JVI.78.9.4892-4901.2004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swayne, D.E. (2007). Understanding the complex pathobiology of high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in birds. Avian Diseases, 51, 242–249. 10.1637/7763-110706-REGR.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Deusen, R.A., Hinshaw, V.S., Senne, D.A. & Pellacani, D. (1983). Micro neuraminidase-inhibition assay for classification of influenza A virus neuramidases. Avian Diseases, 27, 745–750. 10.2307/1590317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vascellari, M., Granato, A., Trevisan, L., Basilicata, L., Toffan, A., Milani, A. & Mutinelli, F. (2007). Pathologic findings of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A/Duck/Vietnam/12/05 (H5N1) in experimentally infected Pekin ducks, based on immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Veterinary Pathology, 44, 635–642. 10.1354/vp.44-5-635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster, R.G., Bean, W.J., Gorman, O.T., Chambers, T.M. & Kawaoka, Y. (1992). Evolution and ecology of influenza a viruses. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 56, 152–179.
   Google Scholar
• Woo, G.H., Kim, H.Y., Bae, Y.C., Jean, Y.H., Bak, E.J., Kim, M.J., Hwang, E.K. & Joo, Y.S. (2011). Comparative histopathological characteristics of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in chickens and domestic ducks in 2008 Korea. Histology and Histopathology, 26, 167–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto, Y., Nakamura, K., Kitagawa, K., Ikenaga, N., Yamada, M., Mase, M. & Narita, M. (2007). Severe nonpurulent encephalitis with mortality and feather lesions in call ducks (Anas platyrhyncha var. Domestica) inoculated intravenously with H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Avian Diseases, 51, 52–57. 10.1637/0005-2086(2007)051[0052:SNEWMA]2.0.CO;2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar