The oncologist's debt to the chicken

References

• Baluda , M.A. 1972 . Widespread presence in chickens of DNA complementary to the RNA genome of avian leukosis viruses . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , 69 : 576 – 580 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barré‐Sinnoussi , F. , Cherman , J.C. , Ray , F. , Nugeyre , M.T. , Chamaret , S. , Gruest , J. , Danguet , C. , Axler‐Blin , C. , Vézinet‐Brun , F. , Rouzioux , C. , Rozenbaum , W. and Montagnier , L. 1983 . Isolation of T‐lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) . Science , 220 : 868 – 870 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benveniste , R.E. , Lieber , M.M. , Livingston , D.M. , Sherr , C.J. , To‐daro , G.J. and Kalter , S.S. 1974 . Infectious C‐type virus isolated from a baboon placenta . Nature , 248 : 17 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop , J.M. and Varmus , H.E. 1985 . “ Functions and origins of retroviral transforming genes ” . In RNA tumor viruses , Edited by: Weiss , R. A. , Teich , N. M. , Varmus , H. E. and Coffin , J. 999 – 1108 . New York : Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bloom , B.R. 1996 . A perspective on AIDS vaccines . Science , 272 : 1888 – 1890 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boshoff , C. and Weiss , R.A. 1997 . Aetiology of Kaposi's sarcoma: current understanding and implications for therapy . Molecular Medicine Today , 3 : 488 – 494 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boshoff , C. , Endo , Y. , Collins , P.D. , Takeuchi , Y. , Reeves , J.D. , Schweickart , V.L. , Siani , M.A. , Sasaki , T. , Williams , T.J. , Gray , P.W. , Moore , P.S. , Chang , Y. and Weiss , R.A. 1997 . Angiogenic and HIV‐inhibitory functions of KSHV‐encoded chemokines . Science , 278 : 290 – 294 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang , Y. , Cesarman , E. , Pessin , M.S. , Lee , F. , Culpepper , J. , Knowles , D.M. and Moore , P.S. 1994 . Identification of herpesvirus‐like DNA sequences in AIDS‐associated Kapsosi's sarcoma . Science , 266 : 1865 – 1869 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang , Y. , Moore , P.S. , Talbot , S. , Boshoff , C. , Zarkowska , T. , Godden‐Kent , D. , Paterson , H. , Weiss , R.A. and Mittnacht , S. 1996 . Cyclin encoded by KS herpesvirus . Nature , 382 : 410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Churchill , A.E. and Biggs , P.M. 1967 . Agent of Marek's disease in tissue culture . Nature , 215 : 528 – 530 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clapham , P.R. and Weiss , R.A. 1997 . HIV: Spoilt for choice of co‐receptors . Nature , 388 : 230 – 231 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clapham , P.R. , Nagy , K. and Weiss , R.A. 1984 . Pseudotypes of human T‐cell leukemia virus types 1 and 2: neutralization by patients’ sera . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , 81 : 2886 – 2889 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collet , M.S. and Erikson , R.L. 1978 . Protein kinase activity associated with the avian sarcoma virus src gene product . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , 75 : 2021 – 2024 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conrad , B. , Weissmahr , R.N. , Boni , J. , Arcari , R. , Schupbach , J. and Mach , B. 1997 . A human endogenous retroviral superantigen as candidate autoimmune gene in type I diabetes . Cell , 90 : 303 – 313 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosset , F‐L. , Ronfort , C. , Molina , R.M. , Flamant , F. , Drynda , A. , Benchaibi , M. , Valsesia , S. , Nigon , V.M. and Verdia , G. 1992 . Packaging cells for avian leukosis virus‐based vectors with various host ranges . Journal of Virology , 66 : 5671 – 5676 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crittenden , L.B. , Donald , W. and Salter , D.W. 1998 . Spontaneous mobility of subgroup A avian leukosis virus proviruses in the genome of the chicken . Avian Pathology , 27 : 00S – 00S .
   Google Scholar
• Dalgleish , A.G. , Beverley , P.C.L. , Clapham , P.R. , Crawford , D.H. , Greaves , M.F. and Weiss , R.A. 1984 . The CD4 (T4) antigen is an essential component of the receptor for the AIDS retrovirus . Nature , 312 : 763 – 767 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunwiddie , C.T. , Resnick , R. , Boyce‐Jacino , M. , Alegre , J.N. and Faras , A.J. 1986 . Molecular cloning and characterization of gag‐, pol‐, and env‐related gene sequences in avian cells lacking endogenous avian leukosis viruses . Journal of Virology , 59 : 669 – 675 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein , M.A. , Achong , B.G. and Barr , Y.M. 1964 . Virus particles in cultured lymphoblasts from Burkitt's lymphoma . Lancet , i : 702 – 703 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallo , R.C. and Jay , G. , eds. 1991 . The Human Retroviruses , San Diego : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gao , S‐H. , Boshoff , C. , Jayachandra , S , Weiss , R.A. , Chang , Y. and Moore , P.S. 1997 . KSHV ORF9 (vIRF) is an oncogene which inhibits the interferon signaling pathway . Oncogene , 15 : 1979 – 1985 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gessain , A. , Barin , F. , Vernant , J.C. , Gout , C. , Maurs , L. , Calender , A. and de Thé , G. 1985 . Antibodies to human T‐lymphotropic virus type I in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis . Lancet , ii : 407 – 410 .
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths , D.J. , Venables , P.J.W. , Weiss , R.A. and Boyd , M.T. 1997 . A novel exogenous retrovirus sequence identified in humans . Journal of Virology , 71 : 2866 – 2872 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanafusa , H. , Hanafusa , T. and Rubin , H. 1963 . The defectiveness of Rous sarcoma virus . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , 49 : 572 – 580 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayward , W.S. , Neal , B.G. and Astrin , S.M. 1981 . Activation of a cellular one gene by promoter insertion ALV‐induced lymphoid leukosis . Nature , 290 : 475 – 480 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinuma , Y. , Nagata , K. , Hanaoka , M. , Nakai , M , Matsumoto , T. , Kinoshita , K. , Shirakawa , S. and Miyoshi , I. 1981 . Adult T‐cell leukaemia: antigen in an ATL cell line and detection of antibodies to the antigen in human sera . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , 78 : 6476 – 6480 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter , T. and Sefton , B.M. 1980 . Transforming gene product of Rous sarcoma virus phosphorylates tyrosine . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , 77 : 1311 – 1315 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman , J.F. 1998 . The role of the chicken MHC in response to oncogenic viruses . Avian Pathology , 27 : S000 – S000 .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , R‐M. , Gillet , G. and Neiman , P. 1998 . Molecular events in avian neoplasia: regulators of cell death in development of B‐cell lymphomas in the chicken bursa of Fabricius . Avian Pathology , 27 : S16 – S20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Tissier , P. , Stoye , J.P. , Takeuchi , Y. , Patience , C. and Weiss , R.A. 1997 . Two sets of human tropic pig endogenous retrovirus . Nature , 389 : 681 – 682 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lisitsyn , N. , Lisitsyn , N. and Wigier , M. 1993 . Cloning the differences between two complex genomes . Science , 259 : 946 – 951 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddon , P.J. , Dalgleish , A.G. , McDougal , J.S. , Clapham , P.R. , Weiss , R.A. and Axel , R. 1986 . The T4 gene encodes the AIDS virus receptor and is expressed in the immune system and the brain . Cell , 47 : 333 – 348 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , G.S . 1970 . Rous sarcoma virus. A function required for the maintenance of the transformed state . Nature , 227 : 1021 – 1023 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien , S.J. and Dean , M. 1997 . In search of AIDS‐resistance genes . Scientific American , September : 28 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Patience , C. , Takeuchi , Y. and Weiss , R.A. 1997a . Infection of human cells by an endogenous retrovirus of pigs . Nature Medicine , 3 : 282 – 286 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patience , C. , Wilkinson , D.A. and Weiss , R.A. 1997b . Our retroviral heritage . Trends in Genetics , 13 : 116 – 120 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne , L.N. 1992 . “ Biology of avian retroviruses ” . In The Retroviridae , Edited by: Levy , J. A. vol. 1 , 299 – 404 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Payne , L.N. 1998 . HPRS‐103: a retrovirus strikes back. The emergence of subgroup J avian leukosis virus . Avian Pathology , 27 : S36 – S45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne , L.N. and Biggs , P.M. 1964 . Differences between highly inbred lines of chickens in the response to Rous sarcoma virus of the chorioallantoic membrane and of embryonic cells in tissue culture . Virology , 24 : 610 – 616 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne , L.N. and Chubb , R.C. 1968 . Studies on the nature and genetic control of antigen in normal chick embryos which reacts in the COFAL test . Journal of General Virology , 3 : 379 – 391 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne , L. , Pani , P.K. and Weiss , R.A. 1971 . A dominant epistatic gene which inhibits cellular susceptibility to RSV (RAV‐0) . Journal of General Virology , 13 : 455 – 462 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perron , H. , Garson , J.A. , Bedin , F. , Beseme, Paranhos‐Baccala , G. , Komurian‐Pradel , F. , Mallet , F. , Tuke , P.W. , Voisset , C. , Blond , J.L. , Lalande , B. , Seigneurin , J.M. , Mandrand , B. and Collaborative Research Group on Multiple Sclerosis . 1997 . Molecular identification of a novel retrovirus repeatedly isolated from patients with multiple sclerosis . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , 94 : 7583 – 7588 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poiesz , B.J. , Ruscetti , F.W. , Gazdar , A.F. , Bunn , P.A. , Minna , J.D. and Gallo , R.C. 1980 . Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , 77 : 7415 – 7419 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmons , G. , Clapham , P.R. , Picard , L. , Offord , R.E. , Rosenkilde , M.M. , Schwartz , T.W. , Buser , R. , Wells , T.N.C. and Proudfoot , A.E.I. 1997 . Potent inhibition of HIV‐1 infectivity in macrophages and lymphocytes by a novel CCR5 antagonist . Science , 276 : 276 – 279 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommerfelt , M.A. , Williams , B.P. , Clapham , P.R. , Solomon , E. , Goodfellow , P.N. and Weiss , R.A. 1988 . Human T cell leukaemia viruses use a receptor determined by human chromosome 17 . Science , 242 : 1557 – 1559 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stehelin , D. , Varmus , H.E. , Bishop , J.M. and Vogt , P.K. 1976 . DNA related to the transforming gene(s) of avian sarcoma virus is present in normal avian DNA . Nature , 260 : 170 – 173 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temin , H.M. 1964 . Nature of the provirus of Rous sarcoma . National Cancer Institute Monograph , 17 : 557 – 570 .
   Google Scholar
• Varmus , H.E. and Weinberg , R.A. 1993 . Genes and the biology of cancer . Scientific American Library, New York , : 215
   Google Scholar
• Varmus , H.E. , Weiss , R.A. , Friis , R.R. , Levinson , W. and Bishop , J.M. 1972 . Detection of avian tumor virus specific nucleotide sequences in avian cell DNAs . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , 69 : 20 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venables , P. , Brooks , S.M. , Griffiths , D. , Weiss , R.A. and Boyd , M.T. 1995 . Abundance of an endogenous retroviral envelope protein in placental trophoblasts suggests a biological function . Virology , 211 : 589 – 592 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogt , P.K. and Friis , R.R. 1971 . An avian leukosis virus related to RSV(0): properties and evidence for helper activity . Virology , 43 : 223 – 234 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe , S. and Temin , H,M. 1983 . Construction of a helper cell line for avian reticuloendotheliosis virus cloning vectors . Molecular and Cell Biology , 3 : 2241 – 2249 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss , R.A. 1967 . Spontaneous virus production from ‘non‐virus producing’ Rous sarcoma cells . Virology , 32 : 719 – 723 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss , R.A. 1969 . The host range of Bryan strain Rous sarcoma virus synthesized in the absence of helper virus . Journal of General Virology , 5 : 511 – 528 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss , R.A. 1992 . Retroviruses and human cancer . Seminars in Cancer Biology , 3 : 321 – 328 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weiss , R.A. 1996 . HIV receptors and the pathogenesis of AIDS . Science , 272 : 1885 – 1886 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss , R.A. and Payne , L.N. 1971 . The heritable nature of the factor in chicken cells which acts as a helper virus for Rous sarcoma virus . Virology , 45 : 508 – 515 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss , R.A. , Friis , R.R. , Katz , E. and Vogt , P.K. 1971 . Induction of avian tumour viruses in normal cells by physical and chemical carcinogens . Virology , 46 : 920 – 938 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss , R.A. , Mason , W.S. and Vogt , P.K. 1973 . Genetic recombinants and heterozygotes derived from endogenous and exogenous avian RNA tumor viruses . Virology , 52 : 535 – 552 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss , R.A. , Clapham , P.R. , Weber , J.N. , Dalgleish , A.G. , Lasky , L.A. and Berman , P.W. 1986 . Variable and conserved neutralization antigens of human immunodeficiency virus . Nature , 324 : 572 – 575 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissmahr , R.N. , Schüpbach , J. and Böni , J. 1997 . Reverse transcriptase activity in chicken embryo fibroblast culture supernatants is associated with particles containing endogenous avian retrovirus EAV‐0 RNA . Journal of Virology , 71 : 3005 – 3012 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young , J.A.T. 1998 . Avian leukosis virus‐receptor interactions . Avian Pathology , 27 : S21 – S25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar